Costs

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaani Riordan
Keyword(s):  
Service Provider ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Code Of Conduct ◽  
Court Order ◽  
The Cost

Preceding chapters have examined the range of measures which internet intermediaries may be compelled to implement, whether as a result of a court order, an administrative decision, or pursuant to a statutory scheme or code of conduct. The cost and disruption caused by the implementation of such measures vary considerably with the nature of the measure, what it obliges the service provider to do, the scale of the problem, and the particular characteristics of the implementing party. Individual measures may be relatively inexpensive to adopt in a single case, but their aggregate costs over a large number of such cases—and the resulting administrative, legal, and technical overheads—can be very substantial.

scholarly journals Whistleblowing: Impediments to effective implementation within the South African public sector

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 196-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nirmala Dorasamy ◽  
Soma Pillay
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
South African ◽  
Public Service ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Code Of Conduct ◽  
The South ◽  
The Public ◽  
Effective Implementation ◽  
The Cost

This purpose of this article is to explore impediments to effective whistleblowing as a strategy for promoting anti-corruption practices within the South African public sector. Corruption, which violates the public service code of conduct; deters foreign investment, increases the cost of public service delivery, undermines the fight against poverty and unnecessarily burdens the criminal justice system. The article addresses the question on whether legislation on whistleblowing is adequate to encourage whistleblowing in the public sector. A review of literature determines that the effective implementation of whistleblowing legislation is largely dependent on addressing the challenges identified in the article. The quantitative research method was employed in the study to ascertain the views of employees in the public sector on whistleblowing. Empirical findings confirm the hypothesis that the protection of whistleblowers through legislation is inadequate to encourage whistleblowing. The article provides a conceptual framework for the effective achievement of the intended outcomes of whistleblowing in the public sector.

A Contract Service Provider Model for Virtual Assets

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Hardjono ◽  
Alexander Lipton ◽  
Alex Pentland
Keyword(s):  
Business Model ◽  
Service Provider ◽  
Design Principles ◽  
End Users ◽  
Internet Service Provider ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Internet Service ◽  
Smart Contract ◽  
Service Models ◽  
The Cost

With the recent rise in the cost of transactions on blockchain platforms, there is a need to explore other service models that may provide a more predictable cost to customers and end-users. We discuss the Contract Service Provider (CSP) model as a counterpart of the successful Internet Service Provider (ISP) model. Similar to the ISP business model based on peered routing-networks, the CSP business model is based on multiple CSP entities forming a CSP Community or group offering a contract service for specific types of virtual assets. We discuss the contract domain construct which encapsulates well-defined smart contract primitives, policies and contract-ledger. We offer a number of design principles borrowed from the design principles of the Internet architecture.

Regspraak: Einde van gemeenskaplike boedel van ’n egpaar getroud in gemeenskap van goed en aanvang van uitwissende verjaring van tersake vorderinge val saam

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
pp. 184-199
Author(s):  
JC Sonnekus
Keyword(s):  
Court Order ◽  
Real Right ◽  
Kwazulu Natal ◽  
Outstanding Debt ◽  
Joint Ownership ◽  
Current Value ◽  
Formed Part ◽  
Unjustified Enrichment ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Joint Property

