Historical Context

2018 ◽  
pp. 13-45
Author(s):  
Roman David ◽  
Ian Holliday
Keyword(s):  
Liberal Democracy ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Civil Conflict ◽  
Ethnic Relations ◽  
Military Regimes ◽  
Historical Factors ◽  
The Social ◽  
Muslim Minority ◽  
Current Transition ◽  
The Impact

Democratization necessarily takes place within a specific national context marked by prior historical experience. This chapter examines historical factors in the Myanmar case as a means of understanding the social and political underpinnings of the current transition. It focuses on legacies of colonization by Britain in the middle of the nineteenth century, a growing nationalist struggle and devastating warfare in the first half of the twentieth century, shifting forms of civil conflict since independence, a phase of liberal democracy in the initial years of state sovereignty, and military-backed or military-directed authoritarianism for nearly half a century thereafter. It looks particularly at the impact of successive colonial, democratic, and military regimes, and at crosscutting legacies of repression, militarization of ethnic relations, and social exclusion of the Rohingya Muslim minority.

Development of the concept

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Clinical Utility ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Hyperkinetic Disorder ◽  
The Social ◽  
Time Concepts ◽  
Observable Behaviour ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

Over time, concepts have evolved from the idea of a constitutional basis for behavioural problems, through unitary neurological formulations, to the recognition of neurocognitive heterogeneity and the impact of the social environment. Diagnoses have altered accordingly. ADHD and hyperkinetic disorder have different historical traditions, and still generate international differences in practice; however, they have succeeded in keeping research and clinical practice in touch with each other. This chapter takes a historical approach to describe the influences on the development of the concepts. Concepts are still changing, in response both to the historical context and to improving scientific knowledge. It may well be that recognition of heterogeneity at neural, psychological, and genetic levels will lead to more and better differentiated behavioural concepts. For the moment, however, the clinical utility of diagnosis based on observable behaviour is likely to maintain ADHD as the dominant idea organizing the field.

scholarly journals The Impact of Socio-Historical Context on Identity: An Analysis of Ngāi Tamarāwaho Identity in the Colonisation Era

Te Kaharoa ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa Derby
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Social Context ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Major Focus ◽  
Common Trends ◽  
The Third ◽  
Indigenous Groups ◽  
The Social ◽  
Waitangi Tribunal ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of this article is to illustrate the influence that socio-historical context has on the identity of a group. The identity of the hapū (tribe) Ngāi Tamarāwaho is examined to demonstrate the impact that specific phenomena associated with colonisation had on hapū identity, and the major focus of this chapter is the interplay between Ngāi Tamarāwaho and the phenomenon of colonisation. This article concentrates specifically on hapū identity during the colonisation era, which, in the context of this article, commenced with the arrival of Pākehā (British) settlers in New Zealand in 1814, and concluded with the establishment of the Waitangi Tribunal in 1975. For comparative purposes, parallels are drawn with other indigenous groups globally to highlight similarities between the colonisation experiences of these groups and those of Ngāi Tamarāwaho, and to illustrate common trends that occur as a result of colonisation and its associated phenomena. The first section in this article discusses the need to consider socio-historical context in research pertaining to identity, and provides examples of research that has been conducted to this effect. The second section establishes the social context of Ngāi Tamarāwaho, and the third section outlines the historical context. Following this is an analyis of the effects of aspects of colonisation on Ngāi Tamarāwaho identity, and this article concludes by discussing ways in which the hapū revived and reasserted their identity

The Nadwat al-‘Ulama's Romance with Iqbal: Narrative construction and historiography

