Introduction

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
Christopher Coker
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Animal Behavior ◽  
Adaptive Significance ◽  
Machine Intelligence ◽  
Historical Evolution ◽  
Human Control ◽  
Over Time

Of all the explanations that have been advanced for the persistence of war over time the most compelling is by the Dutch ethologist Nico Tinbergen. His study of animal behavior led him to propose an investigative strategy which raises four questions about war: what are its origins; what are the mechanisms which allow it to flourish; what is its ontogeny, or its historical evolution over time; and how does  it function- how does its adaptive significance facilitate its reproductive success? War continues to evolve, to offer new opportunities and options. The question is whether it will escape human control. Thanks to scientists like Tinbergen we have discovered that our intelligence is specific to one species – it’s different from that of other animals and  it will be different again from the machine intelligence we are about to create.

scholarly journals Thematic Reclassifications and Emerging Sciences

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raphaël Sandoz
Keyword(s):  
Classification Systems ◽  
Coherent System ◽  
Historical Evolution ◽  
Thematic Structure ◽  
Over Time

AbstractOver time, various thematic classifications have been put forward to organize science into a coherent system of specialized areas of research. From an analysis of the historical evolution of the criteria used to distinguish the sciences from one another, I propose in this paper a quadripartite typology for the different thematic classification systems propounded by scholars throughout the centuries. Basically, I argue that the criteria used to differentiate the sciences have been alternately drawn from their respective subject matters, kinds of knowledge, methods and aims. Then, I show that several reclassifications occurred in the thematic structure of science. Finally, I argue that such changes in the structure of learning displaced the modalities of contact between the objects, knowledge, methods and aims of the various branches of science, with the result of outlining reshaped intellectual territories conducive to the emergence of new areas of research.

scholarly journals A NOTE ON ECONOMIC GROWTH WITH SUBSISTENCE CONSUMPTION

2010 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 763-771 ◽  
Author(s):  
Holger Strulik
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Growth Model ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Degree Of Freedom ◽  
Controversial Issue ◽  
Historical Evolution ◽  
Transitional Dynamics ◽  
Economic Growth Rates ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Savings Rates

It is well known that the performance of simple models of economic growth improves substantially through the introduction of subsistence consumption. How to compute subsistence needs, however, is a difficult and controversial issue. Here, I reconsider the linear (Ak) growth model with subsistence consumption and show that the evolution of savings rates and economic growth rates over time is independent of the size of subsistence needs. The model is thus more general and less subject to arbitrariness than might have been thought initially. Quantitatively, it is shown that, although there is no degree of freedom to manipulate transitional dynamics, the model approximates the historical evolution of savings rates and growth rates reasonably well.

From Sub-Regional Industrial Financier to Latin America’s Main Development Bank

2021 ◽  
pp. 131-167
Author(s):  
Carlos Andrés Brando
Keyword(s):  
Economic Integration ◽  
Political Change ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Historical Evolution ◽  
Development Bank ◽  
Andean Region ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Constitutive Principles ◽  
Regional Development Bank ◽  
Over Time

This chapter traces the historical evolution of the Andean Financial Corporation (CAF), according to its changing mandates, from its initial role as financial catalyst of economic integration to the expanding range of tasks it has assumed over time. The chapter analyses the most salient trends and changes in the CAF’s nearly fifty years of operations; specifically, by looking at patterns of loan allocations and the evolving origins of funding sources through the distinctive operational phases that have come to characterize concrete periods of its existence. The analysis shows, that by fulfilling the original mandate of treating less-developed countries within the group of founding members in preferential terms, the CAF conformed to one of the major political goals set by the Andean-region agreements which created the Corporation. Despite profound political change in all of the CAF’s founding countries, this regional development bank has managed to continue to operate according to its constitutive principles.

Origins of Equity

2021 ◽  
pp. 17-28
Author(s):  
Catharine Titi
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Ancient Greece ◽  
Historical Evolution ◽  
Legal Systems ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
The Past ◽  
Legal Thought ◽  
Ecclesiastical Law ◽  
Hard Law ◽  
Over Time

Equitable considerations have been present in human societies for unfathomable aeons. From ancient Greece and Rome to modern times, through ecclesiastical law and the medieval English Chancery, equity has introduced considerations of fairness in legal thought and has helped mitigate the harshness of draconian laws. What is considered equitable has varied over time, with the equitable innovations of the past typically becoming the hard law of today. The purpose of the chapter is to show equity’s continuity in time and across legal systems, as a stepping stone to the argument presented later in the book that equity is a source of international law. The chapter explains that the distinct ways in which we make sense of equity owe something to its historical evolution in our respective legal systems. Ultimately, the chapter highlights equity’s journey from municipal legal systems to international law.

Operation Ordering Principles and Intra-Setup Planner: Combining Human Control With Automation in Process Planning

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vipin Sharma ◽  
Caroline C. Hayes
Keyword(s):  
User Interface ◽  
Process Planning ◽  
Machine Intelligence ◽  
Human Control ◽  
User Control ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Five Axis

Abstract We present in this paper 1) operation ordering principles and 2) a customizable process planner, Intra-Setup Planner that implements those principles. The principles and the planner focus on sequencing cutting operations within individual setups for three and five axis prismatic milling applications. There is no general agreement on ordering principles largely because different shops have very different needs. To address a wide range of users’ needs, we have designed both the ordering principles and the Intra-Setup Planner to support flexibility rather than providing a single one-size-fits-all prescription for operation ordering. The Intra-Setup Planner provides a convenient user interface, Rule Editor through which users can select the ordering principles that suit their own situation, an automated planner that will follow the user selected principles, and a Plan Editor to allow final adjustments. The combination of flexible principles and user control maximize the strengths of human and machine intelligence.

scholarly journals Does vegetation change over 28 years affect habitat use and reproductive success?