But for an extraordinary order for a division of the joint estate stante matrimonio under section 20 or 21 of the Matrimonial Property Act 88 of 1984, the default joint estate of spouses married in community of property will come to an end with the demise of the marriage. This is either with the death of the firstdying spouse or by an order of the divorce court. It is impossible to extend the joint estate beyond these moments. With the end of the joint estate, the erstwhile spouses (or the estate of the demised spouse) are entitled to claim half of the value of the erstwhile joint estate. If the parties are unable to reach an amicable agreement to this end, a liquidator will be appointed to finalise the division of the assets. As from the end of the marriage, the former spouses have separate estates. Any new acquisition, gift, inheritance or income acquired after that date falls into the newly founded separate estate of the holder, and the other party has no claim to share in these assets. In Koko v Koko the respondent was married in community of property to Mr Koko in 1979 but that marriage ended in divorce by court order in 2001. The respondent left the previous marital home that was registered as joint property in the names of both spouses and retained inter alia some movable property from the erstwhile joint estate. Mr Koko remained in the house and continued to pay all rates and taxes, and the outstanding debt secured by a mortgage bond was amortised by the time of his demise. He later married the applicant and the couple lived in the house until his demise in 2013. Only years later did the respondent claim half of the current value of the immovable property as the still-registered co-owner. In this contribution, attention is devoted to the justifiability of the premise of the court that the claim should succeed notwithstanding the fact that more than nineteen years had lapsed since the applicable joint estate ended with the divorce order and the claimant did not contribute to the current unencumbered value of the property. If the claim to half of the value of the former joint estate is categorised as a personal right of the claimant, it is submitted that the effect of extinctive prescription should have been considered. By default, a debt is extinguished after three years and just the listed categories of debts mentioned in section 11(a) of the Prescription Act, including a judgment debt, will prescribe only after 30 years. It is submitted that the division of the joint estate is a natural consequence of the end of the marriage in community of property, and in KwaZulu-Natal orders for a division of the joint estate of parties married in community of property are consistently refused when divorce orders are granted for the very reason that they are unnecessary. In the absence of an applicable court order, the relevant debt cannot be defined as a “judgment debt” and the default prescription period governed by section 11(d) of Act 68 of 1969 should apply. It is inequitable that a previous spouse may, more than nineteen years after the divorce, benefit from the subsequent enhanced value of an asset that formed part of the erstwhile joint estate at the cost of another, who had contributed to that currently enhanced value of the asset since the joint estate came to an end. It boils down to unjustified enrichment if this is accomplished under the guise of her joint ownership of the immovable property still registered in the names of the former spouses as original co-owners because the real right of ownership is imprescriptible. A personal claim for half of the value of the assets in the estate would, however, have been prescribed after three years since the claim had vested.

Case Studies Using Program Evaluation to Drive Evidence-Based Practices

2018 ◽  
pp. 109-131
Author(s):  
Julie Q. Morrison ◽  
Anna L. Harms
Keyword(s):  
Early Literacy ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Behavioral Interventions ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Pilot Project ◽  
Evidence Based Practices ◽  
First Case ◽  
Single Case Designs ◽  
The Cost

This chapter consists of three case studies that illustrate how the evaluation approaches, methods, techniques, and tools presented in Chapters 1 to 5 can be translated into practice. The first case study describes an evaluation of the Dyslexia Pilot Project, a statewide multi-tier system of supports (MTSS) initiative targeting early literacy. In this evaluation, special attention was paid to the evaluating the cost-effectiveness of serving students in kindergarten to grade 2 proactively. The second case study features the use of single-case designs and corresponding summary statistics to evaluate the collective impact of more than 500 academic and behavioral interventions provided within an MTSS framework as part of the annual statewide evaluation of the Ohio Internship Program in School Psychology. The third case study focuses on efforts to evaluate the fidelity of implementation for teacher teams’ use of a five-step process for data-based decision making and instructional planning.

Economy Based Resource Allocation in IaaS Cloud

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hemant Kumar Mehta ◽  
Eshan Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Open Source ◽  
Service Provider ◽  
Lower Cost ◽  
Optimization Techniques ◽  
Considerable Extent ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Computing Power ◽  
Power Storage ◽  
The Cost

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) offers hardware resources (computing power, storage and network) as a service to its customers. The customers order these resources in the form of a lease. Aim of any service provider is to make a leasing plan to maximize the number of accepted leases. Opennebula is popular open source toolkit for building IaaS cloud. Opennebula has its own lease manager and it can also be integrated with Haizea which is an open source lease manager. An economy based algorithm should focus on incentives of both the consumers and the providers. In this paper, an economy based leasing algorithm is developed and integrated with Haizea. This economy based algorithm takes care of incentives of both the parties i.e. customer and service provider. It uses the concept of optimization techniques to optimize the costs. The incentive for customers is lower cost of execution of its lease on the capable node as compare to existing non-economy based algorithms. If an appropriate resource is not found, then the algorithm uses negotiation on budget and resource demand; that increases the number of accepted lease. Thus, incentive for providers is an increase in profit as the amount of accepted leases increase. Experimental results show that the proposed economy based leasing algorithm reduces the cost of execution of the consumer’s lease and increases the profit of the provider to a considerable extent.

