Improving Yield Potential by Modifying Plant Type and Exploiting Heterosis

1998 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. Khush ◽  
S. Peng
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Green Revolution ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Canopy Architecture ◽  
Plant Type ◽  
Scientific Principles ◽  
Food Grain

World food crops have been improved progressively since their domestication about 10,000 years ago. Progress was especially rapid after the rediscovery of Mendel’s laws of inheritance, when scientific principles could be applied to crop improvement. Modern varieties of wheat and rice, which ushered the so-called green revolution and led to the doubling of cereal production in a 25-year period, are examples of recent achievements in increasing crop productivity. The present world population of 5.8 billion is likely to reach 7 billion in 2010 and 8 billion in 2025. Per caput food intake will increase due to improved living standards. It is estimated that we will have to produce 50% more food by 2025. Food grain production in Africa will have to increase almost 400%, in Latin America 200%, and in Asia 60%. In the past, food production grew as a result of increased yield potential of new crop varieties, as well as increases in cropped area. In the future, major increases in cropped area are unlikely. In fact, in most Asian countries the cultivated area is declining due to pressures of urbanization and industrialization. Pesticide use is dropping as a result of concerns about their harmful effects on the environment and on human health. Increasingly, the industrial base is competing with agriculture for water and labor. Thus, we will have to produce more food from less land, with less pesticides, less labor, and less water. Increases in crop productivity are therefore essential to feed the world in the next century. One way to increase crop productivity is to develop crop cultivars with higher yield potential. Of the various strategies for increasing the yield potential, two are reviewed in this chapter. Selection for semidwarf stature in the late 1950s for rice (Oryza sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the most striking example of a successful improvement in plant type. Although selections were guided by short stature, resistance to lodging, and efficient biomass partitioning between grain and straw, breeders were unintentionally selecting for improved canopy architecture, light penetration, and other favorable agronomic characteristics (as reviewed by Takeda, 1984).

Coordinated Rice Improvement Project in India: Its Significant Achievements and Future prospects

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (Special) ◽  
pp. 82-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
LV Subba Rao ◽  
RA Fiyaz ◽  
AK Jukanti ◽  
G Padmavathi ◽  
J Badri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Improvement Project ◽  
Nutritional Security ◽  
Food Grain ◽  
Rice Improvement ◽  
Food And Nutritional Security ◽  
Sincere Effort

India is the second largest producer of rice in the world and it is the most important staple food grain. All India Coordinated Rice Improvement Project (AICRIP) was initiated with objective of conducting multi-location trials to identify suitable genotypes of high yield potential along with appropriate crop management practices. Since its inception AICRIP contributed significantly in meeting the growing demand both within and outside India. Significant progress has been achieved through AICRIP in terms of varietal release thereby increasing the crop productivity and also meeting the food and nutritional security. This paper makes a sincere effort in bringing out the significant achievements/milestones achieved under the AICRIP program and also gives a few directions for widening the areas under AICRIP.

scholarly journals Legume biology: the basis for crop improvement

2013 ◽  
Vol 40 (12) ◽  
pp. v ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajeev K. Varshney ◽  
Himabindu Kudapa
Keyword(s):  
Target Genes ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Systematic Research ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Biotic Stresses ◽  
Legume Crop ◽  
Precise Understanding

Legumes represent the most valued food sources in agriculture after cereals. Despite the advances made in breeding food legumes, there is a need to develop and further improve legume productivity to meet increasing food demand worldwide. Several biotic and abiotic stresses affect legume crop productivity throughout the world. The study of legume genetics, genomics and biology are all important in order to understand the limitations of yield of legume crops and to support our legume breeding programs. With the advent of huge genomic resources and modern technologies, legume research can be directed towards precise understanding of the target genes responsible for controlling important traits for yield potential, and for resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses. Programmed and systematic research will lead to developing high yielding, stress tolerant and early maturing varieties. This issue of Functional Plant Biology is dedicated to ‘Legume Biology’ research covering part of the work presented at VI International Conference on Legume Genetics and Genomics held at Hyderabad, India, in 2012. The 13 contributions cover recent advances in legume research in the context of plant architecture and trait mapping, functional genomics, biotic stress and abiotic stress.

scholarly journals Phosphorus and Zinc Fertilization Improve Productivity and Profitability of Rice Cultivars under Rice-Wheat System

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1085 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanullah ◽  
Inamullah ◽  
Jawaher Alkahtani ◽  
Mohamed Soliman Elshikh ◽  
Mona S. Alwahibi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hybrid Rice ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Continuous Cropping ◽  
Combined Application ◽  
The Impact

