Redistributing the Poor

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armando Lara-Millán
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Urban Poverty ◽  
Fundamental Problem ◽  
Premature Death ◽  
The United States ◽  
The State ◽  
Public Hospitals ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Social Suffering ◽  
The Poor

This book argues that the changes taking place in the United States’ largest jails and public hospitals have been drastically misunderstood. And more generally, the way that states govern urban poverty at the turn of the twenty-first century has been misunderstood as well. It is widely believed that because US society has divested in public health, the sick and poor now find themselves subject to powerful criminal justice institutions. Rather than focus on the underinvestment of health and overinvestment of criminal justice, this book argues that the fundamental problem of the state is a persistent crisis between budgetary catastrophe and expansive new legal rules. Redistributing the Poor pushes the reader to think about the circulation of people for the purposes of generating absent revenue, absolving new legal demands, and projecting illusions that crisis have been successfully resolved. This book delves into the heart of the state: the day-to-day operations of the largest hospital and jail system in the world. It is only by centering the state’s use of redistribution that one can understand how certain forms of social suffering—the premature death of mainly poor, people of color—are not a result of the state’s failure to act, but instead are the necessary outcome of so-called successful policy.

scholarly journals The Cyclical Nature of Poverty: Evicting the Poor

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 839-856
Author(s):  
Andrew Roesch-Knapp
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Housing Market ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Urban Poverty ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Multiple Processes ◽  
The Law

From the medical field to the housing market to the criminal justice system, poor people must navigate labyrinthian organizations that often perpetuate social and economic inequality. Arguably it is through these social institutions, and through multiple processes embedded within each of these institutions, that the governance of urban poverty is effectively maintained. This essay revolves around one such process, examining how Matthew Desmondʼs Evicted: Poverty and Profit in the American City (2016) points to the eviction process as an important producer of urban poverty in and of itself. After delving into housing law and Desmondʼs ethnographic and quantitative research methodologies, the essay examines four sites where the law is at work in eviction: the eviction court; the “law-on-the-books” versus the “law-in-action”; practices in the shadow of the law; and the relationship between the criminal justice system and the housing market. One goal of the essay is to place eviction within the law, punishment, and social inequality literatures.

Why Some States Adopt Lotteries and others Don'T

1988 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 259-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
John E. Filer ◽  
Donald L. Moak ◽  
Barry Uze
Keyword(s):  
Choice Theory ◽  
The United States ◽  
Income Taxes ◽  
The State ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Expected Return ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
State Lotteries ◽  
Regressive Tax

In 1963, New Hampshire reintroduced the state-sponsored lottery in the United States. By late 1986, more than half of the 50 states had lotteries in operation or had approved lotteries through referenda. Of the scholarly journal articles that have analyzed the economics of state lotteries, most have been concerned with the regressivity of the implicit lottery tax. In this article, we address the more important question of why any such regressive tax, especially one in the form of legalized gambling, would be adopted in lieu of higher sales, property, or income taxes. Using a model of rational legislator behavior developed from public choice theory, we generate and test empirical models that explain the pattern of lottery adoption across states and the timing of such adoptions. In general, a given state will have a higher probability of adopting a lottery as an alternative source of state revenue, and will tend to adopt a lottery earlier, the greater the overall tax burden on the voters of the state, the greater the expected return from a lottery in the form of spendable revenue, the greater the difficulty in raising tax rates on other bases, and the fewer the number of poor people in the state.

scholarly journals Effect of Micro Health Insurance on Access and Utilization of Health Services in Karnataka

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Savitha
Keyword(s):  
Health Insurance ◽  
Health Services ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Public Hospitals ◽  
Horizontal Equity ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Micro Health Insurance ◽  
Utilization Of Health Services ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Impact