scholarly journals Direct cost of peripheral catheterization by nurses

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-94
Author(s):  
Ana Beatriz Mateus Pires ◽  
Antônio Fernandes Costa Lima
Keyword(s):  
Direct Cost ◽  
Neonatal Intensive Care ◽  
Participant Observation ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Unit Cost ◽  
Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter ◽  
Central Catheter ◽  
Cost Of Materials ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Nursing Professionals

ABSTRACT Objective: To measure the average direct cost of peripherally inserted central catheterization performed by nurses in a pediatric and neonatal intensive care unit. Method: A quantitative, exploratory-descriptive, single-case study, whose sample consisted of the non-participant observation of 101 peripherally inserted central catheter procedures. The cost was calculated by multiplying the execution time (timed using a chronometer) spent by nursing professionals, participants in the procedure, by the unit cost of direct labor, added to the cost of materials, drugs, and solutions. Results: The average direct cost of the procedure was US$ 326.95 (standard deviation = US$ 84.47), ranging from US$ 99.03 to US$ 530.71, with a median of US$ 326.17. It was impacted by material costs and the direct labor of the nurses. Conclusion: The measurement of the average direct cost of the peripherally inserted central catheter procedure shed light on the financials of consumed resources, indicating possibilities of intervention aiming to increase efficiency in allocating these resources.

Third-Party Project Management Services

1994 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 248-251
Author(s):  
Christian Baumhauer
Keyword(s):  
Project Management ◽  
European Commission ◽  
Service Provider ◽  
Code Of Conduct ◽  
Third Party ◽  
New Type ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Good Behaviour ◽  
Management Services

This article analyses the emergence of a new type of service provider, specializing in third-party management services (TPMSPs), and investigates the impact of their involvement in collaborative projects. After assessing the benefits and risks of using TPMSPs, the author suggests that a code of conduct should be elaborated and puts forward initial ideas on what such a code might include. Finally, he suggests that the European Commission should facilitate the access of consortia to these types of services while at the same time enforcing rules of ‘good behaviour’.

Preparing a framework for two-stage target-cost arrangement formulation

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pertti Lahdenperä
Keyword(s):  
Service Provider ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Investment Projects ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Target Cost ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Concrete Model

Purpose – Early involvement of the project team with the construction resources seems to be gaining popularity as it aims to improve the cost efficiency of a project as there is significantly more potential to influence the project solution at that point in time. The missing price during early involvement/selection and the principal-agent setting, however, tend to leave the project owner in doubt of the reasonableness of pricing when it is fixed only later after the joint design phase involving the service provider and the owner. The purpose of this paper is to find a solution for this challenge. Design/methodology/approach – A two-stage target-cost (2STC) arrangement has been proposed as the solution. In this model the service provider earns a bonus by suggesting a lower target cost than the reference set at the time of the involvement of the provider. The amount of bonus also impacts the cost over-run risk transferred to the service provider to avoid overly optimistic promises. The proposition encompassed just the basic idea, and did not really delve into actual model formulations and their functioning under practical realities. Therefore, the required work is presented here in the form of a conceptual, discursive study focusing on relevant theories and empirical findings from major investment projects. Findings – The study produces a requirement framework for the 2STC model to allow functioning models to be formulated and tested. The framework incorporates numerous requirements, constraints and a suggested path forward. For instance, while the model may not be manipulatable, it must incentivise the service provider to seek more cost-effective project solutions, be feasible also from the view of the project owner and adapt to various project risk profiles and ranges of efficiency improvements. Research limitations/implications – The study suggests more concrete model formulations to be provided under the guidance of the presented framework. Originality/value – The 2STC model is a unique concept and no comparable construct is known to exist. Besides the requirement framework, the study also strengthens the foundation of and need for the 2STC model by a thorough survey of its theoretical linkages. Accordingly, the study presented in this paper forms the second stage in the overall 2STC development process focused on benefiting project owners and the industry.