Continuous cropping of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) deplete soil fertility, reduced crop productivity, and grower’s income. Phosphorus (P) and zinc (Zn) deficiencies are considered important nutritional constraints under rice-wheat cropping system. One strategy to increase crop productivity and grower’s income under the rice-wheat system is the balanced application of P and Zn fertilizers. The objective of this research was to evaluate the impact of sole and various combinations of P (0, 40, 80, and 120 kg ha−1) and Zn levels (0, 5, 10, and 15 kg ha−1) on productivity (grain yield and yield components) and profitability (net returns) of different rice genotypes (cultivars) (fine (cv.Bamati-385) vs. coarse (cv. Fakhre-e-Malakand and cv. Pukhraj)) and their residual effect on the income of the succeeding wheat crop (cv. Siran-2010). The results revealed that both rice and wheat productivity and profitability was higher with the combined application of both nutrients at higher rates (80 and 120 kg P ha−1 and 10 and 15 kg Zn ha−1). The highest productivity and profitability was obtained with the cultivation of hybrid rice “Pukhraj” (Pukhraj > Fakhre-e-Malakand > Basmati-385). It was concluded from this study that application of higher P and Zn levels and growing of hybrid rice increased productivity and profitability under the rice-wheat cropping system.

Coordinated Rice Improvement Project in India: Its Significant Achievements and Future prospects

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (Special Issue) ◽  
pp. 82-91
Author(s):  
LV Subba Rao ◽  
RA Fiyaz ◽  
AK Jukanti ◽  
G Padmavathi ◽  
J Badri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Improvement Project ◽  
Nutritional Security ◽  
Food Grain ◽  
Rice Improvement ◽  
Food And Nutritional Security ◽  
Sincere Effort

India is the second largest producer of rice in the world and it is the most important staple food grain. All India Coordinated Rice Improvement Project (AICRIP) was initiated with objective of conducting multi-location trials to identify suitable genotypes of high yield potential along with appropriate crop management practices. Since its inception AICRIP contributed significantly in meeting the growing demand both within and outside India. Significant progress has been achieved through AICRIP in terms of varietal release thereby increasing the crop productivity and also meeting the food and nutritional security. This paper makes a sincere effort in bringing out the significant achievements/milestones achieved under the AICRIP program and also gives a few directions for widening the areas under AICRIP.

Improving crop yield and resilience through photosynthesis optimisation: panacea or pipe dream?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
José L Araus ◽  
Ruth Sanchez-Bragado ◽  
Rubén Vicente
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yield ◽  
Green Revolution ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Canopy Architecture ◽  
Canopy Photosynthesis ◽  
Stay Green ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Reference Target ◽  
Pipe Dream ◽  
Uptake Of Nutrients

Abstract Increasing the speed of breeding to enhance crop productivity and adaptation to abiotic stresses is urgently needed. The perception that a second Green Revolution should be implemented is widely established within the scientific community and among stakeholders. In recent decades, different alternatives have been proposed for elevating crop yield through manipulation of leaf photosynthetic efficiency. However, none of these have delivered practical or relevant outputs. Indeed, the actual increases in photosynthetic rates are not expected to translate into yield increases beyond 10-15%. Furthermore, instantaneous rates of leaf photosynthesis are not necessarily the reference target for research. Yield is the result of canopy photosynthesis, understood as the contribution of laminar and non-laminar organs over time, within which concepts such as canopy architecture, stay-green or non-laminar photosynthesis need to be taken into account. Moreover, retrospective studies show that photosynthetic improvements have been more common at the canopy level. Nevertheless, it is crucial to place canopy photosynthesis in the context of whole-plant functioning, which includes sink/source balance and transport of photoassimilates, and the availability and uptake of nutrients, such as nitrogen in particular. Overcoming this challenge will only be feasible if a multiscale crop focus combined with a multidisciplinary scientific approach is adopted.

scholarly journals Gibberellin Metabolism and Signaling: Targets for Improving Agronomic Performance of Crops

2020 ◽  
Vol 61 (11) ◽  
pp. 1902-1911 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaopei Gao ◽  
Chengcai Chu
Keyword(s):  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Green Revolution ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Pollen Maturation ◽  
Gibberellin Metabolism ◽  
Increase Productivity

Abstract Gibberellins (GAs) are a class of tetracyclic diterpenoid phytohormones that regulate many aspects of plant development, including seed germination, stem elongation, leaf expansion, pollen maturation, and the development of flowers, fruits and seeds. During the past decades, the primary objective of crop breeding programs has been to increase productivity or yields. ‘Green Revolution’ genes that can produce semidwarf, high-yielding crops were identified as GA synthesis or response genes, confirming the value of research on GAs in improving crop productivity. The manipulation of GA status either by genetic alteration or by exogenous application of GA or GA biosynthesis inhibitors is often used to optimize plant growth and yields. In this review, we summarize the roles of GAs in major aspects of crop growth and development and present the possible targets for the fine-tuning of GA metabolism and signaling as a promising strategy for crop improvement.

scholarly journals Genetic Variability and Association of Traits in Mutant Lines of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) for Submergence Tolerance

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikita Kumari ◽  
Rajesh Kumar ◽  
Avinash Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Submergence Tolerance ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Survival Percentage ◽  
Ethyl Methyl ◽  
Mutant Lines

