Production at the Individual Level

2020 ◽  
pp. 127-148
Author(s):  
Michael J. Fogarty ◽  
Jeremy S. Collie
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Temperature Effects ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Individual Growth ◽  
Ecological Research ◽  
Response Variable ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Natural Choice ◽  
Allometric Functions ◽  
The Individual

Models of individual growth commonly used in fisheries and ecological research can be built around simple allometric functions representing the build-up of body mass (anabolism) and metabolic loss terms incorporating the effects of respiration, egestion, and excretion. From a bioenergetic perspective, body weight is a natural choice for the response variable in these models because it can be readily recast in terms of energy. Temperature affects virtually every dimension of the biology and ecology of aquatic organisms. Modifications of traditional models of individual growth can be augmented to account for temperature effects. The development of ‘full’ bioenergetic models considering each of the individual elements of production is a natural culmination of the issues described above. By invoking mass-balance constraints the bioenergetic approach offers important avenues for estimating elements of production that can be difficult to otherwise obtain.

scholarly journals Taking Full Advantage of Modelling to Better Assess Environmental Risk Due to Xenobiotics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandrine Charles ◽  
Aude Ratier ◽  
Virgile Baudrot ◽  
Gauthier Multari ◽  
Aurélie Siberchicot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Risk ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Time Dimension ◽  
New Era ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Regulatory Bodies ◽  
On Line ◽  
The Individual ◽  
User Friendly

Abstract In the European Union, more than 100,000 man-made chemical substances are awaiting an environmental risk assessment (ERA). Simultaneously, ERA of chemicals has now entered a new era. Indeed, recent recommendations from regulatory bodies underline a crucial need for the use of mechanistic effect models, allowing assessments that are not only ecologically relevant, but also more integrative, consistent and efficient. At the individual level, toxicokinetic-toxicodynamic (TKTD) models are particularly encouraged for the regulatory assessment of pesticide-related risks on aquatic organisms. In this paper, we first propose a brief review of classical dose-response models to put into light the on-line MOSAIC tool offering all necessary services in a turnkey web platform whatever the type of data to analyze. Then, we focus on the necessity to account for the time-dimension of the exposure by illustrating how MOSAIC can support a robust calculation of bioaccumulation factors. At last, we show how MOSAIC can be of valuable help to fully complete the EFSA workflow regarding the use of TKTD models, especially with GUTS models, providing a user-friendly interface for calibrating, validating and predicting survival over time under any time-variable exposure scenario of interest. Our conclusion proposes a few lines of thought for an even easier use of modelling in ERA.

scholarly journals Growth and behaviour of post-weaned Mérinos d'Arles ewe lambs, as measured by a Walk-over-Weighing system under Mediterranean grazing conditions.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Leroux ◽  
I. Llach ◽  
G. Besche ◽  
J. D. Guyonneau ◽  
D. Montier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Warning System ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Individual Growth ◽  
Close Monitoring ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Ewe Lambs ◽  
Frequent Monitoring ◽  
Farmer Decision Making ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Liveweight (LW) is a key and conventional indicator for monitoring and assessing overall animal performance and welfare, representing the progress along different physiological stages, while providing close indication of individual physical and health status. Measuring LW in practice is still, however, quite rare and infrequent under commercial sheep farming conditions, mainly because sessions are time-consuming, stressful either for the operator and the animals. A Walk-over-Weighing (WoW) system, already evaluated with other breeds under different conditions, was tested in this experiment lasting 14 weeks (i.e. 3 for acclimation and adaptation and 11 for data collection). We validated its use for routine and frequent monitoring the growth rate in post-weaned Merinos d'Arles ewe lambs, reared under Mediterranean grazing conditions. Similarly to previous work, the necessity for an initial adaptation period of the animals as well as for an essential data cleaning procedure of the raw database automatically collected by the WoW, were corroborated. Adaptation of naive ewe lambs enabled the required voluntary passages across the weigh platform and a high volume of individual and daily data after 2-3 weeks. Close monitoring of individual growth was then possible after performing sound data cleanings. A strong concordance of WoW LW data with the gold standard (a standard static scale) LW reference data was demonstrated. At the individual level, even with the lowest number of LW values collected with WoW, it was possible to monitor variations in LW at daily intervals. The establishment of an early warning system to help farmer decision making could therefore be possible. Our results show interesting perspectives for more precise and frequent monitoring of LW in grazing sheep without human intervention, compared to what is currently carried out on commercial farms.