Background:Lack of sustainable and affordable health financing mechanisms in India has exposed the poor ininformal sector to iatrogenic poverty. Hardship financing of health services has negative financial consequences on thefuture income of these households. This can be mitigated through micro health insurance (MHI) because it aims to removefinancial barriers to access and utilize health services.Objectives:Recognizing the dearth of studies on impact of MHI schemes in India, we carried out an in-depth study onSampoorna Suraksha Programme (SSP) in Karnataka to assess the effect on access and utilization of healthcare services.Methods:We designed a descriptive cross sectional household survey that collected data from 1146 households toevaluate the impact using logistic regression analysis.Results:Insured individuals were more likely to access and utilize inpatient services compared to uninsured individuals.Moral hazard measured as length of stay in the hospital was absent. Horizontal equity in utilization based on gender andincome was observed. Insured used private providers than public hospitals or self-medicine. The results of the studysupport the positive impact of MHI on access and utilization of health services.Conclusion:The findings of the study enhance our understanding of the positive role of MHI in the promotion of betterhealth behavior of the poor people who usually forego treatment during illness. This would reinforce policymakers toadvocate MHI to mitigate iatrogenic poverty in India, the land of villages.

Fines and Monetary Sanctions

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexes Harris ◽  
Frank Edwards
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Justice System ◽  
The United States ◽  
People Of Color ◽  
System Involvement ◽  
Low Level ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Criminal Justice Systems

Despite the central role that fines and other fiscal penalties play in systems of criminal justice, they have received relatively little scholarly attention. Court systems impose fines and other monetary sanctions in response to minor administrative and traffic offenses as well as for more serious criminal offenses. Monetary sanctions are intended to provide a deterrent punishment to reduce lawbreaking, to provide opportunities for accountability through financial restitution, to restore harm caused to victims of crime, and to fund the operation and administration of courts and criminal justice systems. Fines, fees, and other monetary sanctions are the most common form of punishment imposed by criminal justice systems. Most criminal sentences in the United States include financial penalties, and monetary sanctions are routinely imposed for less serious, and far more common, infractions such as traffic or parking violations. For many, paying a monetary sanction for a low-level violation is an annoyance. However, for the poor and people of color who are disproportionately likely to be subject to criminal justice system involvement, monetary sanctions can become a vehicle for expanded social inequality and increasingly severe criminal justice contact. Failure to pay legal financial obligations often results in court summons or license suspensions that may have attendant additional costs and may trigger incarceration. In the United States, the criminal justice system is heavily and routinely involved in the lives of low-income people of color. These already-existing biases, coupled with the deep poverty that is common in many communities, join to widen the net of criminal justice involvement by escalating low-level infractions to far more serious offenses when people are unable to pay. Despite the routine justification of monetary sanctions as less-severe penalties, if imposed without restriction on the poor, they are likely to magnify the inequality producing effects of criminal justice system involvement.

Blind and Delusional

2020 ◽  
pp. 132-152
Author(s):  
Cathy A. Small ◽  
Jason Kordosky ◽  
Ross Moore
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Medical Care ◽  
Economic System ◽  
Financial Services ◽  
Homeless People ◽  
The United States ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Alternative Financial Services

This chapter argues that when it comes to homeless people, the American public is blind and delusional. It reflects on how the economic policies in the United States have resulted in much greater gains for those with more than for those with less, while those in the bottom tier of the economic system have recently been losing ground not just relatively but absolutely. As a result, poor people are less well positioned than ever before in recent history to be able to afford basic needs, especially housing. What has happened to the country's poorest is that a growing percentage are “severely rent burdened.” This often makes it difficult to afford food, clothing, transportation, and medical care. Moreover, it leaves many in the vulnerable place where there is no way to save money and no way to weather even a small storm. Any misfortune can leave one short or late with their rent, often leading to eviction. All of this is why so many Americans live on the edge of homelessness. The chapter then considers “the high cost of being poor,” explaining how the poor depend on alternative financial services.