Present investigation was carried out with 240 mutant lines developed from different combination of gamma rays and ethyl methyl sulfonate on three rice varieties i.e FR13A, FR13B and Labella along with three untreated checks (FR13A, FR13B and Labella). These were evaluated for their survival percentage under submerged condition and yield potential along with 9 other morpho-physiological traits using Type 2 modified augmented design during Kharif season of 2017 in the agroclimatic region of north bihar, India. Analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences among the mutant lines for all morpho-physiological characters under study. Higher magnitude of phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV), genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV), heritability (broad sense) and genetic advance as percentage of mean were observed for number of tillers per plant, number of fertile tillers per plant, relative shoot elongation and survival percentage, indicating that these traits could be used as selection indices for yield improvement and submergence tolerance. Association study revealed that number of tillers per plant and survival percentage had significant positive high to moderate direct association with grain yield per plant under submergence condition. Thus, these traits may be used as selection criteria in further crop improvement programmes for submergence tolerance.

‘Green revolution’ dwarf gene sd1 of rice has gigantic impact

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 390-409
Author(s):  
Vikram Singh Gaur ◽  
Giresh Channappa ◽  
Mridul Chakraborti ◽  
Tilak Raj Sharma ◽  
Tapan Kumar Mondal
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Green Revolution ◽  
Evolutionary Relationship ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Cultivated Rice ◽  
Dwarf Gene ◽  
The World ◽  
Food Grain ◽  
High Yielding Varieties ◽  
The 1960S

Abstract Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important cereal that has fed the world over a longer period. Before green revolution, cultivated rice is believed to have consisted of thousands of landraces each adapted to its specific climatic conditions by surviving against different abiotic and biotic selection pressure. However, owing to the low yield, photo-period sensitivity, late maturity and sensitivity to lodging of these landraces grown world-wide, serious concerns of impending global food crisis was felt during the 1960s because of (i) unprecedented increase of the population and (ii) concomitant decline in the cultivable land. Fortunately, high-yielding varieties developed through the introgression of the semi-dwarf1 gene (popularly known as sd1) during the 1960s led to significant increments in the food grain production that averted the apprehensions of nearing famine. This historical achievement having deep impact in the global agriculture is popularly referred as ‘Green Revolution.’ In this paper, we reviewed, its genetics as well as molecular regulations, evolutionary relationship with orthologous genes from other cereals as well as pseudo-cereals and attempted to provide an up-to-date information about its introgression to different rice cultivars of the world.

scholarly journals Performance of Some Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Cultivars under Water Shortage and High Temperature Stress

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 617-628
Author(s):  
MOHAMED A.A.E. ◽  
SAJID FIAZ ◽  
XIUKANG WANG ◽  
MOHSIN ALI ◽  
NOSHI PARVEEN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
High Temperature Stress ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Leaf Angle

Water shortage and heat are the most devastating abiotic stresses threating global food security. To understand the behavior of germplasm under both abiotic stresses, thirteen rice genotypes were selected for the study to make evaluation under water shortage and heat stress condition. The results showed that the year mean squares were significant and highly significant for all agronomical traits except, flag leaf area, number of tillers plant-1, number of panicles plant-1, 100 grain weight, grain yield plant-1 and harvest index indicated overall wide differences of weather during both years. Environments mean squares were found to be highly significant over all traits were used, indicating that all environments showed significant differences. The highly significant differences were observed among genotypes and G x E interaction for all characteristics except, panicle length. Concerning the cultivars performance across three environments, the cultivars Giza 178, Giza 179, Sakha 107, Hybrid 1, Hybrid 2 gave the best desirable values over normal, drought and heat stress conditions so, these cultivars are considered to play vital role in breeding program to enhancement for drought and heat stresses and have high yield potential. The highly significant and positive correlation were found among the all traits under investigation except with flag leaf angle, leaf rolling and sterility percentage. The results will further help to utilize the genotypes for further crop improvement breeding programs.

scholarly journals Growth, productivity and profitability of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under rice–wheat cropping system as influenced by of in-situ microbial inoculated rice residue and nitrogen management

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (03) ◽  
Author(s):  
R. K. Meena ◽  
Y. V. Singh ◽  
V. K. Meena ◽  
Rakesh Kumar ◽  
Hardev Ram
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Wheat Variety ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
New Delhi ◽  
Continuous Cropping ◽  
Yield Attributes

Continuous cropping of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in IGP deplete soil fertility and crop productivity. In order to maintain or enhance the sustainability of this system use of crop residues and biological formulation of microbes will be play an important role in this areas. Field experiment was conducted in rabi seasons of 2013-14 and 2014-15 at New Delhi, India to study the effect of microbial inoculated rice residue and N management on growth, productivity and economics of wheat under rice–wheat cropping system (RWCS). After rice harvest in both years, wheat variety “HD-2967” was grown on the same layout with applied treatments. Results of this experiment revealed that composting inoculated (CI) paddy straw mulch were recorded significantly higher effective tiller, spike length, spike weight, 1,000-grain weight(test weight) and yield during both the years. However, 100% RDN + Azotobacter (Liquid) was found maximum with regard to all yield and yield attributes characteristics. On economic comparison application of composting inoculated PSM with 100% RDN + Azotobacter gave maximum gross return and net returns.

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