scholarly journals Thematic Reclassifications and Emerging Sciences

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raphaël Sandoz
Keyword(s):  
Classification Systems ◽  
Coherent System ◽  
Historical Evolution ◽  
Thematic Structure ◽  
Over Time

AbstractOver time, various thematic classifications have been put forward to organize science into a coherent system of specialized areas of research. From an analysis of the historical evolution of the criteria used to distinguish the sciences from one another, I propose in this paper a quadripartite typology for the different thematic classification systems propounded by scholars throughout the centuries. Basically, I argue that the criteria used to differentiate the sciences have been alternately drawn from their respective subject matters, kinds of knowledge, methods and aims. Then, I show that several reclassifications occurred in the thematic structure of science. Finally, I argue that such changes in the structure of learning displaced the modalities of contact between the objects, knowledge, methods and aims of the various branches of science, with the result of outlining reshaped intellectual territories conducive to the emergence of new areas of research.

scholarly journals A NOTE ON ECONOMIC GROWTH WITH SUBSISTENCE CONSUMPTION

2010 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 763-771 ◽  
Author(s):  
Holger Strulik
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Growth Model ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Degree Of Freedom ◽  
Controversial Issue ◽  
Historical Evolution ◽  
Transitional Dynamics ◽  
Economic Growth Rates ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Savings Rates

It is well known that the performance of simple models of economic growth improves substantially through the introduction of subsistence consumption. How to compute subsistence needs, however, is a difficult and controversial issue. Here, I reconsider the linear (Ak) growth model with subsistence consumption and show that the evolution of savings rates and economic growth rates over time is independent of the size of subsistence needs. The model is thus more general and less subject to arbitrariness than might have been thought initially. Quantitatively, it is shown that, although there is no degree of freedom to manipulate transitional dynamics, the model approximates the historical evolution of savings rates and growth rates reasonably well.

scholarly journals Detailed Quantification of Glomerular Structural Lesions Associates with Clinical Outcomes and Transcriptomic Profiles in Nephrotic Syndrome

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey B. Hodgin ◽  
Laura H. Mariani ◽  
Jarcy Zee ◽  
Q Liu ◽  
Abigail R. Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nephrotic Syndrome ◽  
Disease Progression ◽  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Molecular Heterogeneity ◽  
Biologically Relevant ◽  
Current Classification ◽  
Over Time

ABSTRACTThe current classification system for focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) and minimal change disease (MCD) does not fully capture the complex structural changes in kidney biopsies, nor the clinical and molecular heterogeneity of these diseases. The Nephrotic Syndrome Study Network (NEPTUNE) Digital Pathology Scoring System (NDPSS) was applied to 221 NEPTUNE FSGS/MCD digital kidney biopsies for glomerular scoring using 37 descriptors. The descriptor-based glomerular profiles were used to cluster patients with similar morphologic characteristics. Glomerular descriptors and patient clusters were assessed for association with time to proteinuria remission and disease progression by using adjusted Cox models, and eGFR measures over time by using linear mixed models. Messenger RNA from glomerular tissue was used to assess differentially expressed genes (DEG) between clusters and identify genes associated with individual descriptors driving cluster membership. Three clusters were identified: X (N=56), Y (N=68), and Z (N=97). Clusters Y and Z had higher probabilities of proteinuria remission (HR [95% CI]= 1.95 [0.99, 3.85] and 3.29 [1.52, 7.13], respectively), lower hazards of disease progression 0.22 [0.08, 0.57] and 0.11 [0.03, 0.45], respectively), and greater loss of eGFR over time compared with X. Cluster X had 1920 DEGs compared to Y+Z, which reflected activation of pathways of immune response and inflammation. Six individual descriptors driving the clusters individually correlated with clinical outcomes and gene expression. The NDPSS allows for characterization of FSGS/MCD patients into clinically and biologically relevant categories and uncovers histologic parameters associated with clinical outcomes and molecular signatures not included in current classification systems.TRANSLATIONAL STATEMENTFSGS and MCD are heterogeneous diseases that manifest with a variety of structural changes often not captured by conventional classification systems. This study shows that a detailed morphologic analysis and quantification of these changes allows for better representation of the structural abnormalities within each patient and for grouping patients with similar morphologic profiles into categories that are clinically and biologically relevant.

