Introduction

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Daniel Gutzmann
Keyword(s):  
Expressive Language ◽  
Main Hypothesis ◽  
Expressive Function ◽  
Syntactic Feature ◽  
Linguistic Sign ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
The Individual

The distinction between descriptive and expressive language is introduced in this chapter, and the main hypothesis of this book—the thesis of expressive syntax—is also introduced, according to which expressivity is a syntactic feature on a par with other features like tense or gender. While the descriptive function involves the relation of the linguistic sign to objects or state of affairs in the extra-linguistic world, the expressive function involve the relation between the sign to the speaker and what it conveys about him/her. The chapter also provides the basic idea of use-conditional semantics and an overview of the individual chapters, as well as guidance to readers on how to read this book, depending on whether they are semanticists, syntacticians, students, or just interested in the data on expressives.

The International Legal Personality of the Individual

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Astrid Kjeldgaard-Pedersen
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Legal Rights ◽  
Legal Personality ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
The Individual ◽  
International Legal Personality ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Second World

This book scrutinizes the relationship between the concept of international legal personality as a theoretical construct and the position of the individual as a matter of positive international law. By testing four main theoretical conceptions of international legal personality against historical and existing international legal norms that govern individuals, the book argues that the common narrative about the development of the role of the individual in international law is flawed. Contrary to conventional wisdom, international law did not apply to States alone until the Second World War, only to transform during the second half of the twentieth century to include individuals as its subjects. Rather, the answer to the question of individual rights and obligations under international law is—and always was—solely contingent upon the interpretation of international legal norms. It follows, of course, that the entities governed by a particular norm tell us nothing about the legal system to which that norm belongs. Instead, the distinction between international and national legal norms turns exclusively on the nature of their respective sources. Against the background of these insights, the book shows how present-day international lawyers continue to allow an idea, which was never more than a scholarly invention of the nineteenth century, to influence the interpretation and application of contemporary international law. This state of affairs has significant real-world ramifications as international legal rights and obligations of individuals (and other non-State entities) are frequently applied more restrictively than interpretation without presumptions regarding ‘personality’ would merit.

Divining Nuclear Intentions: A Review Essay

2008 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
William C. Potter ◽  
Gaukhar Mukhatzhanova
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Proliferation ◽  
Social Science Research ◽  
Science Research ◽  
The Political ◽  
Common Features ◽  
Great Relevance ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
Level Of Analysis

Although projections of nuclear proliferation abound, they rarely are founded on empirical research or guided by theory. Even fewer studies are informed by a comparative perspective. The two books under review—The Psychology of Nuclear Proliferation: Identity, Emotions, and Foreign Policy, by Jacques Hymans, and Nuclear Logics: Alternative Paths in East Asia and the Middle East, by Etel Solingen, are welcome exceptions to this general state of affairs, and represent the cutting edge of nonproliferation research. Both works challenge conventional conceptions of the sources of nuclear weapons decisions and offer new insights into why past predictions of rapid proliferation failed to materialize and why current prognoses about rampant proliferation are similarly flawed. While sharing a number of common features, including a focus on subsystemic determinants of national behavior, the books differ in their methodology, level of analysis, receptivity to multicausal explanations, and assumptions about decisionmaker rationality and the revolutionary nature of the decision. Where one author emphasizes the importance of the individual leader's national identity conception in determining a state's nuclear path, the other explains nuclear decisions primarily with regard to the political-economic orientation of the ruling coalition. Notwithstanding a tendency to overinterpret evidence, the books represent the best of contemporary social science research and provide compelling interpretations of nuclear proliferation dynamics of great relevance to scholars and policymakers alike.

Accidents, disasters and cities

Urban History ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bill Luckin
Keyword(s):  
Disaster Management ◽  
Urban History ◽  
Theoretical Work ◽  
Contemporary World ◽  
European Experience ◽  
Historical Methodology ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
The Individual

Despite a massive proliferation in the literature on ‘risk’ and ‘disaster management’ in the contemporary world, historians have been slow to clarify their thoughts on these issues. The paper seeks to remedy this state of affairs. For the purposes of exegesis, it separates disasters, mishaps and accidents into ‘natural’, ‘social’, ‘symbolic’ and ‘individual’ categories, before summarizing and interrogating the influential theoretical work of Karl Figlio in this field. In terms of conclusions, the article suggests a provisional social-historical methodology for the recovery and reconstruction of the individual ‘moment’ of the accident; proposes a breaking down of the barriers between ‘domestic’ and ‘non-domestic’ occurrences of this type; and analyses reasons for lack of scholarly interest in the area as a whole. Focused predominantly on Britain, the paper also draws selectively on European and extra-European experience; and deploys numerous examples derived from urban history in order to press home its major points.

