High-Skilled Immigration and Innovation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandra Venturini ◽  
Sona Kalantaryan ◽  
Claudio Fassio
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Specific Level ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Skilled Immigration ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact

This chapter provides an extensive review of the existing empirical literature that analyses the impact of (mostly high-skilled) migration on the innovative performances of firms, regions, and countries. The authors discuss the different features of the immigrant labour force, such as education, occupation, age, and internal ethnic diversity, that play a role in the contribution of immigrants to innovation. By categorizing the existing studies on the basis of the definition of innovation and migration that they adopt, as well as on the specific level of analysis chosen (at the firm, regional, or country level), the chapter also engages in an in-depth discussion about the policy implications that can be drawn from the existing evidence. Finally, the chapter outlines some suggestions about the implementation of appropriate immigration policies, able to truly foster innovation in European countries.

Ciguapas in New York: Transcultural Ethnicity and Transracialization in Dominican American Performance

2012 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
EMILIA MARÍA DURÁN-ALMARZA
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Dominican Republic ◽  
Identity Formation ◽  
The Usa ◽  
And Migration ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Dominican Women ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Dominican American

The Dominican American community in New York is perhaps one of the best examples of how processes of transculturation are affecting traditional definitions of ethnic identification. Given the intense economic, social and cultural transnational exchanges between the island and the USA from the 1960s, Dominicanyorks have been challenging the illusion of homogeneity in the definition of Americanness for decades, creating transnational social networks that transcend traditional national and ethnographic boundaries. The theatrical works of Josefina Báez, a Dominican American performer living in New York, and Sherezada (Chiqui) Vicioso, a Dominican poet and playwright who lived and worked in the US metropolis for decades before moving back to the Dominican Republic, lyrically explore issues of diaspora, identity and migration and the impact these phenomena might have in the lives of migrant Dominican women. Presenting diasporic experiences from two differing but interconnected locales – New York and the Dominican Republic – these plays offer two complementary views on the ways in which ethnicity, race, social class, age and geopolitical location interact in the formation of transcultural identities, thus contributing to develop a hemispheric approach to the study of identity formation in the Americas.

scholarly journals Does ethnic diversity explain intra-UK variation in mortality? A longitudinal cohort study

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. e024563
Author(s):  
Lauren Schofield ◽  
David Walsh ◽  
Zhiqiang Feng ◽  
Duncan Buchanan ◽  
Chris Dibben ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Country Of Birth ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
Mortality Incidence ◽  
And Migration ◽  
The Uk

ObjectivesIt has been proposed that part of the explanation for higher mortality in Scotland compared with England and Wales, and Glasgow compared with other UK cities, relates to greater ethnic diversity in England and Wales. We sought to assess the extent to which this excess was attenuated by adjusting for ethnicity. We additionally explored the role of country of birth in any observed differences.SettingScotland and England and Wales; Glasgow and Manchester.ParticipantsWe used the Scottish Longitudinal Study and the Office for National Statistics Longitudinal Study of England and Wales (2001–2010). Participants (362 491 in total) were aged 35–74 years at baseline.Primary outcome measuresRisk of all-cause mortality between 35 and 74 years old in Scotland and England and Wales, and in Glasgow and Manchester, adjusting for age, gender, socioeconomic position (SEP), ethnicity and country of birth.Results18% of the Manchester sample was non-White compared with 3% in Glasgow (England and Wales: 10.4%; Scotland: 1.2%). The mortality incidence rate ratio was 1.33 (95% CI 1.13 to 1.56) in Glasgow compared with Manchester. This reduced to 1.25 (1.07 to 1.47) adjusting for SEP, and to 1.20 (1.02 to 1.42) adjusting for ethnicity and country of birth. For Scotland versus England and Wales, the corresponding figures were 18% higher mortality, reducing to 10%, and then 7%. Non-Whites born outside the UK had lower mortality. In the Scottish samples only, non-Whites born in the UK had significantly higher mortality than Whites born in the UK.ConclusionsThe research supports the hypothesis that ethnic diversity and migration from outside UK play a role in explaining Scottish excess mortality. In Glasgow especially, however, a large excess remains: thus, previously articulated policy implications (addressing poverty, vulnerability and inequality) still apply.

scholarly journals How does Foreign Direct Investment Influence the Environment in China? Prior and During the Covid-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sultan Salem ◽  
Sanda Kam ◽  
Nicole Lee
Keyword(s):  
Direct Investment ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Environmental Standards ◽  
Ongoing Debate ◽  
Income Effects ◽  
Management Standards ◽  
Environmental Focus ◽  
Development Levels ◽  
The Impact

