Dialects (speech communities), the apparent past, and grammaticalization

Mapping Intimacies ◽

10.1093/oso/9780198701378.003.0008 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Jonathan Owens

Keyword(s):

Time Frame ◽

Speech Communities ◽

Levantine Arabic ◽

History Of ◽

Deontic Modality ◽

Further Development

Over a long-term time frame in a language with several discrete dialects, how far does grammaticalization theory elucidate the history of individual morphemes? This issue is addressed using the tense/mode prefix b-, found in Gulf/Najdi, Yemeni, Uzbekistan, Nigerian, and Egyptian/Levantine Arabic. It is argued that while standard grammaticalization theory correctly predicts its assumed origin, from a variant of the verb ‘want’ (yibġa, yiba, yibbi > *b-), it does little to predict its further development. This paper first examines the functions of the prefix *b-. Once integrated as a prefix, *b- takes odd twists and turns, sometimes a tense marker, sometimes a marker of deontic modality, sometimes a generalized modal/indicative marker. Grammaticalization theory says nothing about why *b- should have developed in one way in one dialect and in another way in another. As a step towards answering these questions, the idea of dialects as speech communities is introduced.

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A History of Concussion Does Not Lead to an Increase in Ocular Near Point of Convergence

International Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1055/s-0044-101454 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 39 (09) ◽

pp. 682-687

Author(s):

Paul van Donkelaar ◽

Jill Dierijck ◽

Alexander Wright ◽

Jonathan Smirl

Keyword(s):

Previous History ◽

Time Frame ◽

T Test ◽

Future Research ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Dose Response Relationship ◽

History Of ◽

Mean Time ◽

Larger Sample

AbstractOcular near point of convergence (NPC) has been shown to be sensitive to the effects of concussion and subconcussive impacts. To determine if NPC is also sensitive to a previous history of concussion, male contact-sport athletes either with (n=26) or without (n=16) a history of at least one previous concussion had their NPC assessed. The results showed that participants with a history of concussion displayed NPC values (9.4±1.6 cm) indistinguishable from those with no history of concussion (8.4±2.1 cm, t-test, p=0.09). This was the case regardless of whether 1, 2, or 3 or more concussions had occurred and despite the fact participants with concussion (mean time since last concussion: 1136 days) suffered from an increased number and severity of symptoms as assessed with the SCAT 3 (3.6±2.2 vs. 2.13±1.89 symptoms, 6.1±4.1 vs. 3.19±2.99 severity, t-test, p<0.05). Taken together, these results imply that NPC may not be a suitable tool to assess the potential long-term effects of one or more concussions over a longer time frame. Future research using larger sample sizes is warranted to evaluate the potential dose-response relationship between number of prior concussions and NPC.

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A CONCEPTUAL REVIEW OF WEATHERING TESTING USING MALAYSIAN TROPICAL TIMBER

Jurnal Teknologi ◽

10.11113/jt.v77.6994 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 77 (32) ◽

Author(s):

Syarifah Hanisah Syed Mokhtarruddin ◽

Zakiah Ahmad ◽

Rohana Hassan ◽

Zaidon Ashaari

Keyword(s):

Real Life ◽

Fast Response ◽

Time Frame ◽

Accelerated Weathering ◽

Tropical Timber ◽

Reasonable Time Frame ◽

History Of ◽

Extended Exposure ◽

Timber Product

History of accelerated weathering testing as a tool to explain the nature of weathering with a faster outcome has been documented since the 1940s. There are various method applied as accelerated weathering testing, i.e., cyclic boil-dry test, automatic boil test and QUV instrument. One of the recently conducted worldwide in accelerated weathering testing was QUV accelerated weathering. QUV instrument gives information about how materials degrade to the extended exposure environment within a reasonable time frame. Furthermore, QUV instrument employs the wavelength simulating with real-life solar radiation. Thus, applications of accelerated weathering testing in timber industry really give fast response to manufacturer in improving their timber product for long term usage. The conceptual review has studied on the application of QUV instrument in the accelerated weathering testing since 1997 till 2014. Accelerated weathering testing as a simulation of natural weathering was used in determining the long-term serviceability of Malaysian tropical timber in the extended environmental exposure.

