scholarly journals Bad Beliefs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil Levy
Keyword(s):  
Climate Science ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Alternative Account ◽  
Epistemic Agency ◽  
Rational Agents ◽  
Intellectual Autonomy ◽  
Popular View ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Higher Order Evidence

Why do people come to reject climate science or the safety and efficacy of vaccines, in defiance of the scientific consensus? A popular view explains bad beliefs like these as resulting from a range of biases that together ensure that human beings fall short of being genuinely rational animals. This book presents an alternative account. It argues that bad beliefs arise from genuinely rational processes. We’ve missed the rationality of bad beliefs because we’ve failed to recognize the ubiquity of the higher-order evidence that shapes beliefs, and the rationality of being guided by this evidence. The book argues that attention to higher-order evidence should lead us to rethink both how minds are best changed and the ethics of changing them: we should come to see that nudging—at least usually—changes belief (and behavior) by presenting rational agents with genuine evidence, and is therefore fully respectful of intellectual agency. We needn’t rethink Enlightenment ideals of intellectual autonomy and rationality, but we should reshape them to take account of our deeply social epistemic agency.

scholarly journals No-Platforming and Higher-Order Evidence, or Anti-Anti-No-Platforming

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 487-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
NEIL LEVY
Keyword(s):  
Free Speech ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Disadvantaged Groups ◽  
Intellectual Autonomy ◽  
Higher Order Evidence

AbstractNo-platforming—the refusal to allow those who espouse views seen as inflammatory the opportunity to speak in certain forums—is very controversial. Proponents typically cite the possibility of harms to disadvantaged groups and, sometimes, epistemically paternalistic considerations. Opponents invoke the value of free speech and respect for intellectual autonomy in favor of more open speech, arguing that the harms that might arise from bad speech are best addressed by rebuttal, not silencing. In this article, I argue that there is a powerful consideration in favor of no-platforming some speakers: allowing them a platform generates genuine higher-order evidence in favor of their claims. When that higher-order evidence would be misleading, we may reasonably believe it should not be generated.

scholarly journals Concluding Thoughts

2021 ◽  
pp. 149-154
Author(s):  
Neil Levy
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Scarce Resource ◽  
Ecological Rationality ◽  
Good Information ◽  
Rational Agents ◽  
Self Image ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Human Decision ◽  
Higher Order Evidence

This brief concluding chapter draws the threads of the previous chapters together. Previous work on human decision-making has tended to conclude that rationality is a scarce resource and most cognition is arational or irrational. Pushback against this view has come from proponents of ecological rationality. They concede, in effect, that our decision-making is irrational, inasmuch as it fails to respond to good information, but argue that it is rational in a broader sense: we better achieve our epistemic goals by believing arationally. This chapter argues that the evidence surveyed in the previous chapters shows that this is false: we respond rationally to the higher-order evidence we’re presented with, and there’s therefore no need to appeal to ecological rationality to defend our self-image as rational agents. Once we recognize the pervasiveness of higher-order evidence, we can vindicate something very like the Enlightenment picture of ourselves as rational animals.

scholarly journals The Role of Values in Social Change: An Analysis from The Qur’ānic Perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anis Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Industrial Society ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Social Construct ◽  
Set Up ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Post Industrial ◽  
Means Of Production

In the post-industrial revolution world, social change is often studied and understood in the context of change in means of production, mobility, urbanization and change in the constitution of workforce. Role of ethical values is generally confined to personal conduct and manners. Industrial society is supposed to have its own work ethics which may or may not agree with personal ethics and morality. Ethics and morality are generally considered, in the Western thought, as a social construct. Therefore, with the change in means of production or political system, values and morality are also expected to be re-adjusted in order to cope with the changed environment. Sometimes a totally new set of values emerges as a consequence of the change in economic, political, or legal set up. The present research tries to understand the meaning and place of these values in a global socio-cultural framework. Relying essentially on the divine principles of the Qur'ān it makes an effort to understand relevance of these universal and ultimate principles with human conduct and behavior in society.  It indicates that essentially it is the core values, principles, or norms which guide human beings in their interpersonal, social, economic and political matters. Islam being a major civilizing force, culture, and the way of life, provides values which guide both in individual and social matters. The values given by the Qur’ān and the Sunnah are not monopoly of the Muslim. These values are universal and are relevant in a technological society.

scholarly journals alienated human

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 247-262
Author(s):  
Nguyen Anh Quoc ◽  
Nguyen Minh Tri ◽  
Nguyen Anh Thuong ◽  
Dinh The Hoang ◽  
Nguyen Van Bung
Keyword(s):  
Spare Parts ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Man And Nature ◽  
The Senses ◽  
And Behavior

Man and nature is a unity between body and individual in behavior. Humans are liberty, creative, happy subjects in behavior and labor. By behavior and labor, humans produce tools, spare parts, machines, and robots to replace internal organs, lengthen the senses, and lengthen defective body parts. Evolution is no longer a mutation in the body but the assembly of accessories into organs, senses, and body parts when needed. People use devices that are manufactured to be used for what people want depending on specific conditions and circumstances. Labor and behavior make objectification of people, but alienated behavior and alienated labor make humanize the object. The time to enjoy liberty, creativity, and happiness is human, and the time to perform alienated behavior and alienated labor is the time to live for the non-human. People are corrupted into slavery to standards, money. It is the process of self-torture, torturing oneself; and the nobility of standards, the wealth of money is the unhappy product of life. Humans are liberty, creative and happy subjects; alienated human beings are all helpless, unhappy, deceit. Money, standards are products of helplessness, unhappiness, lies. Standards, money remove people from life.