Abstract This study revisits the recent widely ongoing debate over the effects of FDI on the environment in China. Analysis has shown that firms seek to operate in countries with lax environmental standards, namely the PHV. However, the PHL counterargument is also prevalent. This theory stipulates FDI will bring higher environmental management standards and cleaner technologies into the host country. Empirical literature is inconclusive and at times conflicting between some hypotheses therefore this study aims to provide additional clarity on the impact of FDI on the environment in China. This study concludes the existence of both PHV and PHL hypotheses which can be explained by the impact mechanisms of FDI; scale, structural, technique and income effects. The development levels of China using the EKC model hypothesis is used to explain the varying impacts of FDI on the environment. Reflecting on these interesting recent findings in this study, policy implications are discussed and suggestions are provided to improve the impact of FDI on the environment. The future for China is expected to embody an environmental focus in promoting FDI in renewable energy and greener technologies to improve environmental quality.

scholarly journals Education and Disaster Vulnerability in Southeast Asia: Evidence and Policy Implications

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roman Hoffmann ◽  
Daniela Blecha
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Universal Access ◽  
Social Resources ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
High Quality Education ◽  
Disaster Vulnerability ◽  
The Impact

This article summarizes the growing theoretical and empirical literature on the impact of education on disaster vulnerability with a focus on Southeast Asia. Education and learning can take place in different environments in more or less formalized ways. They can influence disaster vulnerability as the capacity to anticipate, cope with, resist, and recover from natural hazard in direct and indirect ways. Directly, through education and learning, individuals acquire knowledge, abilities, skills and perceptions that allow them to effectively prepare for and cope with the consequences of disaster shocks. Indirectly, education gives individuals and households access to material, informational and social resources, which can help reducing disaster vulnerability. We highlight central concepts and terminologies and discuss the different theoretical mechanisms through which education may have an impact. Supportive empirical evidence is presented and discussed with a particular focus on the role of inclusiveness in education and challenges in achieving universal access to high-quality education. Based on situation analysis and best practice cases, policy implications are derived that can inform the design and implementation of education and learning-based disaster risk reduction efforts in the region.

scholarly journals Taxation and Migration: Evidence and Policy Implications

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henrik Kleven ◽  
Camille Landais ◽  
Mathilde Muñoz ◽  
Stefanie Stantcheva
Keyword(s):  
Tax Policy ◽  
Policy Design ◽  
Structural Parameters ◽  
Policy Coordination ◽  
Geographic Mobility ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Specific Human Capital

In this article, we review a growing empirical literature on the effects of personal taxation on the geographic mobility of people and discuss its policy implications. We start by laying out the empirical challenges that prevented progress in this area and then discuss how recent work has made use of new data sources and quasi-experimental approaches to credibly estimate migration responses. This body of work has shown that certain segments of the labor market, especially high-income workers and professions with little location-specific human capital, may be quite responsive to taxes in their location decisions. When considering the implications for tax policy design, we distinguish between uncoordinated and coordinated tax policy. We highlight the importance of recognizing that mobility elasticities are not exogenous, structural parameters. They can vary greatly depending on the population being analyzed, the size of the tax jurisdiction, the extent of tax policy coordination, and a range of non-tax policies. While migration responses add to the efficiency costs of redistributing income, we caution against overusing the recent evidence of (sizeable) mobility responses to taxes as an argument for less redistribution in a globalized world.

The Impact of the Economic Crisis on Migrant Labor in Malaysia: Policy Implications

1998 ◽  
Vol 7 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 255-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Pillai
Keyword(s):  
Pension Fund ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Migrant Labor ◽  
Undocumented Migrants ◽  
Social Consensus ◽  
Income Inequalities ◽  
Foreign Labor ◽  
Market Factors ◽  
And Migration ◽  
The Impact

The regional crisis will increase employment and income inequalities within and between countries, thereby further increasing emigration pressures and drawing into sharper focus the disjunction between capital movement, State sovereignty and migration. Malaysia, with one of Asia's largest foreign labor pools, is a case in point. The financial crisis has hit most sectors, but migrants in construction and services are particularly affected. Official retrenchment data do not include the tens of thousands of documented migrants whose permits were not renewed on expiry, or the undocumented migrants repatriated. Though security concerns appeared to override market factors soon after the crisis broke out, demand for labor, employer pressure, and the prospect of higher revenues from migrant levies and pension fund contributions encouraged the State to change its stance and adopt a more flexible policy on migrant recruitment. Nationally, there is an urgent need for a clearer social consensus, culminating in a more consistent, predictable and detailed program to reduce foreign labor dependence. Regionally, governments have to create more jobs and reduce poverty so that migration pressures are eased.