scholarly journals Preliminary study on the production of common carp cultured in freshwater river cages

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-27
Author(s):  
AHM Kohinoor ◽  
MM Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Common Carp ◽  
Stocking Density ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Individual Growth ◽  
Individual Weight ◽  
The Common ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Freshwater River

A preliminary study was conducted to assess the performance of the common carp, cultured in freshwater river of Brahmaputra cages at different stocking densities during November 2011 to March 2012.The stocking densities tested were 80, 100 and 120 fish/m3. Fish were fed a 28% protein diet at the rate of 15-5% of body weight. The result of the study showed that fish in the T1 stocked at the rate of 80 fish/m3 resulted the best individual weight followed by T2 and T3. The productions of fish in T1, T2 and T3 were 22.33±1.20, 19.00±0.58 and 18.00±1.15 kg/m3, respectively. The results of the present study indicated that the best individual growth and production of common carp was obtained at a density of 80 fish/m3. The results also showed that the individual mean harvesting weights were negatively correlated with stocking density. Therefore, the stocking density of 80 fish/m3 is considered optimum for the rearing phase. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijarit.v4i1.21086 Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. & Tech. 4 (1): 24-27, June, 2014

scholarly journals Growth and production performance of carps in shaded pond in Barisal, Bangladesh

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-241
Author(s):  
RJ Rumpa ◽  
MM Haque ◽  
MM Alam ◽  
SM Rahamatullah
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Common Carp ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Individual Growth ◽  
Catla Catla ◽  
Highest Weight ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Supplementary Feed

The shaded nature of ponds in Barisal region constrained the pond polyculture. The present study was conducted with such shaded ponds to evaluate the growth and production performance of different carp species including rohu (Labeo rohita), catla (Catla catla), mrigal (Cirrhinus cirrhosus) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in polyculture system. In this experiment, polyculture of carps at similar densities were conducted in two different types of shaded ponds selecting nine ponds at Dinar village in Charkawa Union of Barisal Sadar sub-district. Out of 9 ponds, 5 were heavily shaded ponds (HSP) and 4 were moderately shaded ponds (MSP) considered as T1 and T2, respectively. The average area of HSP and MSP was 0.03±0.01 and 0.07±0.03 ha, respectively which were experimented for a period of l80 days from July to December 2013. Carps were stocked at the rate of 14820/ha with the ratio of rohu, catla, mrigal and common carp - 2:1:2:1. Carps were fed with supplementary feed of the mixture of rice bran, wheat bran and mustard oilcake at the rate of 10% body weight for first 3 months and 5% body weight for last 3 months. The water quality parameters such as temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, nitrite and ammonia were recorded. The highest weight gain was found in common carp (467.00±0.00 g) in T1 and lowest weight gained in mrigal (172.46±26.80 g) in T1. Apart from common carp, the individual growth and production of other species was higher in MSP compared to HSP. The higher production was obtained in T2 (2122.92±333.60 kg/ha/year) compared to T1 (1547.79±132.94 kg/ha/year).J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 14(2): 235-241, December 2016

scholarly journals Taking full advantage of modelling to better assess environmental risk due to xenobiotics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandrine Charles ◽  
Aude Ratier ◽  
Virgile Baudrot ◽  
Gauthier Multari ◽  
Aurélie Siberchicot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Risk ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Time Dimension ◽  
New Era ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Regulatory Bodies ◽  
On Line ◽  
The Individual ◽  
User Friendly

AbstractIn the European Union, more than 100,000 man-made chemical substances are awaiting an environmental risk assessment (ERA). Simultaneously, ERA of chemicals has now entered a new era. Indeed, recent recommendations from regulatory bodies underline a crucial need for the use of mechanistic effect models, allowing assessments that are not only ecologically relevant, but also more integrative, consistent and efficient. At the individual level, toxicokinetic-toxicodynamic (TKTD) models are particularly encouraged for the regulatory assessment of pesticide-related risks on aquatic organisms. In this paper, we first propose a brief review of classical dose-response models to put into light the on-line MOSAIC tool offering all necessary services in a turnkey web platform whatever the type of data to analyze. Then, we focus on the necessity to account for the time-dimension of the exposure by illustrating how MOSAIC can support a robust calculation of bioaccumulation factors. At last, we show how MOSAIC can be of valuable help to fully complete the EFSA workflow regarding the use of TKTD models, especially with GUTS models, providing a user-friendly interface for calibrating, validating and predicting survival over time under any time-variable exposure scenario of interest. Our conclusion proposes a few lines of thought for an even easier use of modelling in ERA.Graphical art

scholarly journals Trophic and individual efficiencies of size-structured communities