scholarly journals MEMBINCANG RELASI GENDER DALAM PERSPEKTIF KOMUNIKASI (Studi Kasus Terhadap Public Speaking Versus Private Speaking di Aceh Barat)

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muzakkir Muzakkir
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Public Speaking ◽  
Reciprocal Relationship ◽  
Human Values ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Women Studies ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
And Behavior

The study and analysis in this paper based on addressing gender differences is common as long as it does not result in gender inequalities. In general, the notion of gender is a visible difference between men and women when viewed from values and behavior. In the Women Studies Encyclopedia it is explained that Gender is a cultural concept, seeking to make a distinction in terms of the roles, behaviors, mentality, and emotional characteristics of the growing male and female in society. However, reality in society indicates that gender differences give rise to various forms of inequality and injustice. Islam is a religion that strongly emphasizes the importance of respect for human beings and it seems his teaching is very accommodating to human values. One form of elaboration of human values is a sincere recognition of human equality and unity. The women of Rasulullah SAW era are described as active, polite, well-preserved women. In fact, in the Qur'an, the ideal figure of a Muslim is symbolized as a person who has independence in politics, like the figure of Queen Balqis who leads the superpower kingdom (`arsyun` azhim). Communication is the exchange of ideas, information, feelings or thoughts between people (individuals) face to face (face to face), verbal and non verbal. While counseling is a reciprocal relationship between two individuals, where a counselor is trying to help the other (the client) to try to solve the problems he is facing.Relation of gender is a social relationship between men and women who are socially formed and culture in doing everything. Based on the findings, it turns out that the meeting in West Aceh district, who want to appear in politics and to become ruler is still zero percent. Keywords: Gender Relations, Communications, Public Speaking, Private Speaking

scholarly journals PENDIDIKAN AGAMA ISLAM BERWAWASAN KEARIFAN LINGKUNGAN DI SEKOLAH DASAR: Dasar, Signifikansi dan Implementasi

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-43
Author(s):  
Syamsul Kurniawan
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School ◽  
Elementary Schools ◽  
Elementary School Students ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Islamic Education ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
School Students ◽  
Implementation Problem ◽  
Education Needs ◽  
And Behavior

If we agreed that human beings and their thoughts are the products of an educational process that they obtain, it can be said that the nature and behavior of humans that damage the environment are caused by the education that they got less optimal in strengthenig environmental wisdom. Because of that the lesson of Islamic Education should be able to be optimally given early for children, such as children of primary school. Environmental-oriented of Islamic Education needs to be given to students such as teaching them about the importance of caring for and preserving the environment and its functions. The focus of this paper is conceptual discussion of environmental oriented Islamic education in elementary schools concerning the basis, significance and implementation. Problem that want to be revealed through this paper: First, in Islam, what underlies the importance of Islamic education with environmental wisdom given to elementary school students? Second, why does Islam strongly emphasize the importance of strengthening environmental wisdom through Islamic education? Third, how should Islamic education with environmental wisdom given to elementary school students?

scholarly journals IMPLEMENTASI PENDIDIKAN BERBASIS ADAB DALAM PENGEMBANGAN KARAKTER

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-72
Author(s):  
Khubni Maghfirotun ◽  
Eka Nur Mahzumah
Keyword(s):  
Design Research ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Boarding School ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Research Subjects ◽  
Patterns Of Behavior ◽  
Religious Concept ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Attitudes And Behavior

The morality / character of the nation's students has collapsed. This is marked by the rise of bullying, child anarchism, mass contests, free sex and so on. Seeing the importance of the role of etiquette in human life, the education world should think more seriously about the concept of planting etiquette in its students, so that the introduction and cultivation of etiquette must begin at an early age. Rasulullah SAW has taught that the example is the main factor of success in educating children. Exemplary is also the best method in children's education, especially in the early childhood period. On this basis the research formulated the formulation of the problem namely (1) How is the concept of Adab in SDI Ar-Roudloh Miru? (2) How is the Implementation of Adab Based Education in SDI Ar-Roudloh Miru-Sekaran-Lamongan? This study uses qualitative research and case studies as its research design. Research subjects in this study were students at SDI Ar-Roudloh. Data collection techniques used were observation, semistructural interviews and documentation. Data were analyzed using the Miles and Huberman model, namely data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The data checking technique uses triangulation techniques. The results of this study include: (1) the formation of students' character at SDI Ar Roudloh is with the Applicative Religious concept. This is evidenced by the existence of Boarding School since students go up to fourth grade. This is expected to be more intensive in applying civilized values ​​that are prioritized by the institution. The etiquette values ​​emphasized and prioritized at SDI Ar Roudloh in this case are divided into three aspects namely; Judging from the pattern of attitudes and behavior to God, patterns of behavior to fellow human beings, patterns of behavior to nature. (2) in implementing civilized education for the formation of students' character by applying the religious concept with the details of the sub-chapters above, there are several stages in order to obtain maximum results, before implementing and informing the values ​​of civilized education to students. In this case the researcher classifies into three stages; first; Socialization, second; Implementation and third; Evaluation.  

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