LSJ and the Diachronic Taxonomy of the Greek Vocabulary

2019 ◽  
pp. 288-298
Author(s):  
James Clackson
Keyword(s):  
Life Form ◽  
Time Span ◽  
Hunter Gatherers ◽  
Folk Taxonomies ◽  
Over Time

This chapter presents a survey of Greek terms for living beings. The Greek vocabulary is recorded for over a three thousand year time-span, and through reconstruction of the immediate ancestor of Greek, Proto-Indo-European, it is possible to go back further still. Examination of the different classificatory terms in Greek, with their ancestry, thus allows us to test some of the hypotheses proposed by linguistic ethnobotanists. One such hypothesis concerns the effect on the terms for animals made by the development from a hunter-gatherer to a sedentary, agricultural lifestyle: Brown (2000) claims that taxonomies ‘of hunter gatherers tend to only have only one level, consisting entirely of generic classes’, and that over time ‘folk taxonomies have tended to expand up and down, adding more inclusive life-form and less inclusive specific classes to pre-existing generic categories’. The chapter sketches out the sort of contribution Greek can make to such debates.

scholarly journals Camp stability predicts patterns of hunter–gatherer cooperation

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (7) ◽  
pp. 160131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Smith ◽  
Mark Dyble ◽  
James Thompson ◽  
Katie Major ◽  
Abigail E. Page ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Ecological Context ◽  
Hunter Gatherers ◽  
Ecological Conditions ◽  
Resource Transfers ◽  
Experimental Games ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Do So

Humans regularly cooperate with non-kin, which has been theorized to require reciprocity between repeatedly interacting and trusting individuals. However, the role of repeated interactions has not previously been demonstrated in explaining real-world patterns of hunter–gatherer cooperation. Here we explore cooperation among the Agta, a population of Filipino hunter–gatherers, using data from both actual resource transfers and two experimental games across multiple camps. Patterns of cooperation vary greatly between camps and depend on socio-ecological context. Stable camps (with fewer changes in membership over time) were associated with greater reciprocal sharing, indicating that an increased likelihood of future interactions facilitates reciprocity. This is the first study reporting an association between reciprocal cooperation and hunter–gatherer band stability. Under conditions of low camp stability individuals still acquire resources from others, but do so via demand sharing (taking from others), rather than based on reciprocal considerations. Hunter–gatherer cooperation may either be characterized as reciprocity or demand sharing depending on socio-ecological conditions.

scholarly journals What Can We Learn from Almost a Decade of Food Tweets

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uga Sproģis ◽  
Matīss Rikters
Keyword(s):  
Sentiment Analysis ◽  
Question Answering ◽  
Time Span ◽  
Use Cases ◽  
Specific Question ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Question And Answer ◽  
Analysis Models ◽  
Over Time

We present the Latvian Twitter Eater Corpus - a set of tweets in the narrow domain related to food, drinks, eating and drinking. The corpus has been collected over time-span of over 8 years and includes over 2 million tweets entailed with additional useful data. We also separate two sub-corpora of question and answer tweets and sentiment annotated tweets. We analyse the contents of the corpus and demonstrate use-cases for the sub-corpora by training domain-specific question-answering and sentiment-analysis models using the data from the corpus.

Multiple Attachments of OSCs in Residential Care

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-206
Author(s):  
Arthi Shankar Kozhumam ◽  
Riti Chandrashekhar ◽  
Ananya Rattani ◽  
Sumedha Gupta Ariely
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Residential Care ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Family Relationships ◽  
Time Span ◽  
Predictive Relationships ◽  
One Year ◽  
Caregiver Attachment ◽  
Over Time

This study describes evidence for multiple attachments by orphaned and separated children (OSC) to caregivers and explores predictive relationships between attachment and family social relationships. A sample of forty-three longitudinal children residing in residential care between 15 and 144 months at the time of assessment and forty-two newer-to-care children (entering one to thirteen months before testing) was interviewed in summer 2019. Caregiver attachment was measured using the IPPA Guardian scale, and family social relations were measured using the PROMIS Pediatric Family Relationships scale. Longitudinal children displayed similar attachment scores across a one-year time span regardless of whether they nominated the same or different favourite caretaker. Results are discussed in the context of evidence for multiple attachments and the way attachment can predict social relations for new but not longitudinal children. This paper supports that OSCs form multiple attachments to caregivers over time, with attachment starting and remaining relatively strong in the long-term.