From Sub-Regional Industrial Financier to Latin America’s Main Development Bank

2021 ◽  
pp. 131-167
Author(s):  
Carlos Andrés Brando
Keyword(s):  
Economic Integration ◽  
Political Change ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Historical Evolution ◽  
Development Bank ◽  
Andean Region ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Constitutive Principles ◽  
Regional Development Bank ◽  
Over Time

This chapter traces the historical evolution of the Andean Financial Corporation (CAF), according to its changing mandates, from its initial role as financial catalyst of economic integration to the expanding range of tasks it has assumed over time. The chapter analyses the most salient trends and changes in the CAF’s nearly fifty years of operations; specifically, by looking at patterns of loan allocations and the evolving origins of funding sources through the distinctive operational phases that have come to characterize concrete periods of its existence. The analysis shows, that by fulfilling the original mandate of treating less-developed countries within the group of founding members in preferential terms, the CAF conformed to one of the major political goals set by the Andean-region agreements which created the Corporation. Despite profound political change in all of the CAF’s founding countries, this regional development bank has managed to continue to operate according to its constitutive principles.

Origins of Equity

2021 ◽  
pp. 17-28
Author(s):  
Catharine Titi
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Ancient Greece ◽  
Historical Evolution ◽  
Legal Systems ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
The Past ◽  
Legal Thought ◽  
Ecclesiastical Law ◽  
Hard Law ◽  
Over Time

Equitable considerations have been present in human societies for unfathomable aeons. From ancient Greece and Rome to modern times, through ecclesiastical law and the medieval English Chancery, equity has introduced considerations of fairness in legal thought and has helped mitigate the harshness of draconian laws. What is considered equitable has varied over time, with the equitable innovations of the past typically becoming the hard law of today. The purpose of the chapter is to show equity’s continuity in time and across legal systems, as a stepping stone to the argument presented later in the book that equity is a source of international law. The chapter explains that the distinct ways in which we make sense of equity owe something to its historical evolution in our respective legal systems. Ultimately, the chapter highlights equity’s journey from municipal legal systems to international law.

Employee Participation Through Non‐Union Forms of Employee Representation

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce E. Kaufman ◽  
Daphne G. Taras
Keyword(s):  
Employee Participation ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Main Theme ◽  
Historical Evolution ◽  
Non Union ◽  
Employee Representation ◽  
Over Time

The distinctive approach considered in this article is indirect participation through forms of non-union employee representation (NER). NER has been practiced in industry for more than a century, with considerable diversity and variation both across countries and over time. This article defines NER and provides a thumbnail sketch of its historical evolution. It describes the various forms of NER and its alternative functions. The article then synthesizes these diverse forms and functions into four distinct models/strategies of NER (called the ‘four faces’ of NER). Furthermore, it provides a brief overview of theorizing on NER. The article surveys the recent empirical literature on NER, with an emphasis on evidence regarding NER's performance and strengths and weaknesses. It ends with a brief recapitulation of the main theme; that is, that NER exhibits great diversity in form, purpose, and outcome, and that sweeping generalizations are therefore hazardous.

scholarly journals Considerations on the Necessity of Modernization of Engineer Forces from NATO Members Countries

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 344-347
Author(s):  
Mircea Vladu ◽  
Ioan-Dan Popa
Keyword(s):  
Armed Forces ◽  
Historical Evolution ◽  
Social Activities ◽  
Member States ◽  
Joint Forces ◽  
The Common ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Made In ◽  
Structural Perspective

Abstract The engineer branch has been established at a certain stage of historical evolution of the armed forces to provide engineer support to the combat forces, as well as to support civil societies to achieve, develop and maintain the necessary infrastructure elements in order to conduct of economic and social activities. Having in mind all these elements and taking into account the structural perspective and the endowment, the evolution of engineer forces should have been made in accordance with the evolution of the common combat joint forces, keeping the same rhythm of development. Unfortunately, the engineer forces within the armies of the NATO member states did not evolve under the aforementioned aspects, even if some commitments have been made at the various summits held over time at different levels. As a result of these realities, in this paper we present some considerations about what should be the way ahead in the evolution of the engineer forces until the horizon of 2050.

scholarly journals Advances in Classification Research Online 2013 Classification, Ontology, and the Semantic Web

2014 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rick Szostak
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Semantic Web ◽  
Classification System ◽  
Network Effects ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Minimal Set ◽  
Formal Ontologies ◽  
Over Time

The Semantic Web is developing slowly, but arguably surely. Two inter-related sources of delay are network effects and ontologies. The Semantic Web has come over time to rely onformal ontologies but there are many of these and they are each hard to master. The ability to link databases is compromised by the use of incompatible ontologies. But the RDF triplet format at the centre of the Semantic Web insists only on triplets of the form (object) (predicate orproperty) (subject). This paper explores the potential for a classification system that contains these three types of hierarchies (things, predicates, properties), plus a minimal set of rules on how they can be combined, to serve the needsof the Semantic Web. To this end, it surveys theroles (both the intended roles and side-effects) that formal ontologies play within the Semantic Web. The paper also briefly reviews the challenges faced in applying existing classification systems or thesauri to the Semantic Web.<br />

Is Adenocarcinoma of the Esophagogastric Junction or Cardia Different From Barrett Adenocarcinoma?

