The Testery: breaking Hitler’s most secret code

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerry Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Her Family ◽  
Decisive Effect ◽  
Alan Turing ◽  
Secret Code ◽  
Battle Of The Atlantic ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Safe House ◽  
The Mansion

I joined the Intelligence Corps in autumn 1941. At that time few people were allowed into the Mansion at Bletchley Park, the nerve centre. I was fortunate enough to work in the Mansion and was one of the four founder members of the Testery, set up in October 1941 to break ‘Double Playfair’ cipher messages. Then in July 1942 the Testery was switched to breaking Tunny traffic. Before reminiscing about the breaking of the Tunny code I should like to recall Alan Turing himself. If it had not been for him everything would have been very different, and I am eternally grateful to him that I did not have to bring up my children under the Nazis. We would have entered a dark age of many years—once the Nazis had got you down, they did not let up. Here is just one example of what life was like under the Nazis. After the war I met a brave Belgian lady called Madame Jeanty. Her family was one of those who kept a safe house for Allied airmen, shot down over Europe and trying to make their way back to Britain to fly again. Helen Jeanty and her husband had a hidey-hole in their house, and had an airman in there one day when the Gestapo came calling, at the usual time of 6 a.m. They searched the house up and down but did not find him, and went away. Everybody was delighted and relieved—claps on the back or whatever the Belgians do. But the Gestapo came back again to find this celebration in progress. Her husband was arrested and taken away and she never saw him again. That sort of thing would have happened time and time again here in Britain if the Nazis had managed to invade. One reason Britain did not fall to the Nazis is that in 1941 Turing broke U-boat Enigma. The decisive effect he had on the Battle of the Atlantic can be seen from the tonnages sunk. The tonnages lost to sinkings dropped by 77% after Turing broke into U-boat Enigma in June 1941, from approximately 282,000 tonnes of shipping lost per month during the early part of 1941, to 64,000 tonnes per month by November. If Turing had not managed that, it is almost certain that Britain would have been starved into defeat.

CLINICAL CONFERENCE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1956 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 663-670
Author(s):  
F. Howell Wright ◽  
John F. Kenwood
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Ulcerative Colitis ◽  
School Level ◽  
Grammar School ◽  
High School Level ◽  
Technical School ◽  
Family Unit ◽  
Her Family ◽  
Set Up

Dr. Wright: I shall describe a boy with ulcerative colitis whom we have been following for the last 15 years. His father is of Swedish extraction, American born. He is a very placid, long-suffering gentleman who enters very little into the picture which follows. His education extended slightly beyond the high school level as he went to college for 2 years at a technical school. The boy's mother, by contrast, was born in Italy. Her family migrated to this country when she was only 9 months. They settled in Chicago and set up a closely knit family unit which spoke Italian most of the time. His mother grew up under circumstances which made her feel considerably inferior to persons around her. She had a younger sister of whom she was very jealous during the early part of her life. She also had many feelings of resentment toward her mother from whom she apparently received little or no affection. During her early childhood she had clubbed feet which were corrected by her mother by the application of an apparatus which was painful and which caused her to cry a good ideal without receiving much solace from her mother. Her education extended only through grammar school, with the addition of 2 years of secretarial training. After this, she never held a job for any length of time. She worked sporadically as a waitress. She lived at home with her family and became closely attached to them. In spite of her feeling toward her mother, she was quite dependent upon her.

Breaking machines with a pencil

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mavis Batey
Keyword(s):  
Small Scale ◽  
Cambridge University ◽  
Winston Churchill ◽  
Alan Turing ◽  
International Reputation ◽  
The Government ◽  
Set Up ◽  
First World ◽  
Intelligence Service ◽  
Hunting Ground