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Organizacje ziemiańskie na terenie Galicji (1906–1919). Struktury, cele i zadania

Res Gestae ◽

10.24917/24504475.9.3 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

pp. 77-96

Author(s):

Sławomir Wójs

Keyword(s):

History Of ◽

The Creation ◽

Further Development ◽

The Way

The article reviews the history of landowners’ organisations in Austrian Galicia in a systematic manner. Its first part discusses the circumstances that contributed to the creation of separate landowners’ organisations. In addition to associations of large estates such as the United Conventions of Agricultural Circles (Zjednoczone Zjazdy Kół Rolniczych) and Soil Circles (Kółka Ziemian), which aimed at self-education, the phenomenon of the Landowners’ Union (ZwiązekZiemian) is also tackled. This was an institution of a banking character established to address one of the most serious problems standing in the way of further development and expansion: the lack of capital. In order to remedy that problem, the Landowners’ Union issued long-term loans to its members. In the next place, the process leading to the unification of landowners’ associations and the creation of Landowners’ Circles (Kółka Ziemiańskie) is analysed, whichput an end to the dualism of associations that existed in Galicia. The statutes of the respective organisations are discussed in a synthetic manner; readers will find out their nature, functions, and purposes.

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Der "Deutsche Gruß" in Briefen. Zur historischen Soziolinguistik und Pragmatik eines verordneten Sprachgebrauchs

Linguistik Online ◽

10.13092/lo.55.7968 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 55 (5) ◽

Author(s):

Klaas-Hinrich Ehlers

Keyword(s):

Time Frame ◽

German Population ◽

Horizontal Distance ◽

Written Communication ◽

Vertical Distance ◽

The Everyday ◽

History Of ◽

Nazi Era ◽

Style Guides

The official decree, in 1933, to use "Heil Hitler" and "Mit deutschem Gruß [With German greetings]" as greetings, constituted a massive intervention in the everyday use of language in the German population. The study examines in what time frame and in what domains of written communication the new forms of greeting were established. Sources include guidelines and sample letters from Nazi era style guides as well as a body of authentic business letters from the 1920s to 1940s. The development described in the study is characterized as a phase of forcibly accelerated modernization in the long-term history of European communication routines. The introduction of the Hitler salute is identified as a premature and passing episode in the multidimensional transition from feudal courtesy of the vertical distance towards a bourgeois/contemporary courtesy of the horizontal distance.

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Лима документ: Крштење, Евхаристија и служба свештенства

Theological Views – Religious and Scientific Journal / Теолошки погледи – версконаучни часопис ◽

10.46825/tv/2021-3-483-496 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol LIV (3) ◽

pp. 483-496

Author(s):

Радивоје Симић

Keyword(s):

Orthodox Church ◽

World Council Of Churches ◽

The World ◽

The Future ◽

German Speaking ◽

World Council ◽

History Of ◽

The Subject ◽

Further Development

One of the most important ecumenical documents — the Lima document (1982), has adopted as a result of a long-term effort of the Faith and Order Commission, and since then it holds the unquestionable primacy among numerous joint documents, both within the seventy- year history of the World Council of Churches, and within the bilateral dialogues of various Christian denominations. But while the Lima document within the “Western Christianity” — especially in the churches of the English and German- speaking areas — is the subject of permanent pastoral and academic discussions, somehow within the Orthodox East — thus, within the context of the Serbian Orthodox Church, too — its proper theological reception is missing. This may be surprising if we take into consideration that, according to the opinion of many contemporary theologians, the Orthodox made an irreplaceable contribution to the creation of the Lima document — the greatest liturgical document of the ecumenical importance so far. The intention of this document was to provide a concrete framework of a (possible) joint (ecumenical) Liturgy, using the Orthodox liturgical rite as a basis. The purpose of this paper is to reactivate the discussion on the Lima topic within the Serbian Orthodox circles, aiming to foster a proper academic reception of this document in Orthodox theology, as well as to contribute to the further development of its content and possible realization of its goals within the ecumenical movement in the future.

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Atypical Femoral Fracture in McCune-Albright Syndrome

Journal of Research in Orthopedic Science ◽

10.32598/jrosj.7.3.711.1 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 147-152

Author(s):

Salman Ghaffari ◽

◽

Mehran Razavipour ◽

Parastoo Mohammad Amini ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Femoral Fracture ◽