2005 ◽  
Vol 129 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-185
Author(s):  
Nadine Ectors ◽  
Ann Driessen ◽  
Gert De Hertog ◽  
Toni Lerut ◽  
Karel Geboes
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Cancer ◽  
Gastroesophageal Reflux ◽  
Esophagogastric Junction ◽  
Time Trend ◽  
Squamous Cell Carcinomas ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Relative Distribution ◽  
Distal Gastric Cancer ◽  
H Pylori ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Over time the relative distribution of cancers of the proximal digestive tract has changed. Squamous cell carcinomas of the esophagus have become less common, while numbers of adenocarcinomas have greatly increased. This shift most likely reflects an increase in the incidence of gastroesophageal reflux. Moreover, there is a decline in the incidence of distal gastric cancer, which in turn may be related to Heliobacter pylori eradication. Simultaneously, there is a time trend toward a more proximal localization of gastric cancer. If the above-mentioned etiopathologic links are correct, this could indicate that the so-called cardia adenocarcinomas are not related to H pylori infection and that they may instead be related to gastroesophageal reflux and eventually may not be considered to be “gastric” cancers. The rapidly growing quantity of literature on this subject is, however, confounding. A major source of discordance would seem to be a Babylonian confusion of tongues concerning the terms cardia and cardiac carcinomas. Unfortunately, this confusion is also apparent in the classification systems available for staging of cancer, thus closing the “vicious” circle.

scholarly journals Design, Implementation, and Configuration of Laser Systems for Vehicle Detection and Classification in Real Time

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 2082
Author(s):  
Nieves Gallego Ripoll ◽  
Luís Enrique Gómez Aguilera ◽  
Ferran Mocholí Belenguer ◽  
Antonio Mocholí Salcedo ◽  
Francisco José Ballester Merelo
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Traffic Control ◽  
Laser System ◽  
Vehicle Detection ◽  
Optimal Location ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Reliable Information ◽  
Precise Information ◽  
Laser Systems ◽  
Over Time

The use of real-time vehicle detection and classification systems is essential for the accurate management of traffic and road infrastructure. Over time, diverse systems have been proposed for it, such as the widely known magnetic loops or microwave radars. However, these types of sensors do not offer all the information currently required for exhaustive and comprehensive traffic control. Thus, this paper presents the design, implementation, and configuration of laser systems to obtain 3D profiles of vehicles, which collect more precise information about the state of the roads. Nevertheless, to obtain reliable information on vehicle traffic by means of these systems, it is fundamental to correctly carry out a series of preliminary steps: choose the most suitable type of laser, select its configuration properly, determine the optimal location, and process the information provided accurately. Therefore, this paper details a series of criteria to help make these crucial and difficult decisions. Furthermore, following these guidelines, a complete laser system implemented for vehicle detection and classification is presented as result, which is characterized by its versatility and the ability to control up to four lanes in real time.

scholarly journals Evolution of Classification Systems

2013 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 56
Author(s):  
Andrea Scharnhorst ◽  
Richard P Smiraglia
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Knowledge ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Knowledge Network ◽  
Evolutionary Analysis ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Category System ◽  
Gradual Evolution ◽  
Ordering Systems ◽  
Work Done ◽  
Over Time

The question of how to order our knowledge is as old as systematic acquisition, circulation, and storage of knowledge. Classification systems are known since ancient times. Web technologies foster self-organized knowledge production and folksonomies are pictured as counter examples to expert-based designed knowledge ordering systems, such as library classifications or domain-specific ontologies. However, a closer look into the structure of user-generated content (e.g., the category system of Wikipedia) and its temporal evolution reveals surprising similarities to more traditional classification systems. In related work we have used evolutionary analysis of the UDC, treating it as a stable reference system over against the volatility of the knowledge landscape represented by the constantly shifting knowledge network in Wikipedia (Akdag Salah et al. 2011; Scharnhorst et al. 2011). We also have used the UDC as a case study in ontogeny to demonstrate the instantiating evolutionary tree of the UDC over time (Akdag Salah et al. 2012), reflecting the socio-cultural knowledge landscape of the 20th century in which it developed. We see KOSs functioning like artificial languages to describe information objects in a controlled way, rather than as hierarchical trees designed to allocate documents. In this manner both the user-generated category system of Wikipedia and stable reference classifications give evidence of gradual evolution of intension over time as lexical content mutates rather than sudden or jarring theoretical shifts in base knowledge. In this talk we feature work done to visualize the evolution of classification systems, to compare them and to develop new interfaces to collections that make use of available metadata, including classifications.

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