Dilly Knox, the renowned First World War codebreaker, was the first to investigate the workings of the Enigma machine after it came on the market in 1925, and he developed hand methods for breaking Enigma. What he called ‘serendipity’ was truly a mixture of careful observation and inspired guesswork. This chapter describes the importance of the pre-war introduction to Enigma that Turing received from Knox. Turing worked with Knox during the pre-war months, and when war was declared he joined Knox’s Enigma Research Section at Bletchley Park. Once a stately home, Bletchley Park had become the war station of the Secret Intelligence Service (SIS), of which the Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS) was part. Its head, Admiral Sir Hugh Sinclair, was responsible for both espionage (Humint) and the new signals intelligence (Sigint), but the latter soon became his priority. Winston Churchill was the first minister to realize the intelligence potential of breaking the enemy’s codes, and in November 1914 he had set up ‘Room 40’ right beside his Admiralty premises. By Bletchley Park’s standards, Room 40 was a small-scale codebreaking unit focusing mainly on naval and diplomatic messages. When France and Germany also set up cryptographic bureaux they staffed them with servicemen, but Churchill insisted on recruiting scholars with minds of their own—the so-called ‘professor types’. It was an excellent decision. Under the influence of Sir Alfred Ewing, an expert in wireless telegraphy and professor of engineering at Cambridge University, Ewing’s own college, King’s, became a happy hunting ground for ‘professor types’ during both world wars—including Dillwyn (Dilly) Knox (Fig. 11.1) in the first and Alan Turing in the second. Until the time of Turing’s arrival, mostly classicists and linguists were recruited. Knox himself had an international reputation for unravelling charred fragments of Greek papyri. Shortly after Enigma first came on the market in 1925, offering security to banks and businesses for their telegrams and cables, the GC&CS obtained two of the new machines, and some time later Knox studied one of these closely.

Geoffrey Keating’s Eochair Sgiath An Aifrinn and the Catholic Reformation in Ireland

1989 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 133-143
Author(s):  
Bernadette Cunningham
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Catholic Reformation ◽  
Irish Language ◽  
Irish History ◽  
Language And Literature ◽  
Anglo Norman ◽  
History Of ◽  
Magnum Opus ◽  
Set Up

The name of Geoffrey Keating is familiar to generations of students of Irish language and literature. His prose works are fine examples of seventeenth-century Irish writing. He was credited by scholars of Irish with having saved from oblivion many stories of the Gaelic heroes of old in his magnum opus, the Foras Feasa ar Éirinn, a compendium of knowledge on the history of Ireland. Writing in the early part of the seventeenth century, when the native Irish system of learning and patronage of scholars was disintegrating, Keating synopsized many manuscript sources for the history of Ireland into a flowing text full of stories and curiosities. His writings were frequently transcribed and are preserved in countless manuscript copies.Kearing’s literary stature has meant that his tracts were more read for their language and style than studied for their content and it may appear curious at first sight to discover that this father figure of early Irish history and the preserver of the Irish language also wrote two theological tracts, on a continental Catholic Reformation model. This should come as no surprise to anyone familiar with Kearing’s background. Although subsequently hailed as a champion of Gaelic Ireland, Keating was not a product of that society. In fact he was of Anglo-Norman (Old English) descent. He was ordained as a secular priest and was educated at two of the continental colleges set up to train Irishmen for the priesthood, Bordeaux and Rheims, where he came under English Jesuit influence. The precise dates of his sojourn on the continent are not known, but pre-date 1619. It is thought he was born about 1570 and died about 1644, spending most of his life as a priest working in Munster.

Megalithic Grave-Monuments in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan and other parts of East Africa

Antiquity ◽  
1935 ◽  
Vol 9 (34) ◽  
pp. 151-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. E. Evans-Pritchard
Keyword(s):  
East Africa ◽  
The West ◽  
Southern Group ◽  
Sudan I ◽  
Set Up

This note describes megalithic grave-monuments among the Mise tribe to the west of the Nile in Amadi District of Mongalla Province, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. I visited this tribe in the early part of 1927. The megalithic monuments described are typical of Mise country. They may be found occasionally among other members of the southern group, the Oggi and Endri, but there possibl they mark the graves of Mise who have died out of their count . The Kederu have probably adopted the heaps of stones and carveTwooden posts which they and their neighbours set up over graves.

Margaret Fell Fox

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Society Of Friends ◽  
Her Family ◽  
George Fox ◽  
Set Up

Margaret Fell (nee Askew, b. 1614– d. 1702), Quaker leader, was born in 1614 in Furness, Lancashire (now Cumbria). Her father was John Askew, and little is known of her mother, although she is presumed to be Margaret Pyper because of an extant marriage certificate. At the age of seventeen, Margaret married Judge Thomas Fell (bap. 1599, d. 1658) and moved to Swarthmoor Hall, where she would live for most of the rest of her life. In 1652, the itinerant Quaker preacher George Fox called on the hospitality of Swarthmoor and while there subsequently “converted” Fell, in a process Quakers term “convincement.” Most of her family, and many of the servants, also became Quakers at this point. In the years that followed, Fell’s husband remained an attender at the nearby Ulverston church until his death in 1658, while Swarthmoor hosted local Quaker meetings. Fell was important because of the energy with which she galvanized the wider Quaker body. She set up the Kendal Fund, and a very extensive epistolary network operated because of her commitment to keeping news and communication flowing. She was certainly a leader of the early Quakers, based on her administrative capabilities alone. Marriage to Fox, in 1669, further cemented this position as the “mother” of Quakerism. She was an active polemicist who periodically gained access to England’s rulers and tried to use these audiences to effect greater understanding of the Quaker cause; she also wrote over twenty pamphlets. In common with many Quakers of the period, Fell was imprisoned, in her case due to holding meetings at her house; she served over four years in the 1660s, then another year in the 1670s. Her marriage to Fox was to prove to be unconventional, and it certainly made an already strained relationship to her son, George, who was not a Quaker, worse. Fox and Fell spent very little time together between their marriage and Fox’s death in 1691, though their relationship is presumed to be affectionate. Fell died in 1702. She had composed A Relation of Margaret Fell (1690), and “A Testimony Concerning [her] . . . Late Husband George Fox” (1694), both of which are important accounts of her life. Her letters and published pamphlets were collected together, alongside testimonies of praise, in A Brief Collection of the Remarkable Passages . . . of Margaret Fell (1710). The Fell manuscripts are now held primarily in the Society of Friends’ library, London, and they serve as the basis for many of the studies of the Fell family.