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (06) ◽  
pp. 1762-1796
Author(s):  
MASHAL SAIF
Keyword(s):  
South Asia ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Environment ◽  
Narrative Construction ◽  
Social Imaginaries ◽  
The Social ◽  
Political Milieu ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThis article examines the Indian poet-philosopher Muhammad Iqbal's appropriation by three Nadwat al-‘Ulama scholars: Sayyid Sulayman Nadwi (d. 1953), Abu'l-Hasan ‘Ali Nadwi (d. 1999), and ‘Abd al-Salam Nadwi (d. 1956). It argues that the particular depictions of Iqbal by the Nadwa ‘ulama can be mapped onto larger evolutions within the institute. The early Nadwa ‘alim Sulayman Nadwi imagines Iqbal as a Muslim leader par excellence. A more conservative understanding of Islam emerged with the later Nadwa ‘ulama. They emphasize traditional theological ideas, particular modes of piety, and ritualistic actions. The article suggests that the later Nadwa ‘ulama’s writings on Iqbal are reflective of this particular understanding of Islam and morality, although there are two distinct responses to the poet. The above examination of the Nadwa is placed within its broader historical context. In so doing, the article contends that the impact of the political milieu in India must be taken into account to understand shifts in the Nadwa and South Asian Islam more broadly. It also asserts that the political environment in South Asia influenced Iqbal's reception by the Nadwa ‘ulama as well as by Muslims in South Asia and beyond. Additionally, this article argues that all three works by the Nadwa ‘ulama are subjective portrayals informed by the social imaginaries of their authors. In fact, in a broader sense, all works of narrative historiography are subjective accounts. This realization problematizes the boundaries between the categories of historiography and hagiography, and this research calls for a rethinking of these tensions.

Professional Mobility of the Population as a Form of Social Adaptation (Russia in the International Context)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Khokhlova
Keyword(s):  
Labor Force ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Social Economy ◽  
Social Adaptation ◽  
Educational Structure ◽  
Historical Factors ◽  
The Social ◽  
New Generation ◽  
The Impact

The central topic of the study was to examine the possibilities of adaptation of the labor force to the structural shifts and conditions of the market economy from the period of the early 1990-s to nowadays in Russia. A large amount of statistical material was used to analyze the professional qualifi cation and educational structure of the employed and unemployed, the change in the social role of occupation. The author focuses on such the most signifi cant form of adaptation as regulated – changes in the educational and professional level of the labour force. The following spontaneous forms of employment were considered: informal employment (the analysis of empirical data of their professional and educational structure was also carried out); internal labor migration; a model of social economy was proposed in the form of a self-organizing labor force based on the experience of some countries. Prospects for change are considered taking into account the arrival of a new generation, its diff erences compared to previous generations, as well as in the light of the impact of institutional and historical factors.

scholarly journals The Witch of Edmonton: Witchcraft, Inversion, and Social Criticism

Early Theatre ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan D Amussen
Keyword(s):  
Historical Context ◽  
Social Criticism ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Social ◽  
Poor Women ◽  
The Witch ◽  
The Impact

The witchcraft plot in The Witch of Edmonton is decidedly secondary. The historical context helps us understand it: while belief in witchcraft was near universal, uncertainty always hovered over individual cases. The social criticism articulated by the witch in the play, with its attack on the abuse of the poor (especially poor women) by their neighbours is central to the impact of the play. If those in power are held accountable, the responsibilities of the patriarchs who failed Frank Thorney — his father and master — are also in question. The witch calls into question all those given authority in society.

The impact of legibility and seating areas on social interaction in the neighbourhood park and plaza

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Paydar ◽  
Asal Kamani Fard
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Urban Setting ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Social ◽  
Spatial Attributes ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Urban Places

PurposePromoting social interaction contributes to social sustainability in the urban setting. And, legibility is one of the key qualities of successful urban places. This research aims to examine the impacts of legibility and the quality of seating areas on the level of engagement with place as well as social interaction.Design/methodology/approachThe levels of social interaction in different public spaces of the selected neighbourhood were observed. On this basis, the neighbourhood park and neighbourhood entry plaza were selected. A sample of 234 people was determined and a quantitative approach was used to examine the objectives.FindingsInhabitants were more interested in passive engagement with place. Certain cultural and spatial attributes contribute to enhancing social interaction. Legibility was poorly recognizable especially due to the weak level of visibility. The quality and quantity of seating area provision as well as visual connectivity are to be improved so that the legibility as well as the social interaction enhances. Finally, the implications in regards the prospect-refuge theory were described.Originality/valuePromoting social interaction has been less regarded by urban planners and policy makers in the context of Asian cities. In a historical context with a mix of native-born citizens and immigrants, where different types of crime exist and it suffers from illegible structure in its different parts, understanding the urban design interventions of engagement with place as well as social interaction is an important subject. Policy makers may apply these findings to improve the positive social interactions in such residential neighbourhoods.