An Analysis of Industrial Practice for Estimating the In-Service Costs of a Product Service System

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoxi Huang ◽  
Linda Newnes ◽  
Glenn Parry
Keyword(s):  
Service Provider ◽  
Strong Correlation ◽  
Service Provision ◽  
Service System ◽  
Product Service System ◽  
Industrial Practice ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Machine Failure ◽  
Product Service ◽  
The Cost

An extensive range of companies have moved from providing a tangible product to offering long-term integrated product service solutions. The revenue from such offerings, in particular at the in-service stage of a product service system, has become a key area for profit generation within some companies. However, estimating the cost of providing such a service is one of the major challenges that companies encounter. The research in this paper presents a new framework for estimating the cost of in-service provision for a product service system. Within this framework the service cost factors are identified through a review of the literature and an analysis of industrial practice. Analysing seven years data of the service demanded by customers for a Chinese machine manufacturer and service provider, the key relationships are identified and described. The service provider in this study offers repair and maintenance services to ensure the machines are available for use at the customer’s sites. The results from the study found that there is not a strong correlation between the distance from the service provider to customer companies and the number of call outs for after-sales service. It was also found that there was no strong evidence to show that when there is convenient and economical transportation links between the service provider and the customer, the demand for after-sales service increases. However, there was a strong correlation between machine failure rate and the number of years in service. It was also found that preventative maintenance, which occurred after the second year of machine service, did not improve the reliability of the machine during the in-service phase. Based on the initial findings and outcomes of the study the next stage of the research is then discussed, describing how the framework will be used to estimate the cost of the in-service provision for a product service system.

scholarly journals Evaluation of an Alternative Learning System for Youths at Risk of Involvement in Urban Violence in Bagong Silang, Manila, Philippines - Outcome Analysis, Cost-Analysis, and Economic Evaluation.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nishant Mehra ◽  
Shr-Jie Wang ◽  
Juancho Reyes ◽  
Mette Mohl Ambjornsen ◽  
Johan Jarl
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Young People ◽  
Incremental Cost ◽  
Service Provider ◽  
Incremental Cost Effectiveness Ratio ◽  
Learning System ◽  
Cost Effectiveness Ratio ◽  
Alternative Learning ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Out Of School

Abstract Background: Globally, violence disproportionately affects young people, leading to injury, hospitalisation, death, social dysfunction, and poor mental wellbeing. Moreover, it has far-reaching economic consequences for whole nations, due to loss of productivity. Research suggests that attaining a higher level of education promotes factors which insulate youths from poverty and violence. Purpose: In this study we investigated the outcomes, the cost, and the efficiency of a non-formal education program with an additional psychosocial component. The short-term outcome measure was an increase in educational attainment, a crucial step for youth empowerment. The program analysed was the Alternative Learning System (ALS) offered by the Balay Rehabiliation Centre in Bagong Silang, an urban slum in Manila, which targeted out of school youth. Methods: The cost-effectiveness analysis of ALS compared to a ‘do nothing approach’ was performed from the perspective of the service provider. The study sample comprised 239 learners who were enrolled in the ALS during 2015-2018. For the comparator ‘do nothing approach’, a counterfactual scenario was hypothesised. The average cost of the intervention per enrolled learner, and the incremental cost effectiveness ratio (ICER) for passing the Accreditation and Evaluation (A&E) exam at elementary or secondary level, were calculated. Results: The ALS intervention studied resulted in 41%(n=97) of the learners passing the examination over a period of four years (from 2015 – 2018). The estimated total cost of the intervention was $371,110, corresponding to $1,550 per enrolled learner. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio for a pass in the exam was found to be $3,830. Compared to other alternative learning interventions, the ALS intervention as used in Bagong Silang was found to be more cost-effective.Conclusion: From the service provider perspective, the ALS for out-of-school young people was found to be a valuable investment to benefit poor young people living in slums in Manila.

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