scholarly journals Relations between the consumption of antimicrobial growth promoters and the occurrence of resistance among Enterococcus faecium isolated from broilers

2004 ◽  
Vol 132 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.-D. EMBORG ◽  
J. S. ANDERSEN ◽  
A. M. SEYFARTH ◽  
H. C. WEGENER
Keyword(s):  
Enterococcus Faecium ◽  
Time Span ◽  
Resistant Isolate ◽  
Growth Promoter ◽  
Growth Promoters ◽  
Farm Level ◽  
Broiler Flock ◽  
Antimicrobial Growth Promoters ◽  
Over Time

The present study investigates, at farm level, the effect of the time-span between sampling and the last time a particular antimicrobial growth promoter (AGP) was included in the feed on the probability of selecting an AGP-resistant Enterococcus faecium isolate from a broiler flock. The probability that a randomly selected E. faecium isolate was resistant to avilamycin, erythromycin or virginiamycin was 0·91, 0·92 and 0·84, respectively if the isolate originated from a broiler flock fed either avilamycin- or virginiamycin-supplemented feed. As the time-span between sampling and the last AGP consumption increased, the probability of isolating an E. faecium isolate resistant to a particular AGP decreased (probability <0·2 within 3–5 years after last exposure to AGPs). The decrease in probability over time showed little farm-to-farm variation. The number of times a particular AGP was given to previous flocks reared in the same house had no effect on the probability of isolating a resistant isolate.

scholarly journals A quantitative assessment of intraspecific morphological variation in Gahagan bifaces from the southern Caddo area and central Texas

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Z. Selden ◽  
John E. Dockall ◽  
Morgane Dubied
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Variation ◽  
Quantitative Assessment ◽  
Time Span ◽  
The Other ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Material Source ◽  
Hunter Gatherers ◽  
Size Discrepancy ◽  
Central Texas ◽  
Intraspecific Morphological Variation

This investigation aggregates intact or reconstructed Gahagan bifaces from the southern Caddo area and central Texas to test the hypothesis that Gahagan biface morphology differs between the regions. The Gahagan bifaces (n = 102) were scanned, then analysed using a novel landmarking protocol and the tools of geometric morphometrics. Results provide a preview of the significant differences in Gahagan biface morphology expressed between the southern Caddo area and central Texas regions. The size discrepancy represents an inversion of current theoretical constructs that posit a decrease in tool size thought to articulate with an increase in distance from the raw material source. It is posited that the contrasting morphologies represent two discrete communities of practise; one (emergent Caddo horticulturalists) where Gahagan bifaces were enlisted primarily for burial and ritualistic activities, and the other (central Texas hunter-gatherers) where Gahagan bifaces were utilised over a longer time span in more practical and utilitarian contexts.

A comparison of amphibian communities through time and from place to place in Bornean forests

1993 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 409-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert F. Inger ◽  
Harold K. Voris
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Time Span ◽  
Total Sample Size ◽  
Stream Width ◽  
One Year ◽  
Species Occurrences ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Regional Processes

ABSTRACTWe sampled riparian frogs along 18 streams at eight localities in Borneo. At four of these sites we sampled during more than one year. Altogether 49 species were included in our study and total sample size was 13,249. We measured overlap in species occurrences and arrays of abundances within and among localities. Variation over the time span of our study was minor within communities. Overlaps between streams at a locality were generally higher than overlaps of pairs of streams from different localities. Environmental variation, particularly in stream width and gradient, had a clear effect on both intra-and inter-locality overlaps. Although rainfall varied between localities and within localities over time, that variation did not seem to affect overlaps among or within communities. Environmental factors did not account for all differences in overlaps between communities. Instead, regional processes, perhaps the timing of barriers or speciation events, appear to have been responsible for geographic restrictions of several species, leading to variation in overlap values.