The Auk ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 137 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Karolina Fierro-Calderón ◽  
Thomas E Martin
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Habitat Use ◽  
Nest Survival ◽  
Selection Function ◽  
Patch Use ◽  
Fitness Consequences ◽  
Long Term Changes ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Individuals should prefer and use habitats that confer high fitness, but habitat use is not always adaptive. Vegetation in natural landscapes changes gradually and the ability of species to adaptively adjust their habitat use to long-term changes is largely unstudied. We studied nest patch and territory use over 28 yr in Orange-crowned Warblers (Oreothlypis celata) in a system that has undergone natural long-term changes in vegetation. Abundance of maple (Acer grandidentatum), its preferred nesting habitat, gradually declined from 1987 to 2015. We examined whether habitat use and its fitness consequences changed as the availability of preferred habitat decreased. We used resource selection function models to determine changes over time in the probability of using a nest patch given available patches, and the probability of using a territory given available territories. We estimated nest survival to evaluate changes over time in the fitness consequences of nest patch use. We also compared habitat use (nest patch and territory) and fitness (nest survival) between areas with naturally reduced abundance of maple and experimentally increased abundance of maple (fenced areas). Nest patch use depended on maple abundance and did not change drastically across 28 yr, even though the availability of preferred maple patches decreased over time. In contrast, nest survival tended to decrease over time. We did not see differences in nest patch use and nest survival between unfenced and fenced areas, unlike territory use, which increased with the abundance of maple in fenced areas and decreased in unfenced areas. Our study depicts one example of relatively unchanged habitat use in the face of decreased availability of preferred vegetation across years, with a resulting decrease in reproductive success. Investigating changes in habitat use and fitness consequences for animals exposed to long-term habitat change is necessary to understand adaptive behavioral responses.

Employee Participation Through Non‐Union Forms of Employee Representation

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce E. Kaufman ◽  
Daphne G. Taras
Keyword(s):  
Employee Participation ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Main Theme ◽  
Historical Evolution ◽  
Non Union ◽  
Employee Representation ◽  
Over Time

The distinctive approach considered in this article is indirect participation through forms of non-union employee representation (NER). NER has been practiced in industry for more than a century, with considerable diversity and variation both across countries and over time. This article defines NER and provides a thumbnail sketch of its historical evolution. It describes the various forms of NER and its alternative functions. The article then synthesizes these diverse forms and functions into four distinct models/strategies of NER (called the ‘four faces’ of NER). Furthermore, it provides a brief overview of theorizing on NER. The article surveys the recent empirical literature on NER, with an emphasis on evidence regarding NER's performance and strengths and weaknesses. It ends with a brief recapitulation of the main theme; that is, that NER exhibits great diversity in form, purpose, and outcome, and that sweeping generalizations are therefore hazardous.

scholarly journals Considerations on the Necessity of Modernization of Engineer Forces from NATO Members Countries

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 344-347
Author(s):  
Mircea Vladu ◽  
Ioan-Dan Popa
Keyword(s):  
Armed Forces ◽  
Historical Evolution ◽  
Social Activities ◽  
Member States ◽  
Joint Forces ◽  
The Common ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Made In ◽  
Structural Perspective

Abstract The engineer branch has been established at a certain stage of historical evolution of the armed forces to provide engineer support to the combat forces, as well as to support civil societies to achieve, develop and maintain the necessary infrastructure elements in order to conduct of economic and social activities. Having in mind all these elements and taking into account the structural perspective and the endowment, the evolution of engineer forces should have been made in accordance with the evolution of the common combat joint forces, keeping the same rhythm of development. Unfortunately, the engineer forces within the armies of the NATO member states did not evolve under the aforementioned aspects, even if some commitments have been made at the various summits held over time at different levels. As a result of these realities, in this paper we present some considerations about what should be the way ahead in the evolution of the engineer forces until the horizon of 2050.

scholarly journals Microbiota-mediated competition between pest insects and its application to the evolution-proof protection of crops

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antoine Rombaut ◽  
Romain Gallet ◽  
Kenza Qitout ◽  
Mukherjy Samy ◽  
Robin Guilhot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Ecological Niche ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Adaptive Significance ◽  
Condition Dependence ◽  
Larval Competition ◽  
Drosophila Suzukii ◽  
Pest Insects ◽  
Competition Avoidance ◽  
Over Time

AbstractSpecies that share the same resources often avoid costly competition with contextdependent behaviors. This is the case of the invasive insect pest Drosophila suzukii which larvae’s ecological niche overlaps with that of Drosophila melanogaster in ripe, but not rotten, fruit. Previous research showed D. suzukii prevents costly larval competition by not ovipositing in substrates with D. melanogaster eggs. We discovered D. suzukii females respond to cues produced by D. melanogaster adults associated to gut microbiota bacteria. This behavior of D. suzukii varied over time and among populations, revealing subtle condition-dependence. In particular, D. suzukii females that bore D. melanogaster gut bacteria stopped avoiding sites with D. melanogaster cues. The adaptive significance of the behavior was investigated by reproducing experimentally in-fruit larval competition. D. suzukii larvae only suffered from competition with D. melanogaster if the competitor was associated to its microbiota, suggesting D. suzukii has evolved a solution to avoid its offspring develops in challenging environments. We argue that D. suzukii’s competition avoidance behavior has features enabling the design of an evolution-proof repellent to protect crops.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document