scholarly journals MEDIASI PENAL PERSPEKTIF HUKUM PIDANA ISLAM

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 43
Author(s):  
Moch. Choirul Rizal
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Law Reform ◽  
Criminal Case ◽  
Voluntary Agreement ◽  
Her Family ◽  
The Core ◽  
Criminal Offenses ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Core Idea ◽  
Conceptual Study

<p>This conceptual study is to review two things. First, the penal mediation concept in perspective of Islamic criminal law. By outlining penal mediation as an alternative to the settlement of a criminal case out of court through a voluntary agreement between the victim and the perpetrator, then, at least, it is in accord with the concept of qishash-diyat and its punishment. Second, the contribution of the core idea of mediation penal in perspective of Islamic criminal law is for criminal law reform in Indonesia. In a review of these studies, the core idea of mediation penal in Islamic criminal law perspective fulfills the philosophical, juridical, and sociological aspects, so that the criminal law reform led to the strengthening and optimizing the penal mediation as an alternative to the settlement of the criminal case. The core ideas are: (1) the existence of penal mediation is necessary to set up first by legislation in Indonesia; (2) not all criminal offenses can be resolved through mediation penal; (3) there is no element of coercion on the involvement of both parties in conducting penal mediation; (4) the compensation agreed upon by the perpetrator and the victim or him/her family shall be given directly to victims or their families and not to the state; and (5) the completion of the criminal case by optimizing the penal mediation can abolish punishment for the perpetrators.</p>

Staying Healthy

2021 ◽  
pp. 122-124
Author(s):  
Martha Gershun ◽  
John D. Lantos
Keyword(s):  
Support System ◽  
Business School ◽  
Harvard Business School ◽  
Her Family ◽  
Set Up

This chapter focuses on the author's set of self-imposed restrictions to be healthy in preparation for the surgery date. The chapter tells how the author managed to attend the synagogue's Rosh Hashanah services, where hundreds of people gathered for worship. It also discusses the CaringBridge site that the author set up to keep her family and friends updated throughout her surgery and recovery. It then highlights her support system: her girlfriends, her weekly walking buddy, and her fellow graduates of the Harvard Business School. Many more friends and family sent emails, messages on CaringBridge, and texts. Finally, the chapter narrates her preparation to leave for Rochester.

scholarly journals The Existence of Confucianism in spousal relationship nowadays

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. First
Author(s):  
Vu Truc Phuc ◽  
Ho Ngoc Minh ◽  
Tran Quang Canh
Keyword(s):  
Method Of Moments ◽  
Generalized Method Of Moments ◽  
Family Relationship ◽  
Industrial Society ◽  
Household Chores ◽  
Her Family ◽  
Spousal Relationship ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Descriptive Statistical Analysis ◽  
Husband And Wife

Confucianism promotes "Fuchangfusui (Phu xướng phụ tùy)" which means "A wive must obey everything her husband says''. In Vietnam, the concept of husband and wife relationship is not exactly the same as "Fuchangfusui" initiated by Confucius. Culturally, Vietnam belongs to the group of countries influenced by Confucianism. However, since the feudal period, Vietnamese Confucianists have had many progressive views to affirm the position of wife towards her husband and towards her family. Husband and wife relationship in Vietnam has gained focus on obligations and responsibilities of both husband and wife with the notion that "Women handle household chores, men take care of work outside". This article examines the existence of the Confucianism in husband and wife relationship in Vietnam today. The authors made a comparison between the husband's and the wife's rights of making decisions related to economy and other decision-making rights as well, using descriptive statistical analysis, Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Generalized Method of Moments (GMM); for this, the authors set up a system of equations and at the same time, to evaluate the extent to which Confucianism elements exist in husband and wife relationship in Vietnam today. The analysis results show that Confucianism still influences and affects family relationship, but its impacts and influences in the era of integration are blurred, not as profound as in feudal times or in the first half of the twentieth century. In other words, the existence of Confucianism still exerts its impacts on a majority of Vietnamese families in terms of husband and wife relationship. However, the perception of family members' standards of behaviors has changed due to the influences of modern industrial society.