Dynamic Compression ◽

Plate Fixation ◽

Medullary Canal ◽

Mccune Albright Syndrome ◽

Café Au Lait Spots ◽

History Of ◽

Albright Syndrome ◽

Mccune Albright

McCune-Albright Syndrome (MAS) is characterized by endocrinopathies, café-au-lait spots, and fibrous dysplasia. Bisphosphonates are the most prescribed treatment for reducing the pain but their long-term use has been associated with atypical fractures of cortical bones like femur in patients. We present a 23-year-old girl diagnosed with MAS. She had an atypical mid-shaft left femoral fracture that happened during simple walking. She also had a history of long-term use of alendronate. Because of the narrow medullary canal, we used 14 holes hybrid locking plate for the lateral aspect of the thigh to fix the fracture and 5 holes dynamic compression plate (instead of the intramedullary nail) in the anterior surface to double fix it, reducing the probability of device failure. With double plate fixation and discontinuation of alendronate, the complete union was achieved five months after surgery

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Towards the digital land reclamation

Melioration and Water Management ◽

10.32962/0235-2524-2019-4-5-9 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 5-9

Author(s):

Sergey Vasil'ev ◽

Vyacheslav Schedrin ◽

Aleksandra Slabunova ◽

Vladimir Slabunov

Keyword(s):

Retrospective Analysis ◽

Land Reclamation ◽

Practical Experience ◽

Maximum Effect ◽

Optimal Management ◽

Scientific Potential ◽

History Of ◽

Definition Of ◽

Further Development ◽

Full Cooperation

The aim of the research is a retrospective analysis of the history and stages of development of digital land reclamation in Russia, the definition of «Digital land reclamation» and trends in its further development. In the framework of the retrospective analysis the main stages of melioration formation are determined. To achieve the maximum effect of the «digital reclamation» requires full cooperation of practical experience and scientific potential accumulated throughout the history of the reclamation complex, and the latest achievements of science and technology, which is currently possible only through the full digitalization of reclamation activities. The introduction of «digital reclamation» will achieve greater potential and effect in the modernization of the reclamation industry in the «hightech industry», through the use of innovative developments and optimal management decisions.

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European Integration

10.3366/edinburgh/9781474455893.001.0001 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Johann P. Arnason

Keyword(s):

European Integration ◽

Eastern European ◽

The European Union ◽

Historical Processes ◽

History Of ◽

External Conditions ◽

Eastern European Countries ◽

Totalitarian Regimes ◽

The Eu

Different understandings of European integration, its background and present problems are represented in this book, but they share an emphasis on historical processes, geopolitical dynamics and regional diversity. The introduction surveys approaches to the question of European continuities and discontinuities, before going on to an overview of chapters. The following three contributions deal with long-term perspectives, including the question of Europe as a civilisational entity, the civilisational crisis of the twentieth century, marked by wars and totalitarian regimes, and a comparison of the European Union with the Habsburg Empire, with particular emphasis on similar crisis symptoms. The next three chapters discuss various aspects and contexts of the present crisis. Reflections on the Brexit controversy throw light on a longer history of intra-Union rivalry, enduring disputes and changing external conditions. An analysis of efforts to strengthen the EU’s legal and constitutional framework, and of resistances to them, highlights the unfinished agenda of integration. A closer look at the much-disputed Islamic presence in Europe suggests that an interdependent radicalization of Islamism and the European extreme right is a major factor in current political developments. Three concluding chapters adopt specific regional perspectives. Central and Eastern European countries, especially Poland, are following a path that leads to conflicts with dominant orientations of the EU, but this also raises questions about Europe’s future. The record of Scandinavian policies in relation to Europe exemplifies more general problems faced by peripheral regions. Finally, growing dissonances and divergences within the EU may strengthen the case for Eurasian perspectives.

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The perils and dangers of these knights (and undead peasants): Interpreting English and Scottish Extent Rolls of 1297–1305

Journal of Scottish Historical Studies ◽

10.3366/jshs.2016.0166 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 13-39 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

J. Donnelly

Keyword(s):

Social History ◽

Economic History ◽

Time Frame ◽

Compte Rendu ◽

History Of ◽

Different Sources

Medieval Scottish economic and social history has held little interest for a unionist establishment but, just when a recovery of historic independence begins to seem possible, this paper tackles a (perhaps the) key pre-1424 source. It is compared with a Rutland text, in a context of foreign history, both English and continental. The Berwickshire text is not, as was suggested in 2014, a ‘compte rendu’ but rather an ‘extent’, intended to cross-check such accounts. Read alongside the Rutland roll, it is not even a single ‘compte’ but rather a palimpsest of different sources and times: a possibility beyond earlier editorial imaginings. With content falling (largely) within the time-frame of the PoMS project (although not actually included), when the economic history of Scotland in Europe is properly explored, the sources discussed here will be key and will offer an interesting challenge to interpretation. And some surprises about their nature and date.

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