scholarly journals Introduction

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Heather Wardle
Keyword(s):  
Social Economic ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Cultural Conditions ◽  
Historical Processes ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Policy Attention

AbstractRecent academic and policy attention focuses on the “convergence” of gambling and games. Yet, looking at the social and historical context of gambling and games, we see they were always intertwined, with both reflecting broader social, economic and cultural conditions. Setting out the argument for this book, this chapter contends that what we see today, with phenomena like loot boxes, is an acceleration of this trend, amplified by the changing technologies which underpin both industries. Little attention has been paid to these broader social and historical processes, which limits our understanding of them and our anticipation of what might happen next. This book aims to act as a primer to place the “convergence” of gambling and gaming within its rightful historical context and encourages us to take a broader perspective when thinking about the impact of these developments.

Inequality in the Indian Growth Regime*

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerry Rodgers
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Absolute Poverty ◽  
Labour Relations ◽  
Growth Regime ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
The Social ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
The Impact

Researchers and policymakers have traditionally been more concerned with poverty than with inequality in India but this is now changing. The long-term trend in India was for economic inequality to decline until the 1980s, but it has since been rising, especially in urban areas, and between urban and rural areas. Wages have been rising and absolute poverty has been falling, but there has been a tendency for the gains from growth to be concentrated among the highest income groups. This applies not only to income and expenditure but also to wealth. These trends reflect the social and economic institutions that underpin the changing growth regime in India—the macroeconomic framework; wage labour relations; agrarian relations; the competition regime; type of integration in the international economy; and the role of the state. These institutions and their interactions give rise to particular patterns of growth and distribution, which change over time, and which need to be analysed in historical context. The article briefly reviews the impact of these factors on inequality over the period since Independence, and suggests that the forces driving the upward path of inequality remain strong.

Networking and Other Social Aspects of Technology Use

2020 ◽  
pp. 110-123
Author(s):  
Rachel Kowert ◽  
Emese Domahidi ◽  
Thorsten Quandt
Keyword(s):  
Social Networking ◽  
Social Networking Sites ◽  
Technology Use ◽  
Social Connectedness ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Social Aspects ◽  
Social Networking Services ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Social Aspects Of Technology

From the first multiuser dungeons and rudimentary chatrooms to the vast lands of online gaming and incredibly popular social networking sites like Facebook and Twitter, the Internet continues to provide many ways to connect socially. This chapter provides a historical context to the discussion of the social aspects of technology use and their various functionalities to provide users with a sense of social connectedness or embeddedness. The aim of this discussion is to highlight the idiosyncrasies of the different social networking services available today in terms of their ability to connect or disconnect individuals. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of future considerations for research in this area in terms of how to better understand the impact and utility of social technology in everyday life.

THE SACRED MOUNTAIN IN SOCIAL CONTEXT. SYMBOLISM AND HISTORY IN MAYA ARCHITECTURE: TEMPLE 22 AT COPAN, HONDURAS

2011 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer von Schwerin
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Ancient Maya ◽  
Space And Time ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Historical Factors ◽  
The Social ◽  
Maya Architecture ◽  
Sacred Mountain

AbstractDid Mesoamerican temples really symbolize sacred mountains? If so, what accounts for their varying forms across space and time? Through a socio-historical and iconographic approach, it is now becoming possible to explain the social and historical factors for why design in ancient Maya temples varied. Using these methods, this paper reconstructs and reinterprets one famous “sacred mountain” in the Maya region: Temple 22, at Copan, Honduras, dedicated by king Waxaklajuun Ub'aah K'awiil ina.d.715. Since 1998, the author has led a project to conserve, document, analyze, and hypothetically reconstruct thousands of sculptures from the building's collapsed façades. In design and symbolism, the building probably represented not just a mountain, but the Maya universe. In its more specific historical context, Temple 22 was designed as royal rhetoric to affirm order at a disorderly moment, and used both traditional and innovative forms to assert Copan's leading role on the boundary of the Maya world.

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