2008 ◽  
Vol 276 (1654) ◽  
pp. 109-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.H Andersen ◽  
J.E Beyer ◽  
P Lundberg
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Growth ◽  
Growth Efficiency ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Individual Growth ◽  
Size Spectrum ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Size

Individual and trophic efficiencies of size-structured communities are derived from mechanistically based principles at the individual level. The derivations are relevant for communities with a size-based trophic structure, i.e. where trophic level is strongly correlated with individual size as in many aquatic systems. The derivations are used to link Lindeman's trophic theory and trophic theory based on average individuals with explicit individual-level size spectrum theory. The trophic efficiency based on the transfer of mass between trophic levels through predator–prey interactions is demonstrated to be valid only when somatic growth can be ignored. Taking somatic growth into account yields an average individual growth efficiency that is smaller than the trophic efficiency.

scholarly journals Century-long cod otolith biochronology reveals individual growth plasticity in response to temperature

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Szymon Smoliński ◽  
Julie Deplanque-Lasserre ◽  
Einar Hjörleifsson ◽  
Audrey J. Geffen ◽  
Jane A. Godiksen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Environmental Variability ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Individual Growth ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Thermal Plasticity ◽  
Individual Effects ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Otolith biochronologies combine growth records from individual fish to produce long-term growth sequences, which can help to disentangle individual from population-level responses to environmental variability. This study assessed individual thermal plasticity of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) growth in Icelandic waters based on measurements of otolith increments. We applied linear mixed-effects models and developed a century-long growth biochronology (1908–2014). We demonstrated interannual and cohort-specific changes in the growth of Icelandic cod over the last century which were mainly driven by temperature variation. Temperature had contrasting relationships with growth—positive for the fish during the youngest ages and negative during the oldest ages. We decomposed the effects of temperature on growth observed at the population level into within-individual effects and among‐individual effects and detected significant individual variation in the thermal plasticity of growth. Variance in the individual plasticity differed across cohorts and may be related to the mean environmental conditions experienced by the group. Our results underscore the complexity of the relationships between climatic conditions and the growth of fish at both the population and individual level, and highlight the need to distinguish between average population responses and growth plasticity of the individuals for accurate growth predictions.

Differential Effects of Competence and Morality on Self-Esteem at the Individual and the Collective Level

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 183-198
Author(s):  
Wiktor Soral ◽  
Mirosław Kofta
Keyword(s):  
Self Esteem ◽  
Differential Effects ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Individual

Abstract. The importance of various trait dimensions explaining positive global self-esteem has been the subject of numerous studies. While some have provided support for the importance of agency, others have highlighted the importance of communion. This discrepancy can be explained, if one takes into account that people define and value their self both in individual and in collective terms. Two studies ( N = 367 and N = 263) examined the extent to which competence (an aspect of agency), morality, and sociability (the aspects of communion) promote high self-esteem at the individual and the collective level. In both studies, competence was the strongest predictor of self-esteem at the individual level, whereas morality was the strongest predictor of self-esteem at the collective level.

Metonymy in Dance: Ballet Bunheads Take a Cognitive Turn

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-34
Author(s):  
Edward C. Warburton
Keyword(s):  
Identity Formation ◽  
Cognitive Science ◽  
Artistic Development ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Figures Of Speech ◽  
Self Image ◽  
Level I ◽  
Dance Educators ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Metaphor And Metonymy

This essay considers metonymy in dance from the perspective of cognitive science. My goal is to unpack the roles of metaphor and metonymy in dance thought and action: how do they arise, how are they understood, how are they to be explained, and in what ways do they determine a person's doing of dance? The premise of this essay is that language matters at the cultural level and can be determinative at the individual level. I contend that some figures of speech, especially metonymic labels like ‘bunhead’, can not only discourage but dehumanize young dancers, treating them not as subjects who dance but as objects to be danced. The use of metonymy to sort young dancers may undermine the development of healthy self-image, impede strong identity formation, and retard creative-artistic development. The paper concludes with a discussion of the influence of metonymy in dance and implications for dance educators.

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