Level of Activity and Success in Solving an Unfamiliar Task

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 271-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kjell Raaheim ◽  
Geir Kaufmann
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Important Determinant ◽  
Problem Situation ◽  
Typical Problem ◽  
Level Of Activity ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
The Individual

In a typical problem situation the individual may be successful by attacking the elements deviating from the familiar state of affairs. Some tasks, however, are of a nature demanding totally new lines of attack. In these unfamiliar situations success seems to be independent of ability factors measured by traditional or new types of tests. Maier's Hatrack Problem is an example of an unfamiliar task, where intelligence seems to be of little help. In a group of 100 university students, 46 solved the Hatrack Problem within 30 min. As expected, ability factors did not differentiate solvers and non-solvers. While number of unsuccessful solution attempts were counted, however, a significant difference ( p < 0.001) favoring solvers was found. It is concluded that level of activity, in the sense of constructive attempts at solution, may be an important determinant in the solution of unfamiliar tasks.

scholarly journals The determination of the lifetime of active polymeric molecules

1940 ◽  
Vol 175 (962) ◽  
pp. 392-409 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Limited Range ◽  
Active Species ◽  
Photochemical Reactions ◽  
Polymerization Reaction ◽  
Hydrogen Atoms ◽  
Individual Values ◽  
Chain Reactions ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
The Individual

In all homogeneous reactions the velocity is determined by the concentration of active or activated molecules which participate in the rate­determining step. If the nature and reactivity of such molecules are determined it may be said that the mechanism of the reaction is completely established. With one or two exceptions, however, this state of affairs is yet to be reached in chemical kinetics. Polymeric reactions are in this respect even in a less advanced stage of development. As with ordinary chain reactions the expression for the overall velocity contains at least three characteristic coefficients relating to the three main processes controlling the rate. By a straightforward kinetic analysis, no matter how accurate and detailed it may be, it is not possible to determine the individual values of such coefficients. In some of the photochemical reactions it has been practicable to find independently the rate of starting of polymerization or the chain length which means in effect that the ratio of the propagation and termination coefficients may be computed. But there is no way in which the individual value of either of these coefficients may be measured. It is the purpose of this paper to suggest one method how this general problem in polymerization may be approached. In the simplest possible way the velocity of polymerization ( R ) is given by the equation R = ∑k p ( P )( M ), where P is the active molecule which reacts with the monomer to make the next highest polymer in the series, k p is the corresponding velocity coefficient, and ∑ means that all possible kinds of P molecules must be taken into account. A first approximation in the study of these reactions thus consists in determining ∑ ( P ). There are, however, no reactions which P may undergo which could be compared with the polymerization reaction itself in order that the value of ( P ) may be computed. Thus the method so useful when hydrogen atoms are involved, namely the measurement of the simultaneous conversion of para-hydrogen, cannot be employed. The value of ( P ) may, however, be defined in another way, namely d ( P )/ dt = ( P )/ ז , where ז is the mean lifetime of ( P ) and d ( P )/ dt is the rate of production. If this latter quantity can be determined then ( P ) may be computed if some method of measuring ז is available. d ( P )/ dt is not easy to determine, but in some sufficiently simple photo-polymerizations in the gas phase its value may be calculated from the number of quanta absorbed by the system and the efficiency of the primary process in starting off polymerization. As in many photo-reactions the lifetime of the active species is too short to attempt to measure ז directly by observing the rate of polymerization when the light or source of primary activation is suddenly removed. A method of integrating a large number of such decay periods can be devised if a rotating sector is interposed between reaction vessel and source of light. This in itself is not sufficient. But if the decrease in the value of the concentration of P is due to reaction involving two P molecules, as, for example, in the combination of free radicals, then it can easily be shown that the velocity of polymerization will depend on the sector speed. A transition between two extreme velocities (in which the ratio is √2 : 1) occurs within a comparatively small speed interval which gives almost directly the lifetime of P (Melville 1937). This method has of course the disability that it will only work provided P disappears at a rate proportional to ( P ) 2 . Another disadvantage of the rotating sector method is that it is confined to a comparatively limited range of measurements, ca . 10 -4 to 10 -1 sec. The former limit is obviously fixed by mechanical considerations but in any case such short lived mole­cules are rarely encountered in kinetics. The upper limit is not so seriously handicapped.

scholarly journals Rethinking French identity through literature : the case of four 21st century novels.