Deconcentration by Demolition: Public Housing, Poverty, and Urban Policy

10.1068/d306 ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 581-596 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeff Crump
Keyword(s):  
Inner City ◽  
Public Housing ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Urban Policy ◽  
Fundamental Problem ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Geographic Concentration ◽  
Political Processes ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Concentration Of Poverty

During the 1990s, local and federal urban policymakers, neoliberal politicians, and advocates for the poor came to a broad consensus: the geographic concentration of low-income, minority residents in public housing projects located in the inner city constitutes the fundamental problem facing US cities. Accordingly, to solve the problems allegedly associated with the spatial concentration of poverty, public housing, which concentrates low-income people in the inner city, must be demolished and the residents relocated. In this paper I argue that such federal public housing policies are based on a conceptually inadequate understanding of the role of space and of spatial influences on poverty and on the behavior of poor people. The use of spatial metaphors such as the ‘concentration of poverty’ or the ‘deconcentration of the poor’ disguises the social and political processes behind poverty and helps to provide the justification for simplistic spatial solutions to complex social, economic, and political problems.

scholarly journals A Complex Condition of Justice in Indonesia: A Book Review ‘Bring Back Justice: Refleksi Kritis atas Isu-Isu Politik, Hukum, dan Keamanan’, M. Nasir Djamil, 2017, Merdeka Book, Jakarta, 224 Pages, ISBN 978-602-61116-2-3

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-282
Author(s):  
Ririn Rahmawati
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
The State ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Legal Certainty ◽  
Political Issues ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Complex Condition ◽  
Personal Opinion

The book entitled Bring Back Justice written by M. Nasir Djamil in 2017. This book explains the writer's personal opinion about justice and law enforcement in Indonesia. Because justice is currently hard to get for the weak people and lack of legal certainty over the rights of the poor people who have been deprived. In addition, this book also discusses about political issues in the State of Indonesia. The related institutions that were discussed in this book such as the KPK, DPR, judges, police and the Indonesian national army.

scholarly journals Zakat Mal dalam Perspektif Hadis Maudhu'iy

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-184
Author(s):  
Hamzah Hamzah
Keyword(s):  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
The State ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Muslim Countries ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Rich ◽  
First Time ◽  
Specific Amount ◽  
The Ideal

One of the major problems that the developing countries face is the lack of state revenues to cover all required expenses. Zakat is completely different from taxes, because it is a direct solution for poor people because it goes with the same type of property from the rich to the poor (not like the most of the poverty reduction programms which go in shape of projects for the poor), also Zakat has its own fixed resources and fixed legal channels of spending. Zakat is considered a form of charity that must be paid from a person`s wealth (when his/her wealth exceeds or reaches a “specific amount” of money (or othertypes of wealth like gold) So when the wealth reaches this level or (the specific amount ) the person who owns this wealth should pay a specific amount for the poor and this amount goes to the poor named Zakat. At the time of prophet Mohamed, he was sending the officials to collect money of Zakat, as it was mentioned for example , when he sent Muaaz Ibnu Jabal to govern Yemen, he ordered him to collect money of Zakat. Also in the time of the second gonernant in Islam (Khalifah). At the time of the third Khalifah Umar, where the state was expanded, Umar still interes ed in collecting Zakat but with a new way in terms of two perspectives, first collecting it from both outward and inward money, second by establishing “a Zakat organization” to be the ideal solution in dealing with Zakat. At the time of umar the revenues of Zakat became a huge amount, until Umar decided to give a salary for The periods after that the governants were not interested so much to collect Zakat by themselves and from the outward and inward money, because total toll became very huge so they decided to leave this mater up to the eligible Muslims to pay their Zakat, but in the later on periods of time the Muslims became less aware by the religious practises so the total toll of Zakat became less than periods of the prophet and Khalifah and not sufficient to satisfy the basic needs of the poor in the Muslim countries. To conclude from that, the best total yield of Zakat was happened when it was collected and distributed through an organization with a great attention from the leader of the state, so this paper will be describe about zakat persepective Hadis Maudu’ in the first time of Islam. 

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