Lord Kāmadeva’s Digital Bow: Dating and Marriage

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ravi Agrawal
Keyword(s):  
Human Development ◽  
Master's Degree ◽  
New Delhi ◽  
Arranged Marriage ◽  
Her Family ◽  
The World ◽  
Love Marriage ◽  
Master’S Degree ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Urban Professionals

When simran arora returned to New Delhi from London, master’s degree in hand, her parents welcomed her with an enough-is-enough ultimatum: she was twenty-six, and it was time to settle down with a good Punjabi boy of their choosing. “I said sure, why not,” recounted Simran, four years older (and wiser, as I was to find out). “If the guy is Mr. Right, who cares if it’s an arranged marriage?” Simran isn’t her real name. She asked me to keep her identity secret because she didn’t want her family and friends to learn the details she was about to tell me. “It’s a complicated, messy, crazy story,” she warned me. Simran’s willingness to be matched by her parents was not unusual. The 2012 India Human Development Survey found that a mere 5 percent of women picked their own husbands; 22 percent made their choices along with their parents or other relatives, and 73 percent had their spouses picked for them with no active say. When marriages are “arranged,” parents usually filter candidates based on compatibilities of caste, class, and family. In many cases, the stars must be aligned—quite literally—as astrological charts are matched to ensure a future of marital harmony. Not everyone follows convention. A small but growing number of Indians, mostly young urban professionals, dismiss the prospect of being set up. Their alternative is the curiously named “love marriage”—a union that implies not only the serendipity of falling for someone but also a proactive, defiant choice. Adding the prefix “love” attaches a hint of illicit romance to what is known in most other parts of the world as, simply, marriage. The choice isn’t always binary. Sometimes unions nestle between “arranged” and “love.” There is, for example, the increasingly common “arranged-to-love” approach, where old-school-but-liberal parents allow a family-matched couple to go on several dates in the hope of Cupid doing his thing. (Incidentally, Indians have their own version of the Greek god: the Lord Kāmadeva is often depicted as a handsome man with green skin, wielding a sugarcane bow with a bowstring of honeybees.

Flow and pressure drop in systems of repeatedly branching tubes

1971 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 365-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Pedley ◽  
R. C. Schroter ◽  
M. F. Sudlow
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Drop ◽  
Reynolds Numbers ◽  
Velocity Profiles ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
Mean Pressure ◽  
Branching Angle ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Set Up

The airways of the lung form a rapidly diverging system of branched tubes, and any discussion of their mechanics requires an understanding of the effects of the bifurcations on the flow downstream of them. Experiments have been carried out in models containing up to two generations of symmetrical junctions with fixed branching angle and diameter ratio, typical of the human lung. Flow visualization studies and velocity measurements in the daughter tubes of the first junction verified that secondary motions are set up, with peak axial velocities just outside the boundary layer on the inner wall of the junction, and that they decay slowly downstream. Axial velocity profiles were measured downstream of all junctions at a range of Reynolds numbers for which the flow was laminar.In each case these velocity profiles were used to estimate the viscous dissipation in the daughter tubes, so that the mean pressure drop associated with each junction and its daughter tubes could be inferred. The dependence of the dissipation on the dimensional variables is expected to be the same as in the early part of a simple entrance region, because most of the dissipation will occur in the boundary layers. This is supported by the experimental results, and the ratio Z of the dissipation in a tube downstream of a bifurcation to the dissipation which would exist in the same tube if Poiseuille flow were present is given by \[ Z = (C/4\surd{2})(Re\,d/L)^{\frac{1}{2}}, \] where L and d are the length and diameter of the tube, Re is the Reynolds number in it, and the constant C (equal to one for simple entry flow) is equal to 1·85 (the average value from our experiments). In general, C is expected to depend on the branching angles and diameter ratios of the junctions used. No experiments were performed in which the flow was turbulent, but it is argued that turbulence will not greatly affect the above results at Reynolds numbers less than and of the order of 10000. Many more experiments are required to consolidate this approach, but predictions based upon it agree well with the limited number of physiological experiments available.

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