Varieties of Developmentalism: A Critical Assessment of the PT Governments

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-64
Author(s):  
Daniela Magalhães Prates ◽  
Barbara Fritz ◽  
Luiz Fernando de Paula
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Critical Assessment ◽  
Time Span ◽  
Policy Changes ◽  
Over Time

To what extent did the PT governments follow developmentalist policies? A critical assessment reveals that they combined two varieties of developmentalism in different ways over time, with a surprisingly high frequency of policy changes, and that orthodox policies played a prominent role in part of this time span. Até que ponto os governos do PT seguiram políticas desenvolvimentistas? Uma avaliação crítica revela que eles combinaram duas variedades de desenvolvimentismo de maneiras diferentes ao longo do tempo, com uma frequência surpreendentemente alta de mudanças de políticas, e que as políticas ortodoxas tiveram um papel de destaque em parte desse período.

Natural Language and Sub-Languages with Controlled Vocabularies

2017 ◽  
pp. 25-38
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Sensory System ◽  
Controlled Vocabulary ◽  
Ecological Niches ◽  
Modern Biology ◽  
Natural Languages ◽  
Folk Biology ◽  
Time Specific ◽  
Folk Taxonomies ◽  
Over Time

This chapter describe differences between natural languages and special-purpose languages, where certain words used to describe observed regularities and patterns, acquire over time specific meanings that differ from their ‘ordinary' meanings in the language. Folk taxonomies, encoded in languages of peoples who occupy narrow ecological niches, serve an existential need of encoding knowledge important for survival. While folk biology developed taxonomies based on the human sensory system, modern biology evolves by including observational data from molecular biology collected with modern bio-chemical tools – scientific ‘extensions' of the human sensory system. In contrast to general language, the controlled vocabulary in ‘specialist discourse', also referred to by linguists as ‘sublanguage' and ‘Language for Special Purposes' (LSP) allows specialists to communicate in precisely defined terms and to avoid ambiguity in discussing specific conceptual situations

scholarly journals Recent Development of the Intellectual Property Rights System in China and Challenges Ahead

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Can Huang
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Property Rights ◽  
Intellectual Property Rights ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Time Span ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
The Us ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Ipr Protection

As Peng, Ahlstrom, Carraher, and Shi (2017) rightly noted, Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) protection in a country is not static. It evolves over time. Peng et al. (this issue) revealed through their historical analysis that during the 19th century, the US was not a leading IPR advocate but a leading IPR violator. It was only when indigenous inventors, authors, and organizations of the US emerged and demanded protection of their IPR in foreign countries in the late 19th century that the US passed the International Copyright Act (the Chace Act) in 1891 to extend IPR protection to foreign works. The US case illustrated that a country's IPR system as an institution evolves as its economy and society develop. If we examine this evolution over a relatively long time span, the change can be quite dramatic. Therefore, when reviewing a country's IPR system, an important question to be asked is in which direction the country's IPR system evolves.

scholarly journals Contrastive analysis of keywords in discourses

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melani Schröter ◽  
Marie Veniard
Keyword(s):  
Discourse Analysis ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Time Span ◽  
Discourse Communities ◽  
Methodological Framework ◽  
Contrastive Analysis ◽  
Lexical Approach ◽  
The Given ◽  
German Newspapers ◽  
Over Time

This article suggests a theoretical and methodological framework for a systematic contrastive discourse analysis across languages and discourse communities through keywords. This constitutes a lexical approach to discourse analysis which is considered to be particularly fruitful for comparative analysis. We use a corpus-assisted methodology, presuming meaning to be constituted, revealed, and constrained by collocation environment. We compare the use of the keywords intégration/Integration in French and German public discourses about migration on the basis of newspaper corpora built from two French and German newspapers from 1998 to 2011. We look at the frequency of these keywords over the given time span, group collocates into thematic categories, and discuss indicators of discursive salience by comparing the development of collocation profiles over time in both corpora as well as the occurrence of neologisms and compounds based on intégration/Integration.

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