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Virginie Bleneau
Keyword(s):  
Identity Crisis ◽  
First Century ◽  
Second Generation Immigrants ◽  
Current State ◽  
Colonial Empire ◽  
Group Identities ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Watching Tv ◽  
Second World

Reading French newspapers or watching TV broadcasts in the mid-teens of the twenty-first century, it is hard to deny or to ignore that France is currently (or still) undergoing an identity crisis. This crisis is of course not exactly a new phenomenon; many would indeed argue that the malaise originates from the waves of immigration that followed the Second World War and the dismantling of the colonial empire, leading second-generation immigrants to demonstrate, sometimes violently, against the unjust social realities of France in the 1980's and 1990's. In this dissertation, I argue that immigration has become the scapegoat for an identity crisis that is, in fact, Franco-French. I analyze four novels - JMG Le Clezio's Revolutions (2003), Alexis Jenni's L'Art francais de la guerre (2011), Azouz Begag's Le Marteau piquecoeur (2004), and Eliette Abecassis's Sepharade (2009) - that show that the current state of affairs stems from France's post-Revolutionary interpretation of the ideal of equality, rather than immigration alone. It is France's very notion of equality as sameness that prevents its citizens from adapting to the changes brought by the dissolution of the colonial empire. My postcolonial reading of these texts will reveal the complicated interaction between the individual and the forces that participate in the construction of individual and group identities.

scholarly journals ДІАЛЕКТИКА ФОРМИ ТА ЗМІСТУ ЗДОРОВ’ЯЗБЕРЕЖУВАЛЬНОЇ АКТИВНОСТІ СОЦІАЛЬНИХ СУБ’ЄКТІВ В УМОВАХ СУСПІЛЬСТВА СПОЖИВАННЯ

2020 ◽  
pp. 72-79
Author(s):  
Добридень Оксана
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Personal Responsibility ◽  
World Health ◽  
Consumer Society ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Holistic Vision

According to the World Health Organization, the major health threats to the planet’s population are air pollution, non-infection diseases, vaccine refusal, antibiotic resistance, etc. Taking into account the whole complexity of the systemic links in the range of these issues, the discussion intensity on health will continue. That’s why, there’s no wonder the safety of human life as a whole and the philosophical reflection on the phenomenon of health are the subject of critical analysis of many modern researchers.The extent, to which a social subject’s health-preserving activity is effective, depends on a number of factors. The end result of health preserving activity is determined not only by the mental and volitional qualities of the person who puts it into practice. It is also a matter of the dialectical interaction of form and content of a personality’s health preserving culture, without which it is impossible to imagine a holistic vision of this problem under the current conditions.Health preserving activity of a social subject under the contemporary consumerism acquires specific features, the form and content of which are predetermined by traditional social practices that are inherent in a society of over-consumption.It is of utmost importance for every educated person to understand the real state of affairs in the interconnections between the elements of such complex mechanisms as a consumer society and health preservation. It means that the power of negative effects on the individual is being significantly increased, because it is not about demonstrating expenses on unnecessary clothes and accessories, which will harm only the consumer’s wallet, but about expending on health-preservation drugs, products and procedures. That is, the vitality of the human biological organism and the duration of their life are crucial.Personal responsibility to care about your own health will always go hand in hand with critical reflection on the information. Both personal responsibility and critical thinking are based on education. The more educated a person is, the greater his or her vitality and readiness to meet the challenges of today are.Thus, as a result of the lack or the absence of competent information on contents, false origin and consequences of the consumption of preparations, foods, goods and procedures, the content of the health-preserving activity is being distorted, and the form, while preserving external segments, becomes illusory in its essence.

scholarly journals Co-housing as the way to achieve a good density in the cities – Warsaw case study

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 31-39
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Kosk
Keyword(s):  
Urban Space ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Life ◽  
Local Context ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Main Hypothesis ◽  
Insufficient Attention ◽  
Flexibility Design ◽  
Architectural Planning ◽  
The Individual

Constant population growth in urban areas is one of the main global problems, and its importance grows with the depletion of non-renewable resources. The efficient, effective and responsible use of land is supposed to be an aim, the achievement of which will profit cities. The crucial question is, how cities can achieve this aim. The author of this article intends to discuss the individual problems which prevent achieving an appropriate density in Warsaw, and find ways of solving or reducing these problems. A proposed main hypothesis is, that the introduction of an alternative type of housing, namely co-housing can become a way to obtain a good density in the cities. Confirmation of this hypothesis is derived on the basis of the analysis of residential estates created following the rules of co-housing developed in Germany, in relation to similar problems. The purpose of the article was also to remind that Warsaw has a rich tradition in creating social efforts developments. The main social ideas was presented on the basic of the project of Polish housing estate designed in the Rakowiec district in Warsaw by H. and Sz. Syrkus, which was established in 1934-1938 The research part of the article was conducted through a comparison of spatial elements of Warsaw, employing the same criteria, which were adopted based on the several, selected characteristics of good density published in the ULI report, such as: mixed use of land, planned, cohesive, liveable, spacious, flexibility, design, green. The conducted comparison demonstrates, that Warsaw has a lot of different problems with obtaining a good density. These are: mono-functional areas in the suburbs, social disparity, the housing market dominated by developers, lack of enough, well-arranged public spaces combined with residential areas, lack of identity neighborhoods, insufficient attention to the local context in the process of designing new buildings, insufficient attention to the environment in terms of creation of buildings, too little green spaces and gardens in the inner city. The presented analyses show that the introducing concept of co-housing can help Warsaw with obtaining a good density. In order to obtain a high quality of the urban space, decisions regarding it should therefore be made simultaneously on three scales: spatial planning, urban planning and architectural planning. Architecture must cooperate with the existing urban fabric. All users of urban life should participate in its creation: development companies, municipal authorities that are responsible for spatial order, architects and residents.

scholarly journals Hope, self-determination and workplace learning: A multilevel study in vocational training

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 421-442
Author(s):  
Christian Wandeler ◽  
Franz Baeriswyl ◽  
Richard Shavelson
Keyword(s):  
Learning Environment ◽  
Vocational Training ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Psychological Needs ◽  
Basic Psychological Needs ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Main Hypothesis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Individual

The present study investigates hope in the context of a 4 year vocational training. The theoretical framework combines the theory of hope with core ideas of self-determination theory. The main hypothesis predict a positive relationship between general hope and the satisfaction of basic psychological needs in the learning environment at the workplace. The analysis of cross-sectional questionnaire data from 450 trainees and 58 trainers integrate the perspectives of the trainees at the individual and group levels, as well as their trainers using multilevel modeling. The results show that a substantial amount of variation in individual hope is associated with the learning environment, and provides empirical support for the hypothesized positive relationship between hope and the satisfaction of three basic psychological needs (relatedness, autonomy and competence) in the work environment. The paper concludes by recommending the creation of autonomy-supportive work environments to facilitate the satisfaction of basic psychological needs and nurture hope.

s/Sin

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Croasmun
Keyword(s):  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Actual State ◽  
Person Identification ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Scholarship ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
The Individual

The problem of how to understand the personal language Paul uses to describe s/Sin is introduced. Literary personification is distinguished from what we might call “person-identification” by an element of self-conscious fiction that recognizes a gap between the personal language deployed and the “actual state of affairs.” The problem is that, for readers of Paul, his construal of the “actual state of affairs” is precisely what is at issue. Three emphases in the history of scholarship are considered: Bultmann’s focus on the sins of the individual; Käsemann’s focus on Sin as a cosmic power; and the liberationists’ focus on social sin. Each school demonstrates that the interpreter’s sense of the “actual state of affairs” cannot be removed from the process of interpretation. This sets the stage for careful consideration of our own readerly sense of how individual, social, and cosmic realities might coexist and interact.

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