scholarly journals The Impact of Fiscal Transparency on Corruption: An Empirical Analysis Based on Longitudinal Data

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elina De Simone ◽  
Giuseppe Lucio Gaeta ◽  
Paulo Reis Mourão
Keyword(s):  
Financial Management ◽  
Essential Feature ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Dynamic Panel Data ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Present Contribution ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Fiscal Transparency ◽  
Country Level ◽  
The Impact

AbstractFiscal transparency is considered an essential feature of public financial management and is supposed to provide beneficial governance effects such as reducing corruption. This paper adds to recent empirical literature that specifically investigates the impact of fiscal information disclosure on corruption. Country-level evidence provided by previous studies is exclusively based on cross-sectional econometric analyses, while the present contribution relies on a wide-ranging, country-level dataset of 116 countries that cover a ten-year time span (2003–2012), and on dynamic panel data estimates. These innovations in terms of data and methods provide new, robust empirical support to the claim that fiscal transparency is negatively correlated with corruption.

Workforce ethnic diversity in older people’s care services: thinking back and thinking ahead in COVID-19 times

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jill Manthorpe ◽  
Jo Moriarty
Keyword(s):  
Older People ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Social Care ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Ethnic Inequalities ◽  
Care Services ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The COVID-19 pandemic has shone a light on long-standing, structural race inequality in Britain. This paper aims to review historic patterns of ethnic diversity among the workforce employed in services for older people to present some of the lessons that can be learned from the pandemic. Design/methodology/approach A historical overview was undertaken of research about ethnic diversity in the social care workforce. Findings Too often, the ethnic diversity of the social care workforce has been taken as evidence that structural racial inequalities do not exist. Early evidence about the impact of coronavirus on workers from black and minority ethnic groups has led to initiatives aimed at reducing risk among social care employers in the independent sector and in local government. This offers a blueprint for further initiatives aimed at reducing ethnic inequalities and promoting ethnic diversity among the workforce supporting older people. Research limitations/implications The increasing ethnic diversity of the older population and the UK labour force highlights the importance of efforts to address what is effective in reducing ethnic inequalities and what works in improving ethnic diversity within the social care workforce and among those using social care services for older people. Originality/value The ethnic makeup of the workforce reflects a complex reality based on multiple factors, including historical patterns of migration and gender and ethnic inequalities in the UK labour market.

Pastoralist Ecologies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Terrence McCabe
Keyword(s):  
Policy Implications ◽  
Theoretical Development ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Human Environment ◽  
Pastoral Households ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Policies And Programs ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Reduced Mobility ◽  
The Impact

Rangelands cover more of the earth’s surface (25–45 percent) than any other type of land. The primary livelihood strategy for people living in these lands is the raising of livestock, with an estimated thirty million people in Africa alone depending on livestock for their basic subsistence. Pastoral people are found all over the world, and regardless of what continent on which they are found, the environments in which they live are characterized as marginal, being too dry or cold for cultivation. These ecosystems are also subject to unpredictable extreme events, most commonly droughts. The impact of the environment on pastoral people’s decision-making and livelihoods and the impact of livestock on the environment have been the subject of anthropological inquiry since the 1940s. Beginning with E. E. Evans-Pritchard’s work in the Sudan and Owen Lattimore’s work in China, many aspects of the literature on pastoralism have developed in concert with the larger literature on ecological and environmental anthropology. How to define pastoralism has also been the subject of anthropological debate, and how to define a livelihood as “pastoral” has been complicated by more recent research revealing that people have moved in and out of livestock keeping for millennia. However, the degree to which people depend on livestock, both in terms of subsistence and identity, lies at the core of any definition of pastoralism. In many respects, the anthropological and ecological study of pastoralism has led the way in the theoretical development of the study of human/environment relationships. Theoretical advances have also had important policy implications. The idea that pastoralism will inevitably lead to environmental degradation (the tragedy of the commons argument) has influenced governments and development agencies to advocate for reduced mobility and reduction of the number of livestock kept by pastoral households. This understanding has been challenged by an examination of rangelands as nonequilibrium systems, which would require a rethinking of pastoral development policies and programs. Now ecological anthropologists and other social scientists are examining the resilience of these coupled social and ecological systems as rangeland ecosystems are increasingly fragmented and subject to climate change.

A Financial Force to be Reckoned With?

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veljko Fotak ◽  
Xuechen Gao ◽  
William L. Megginson
Keyword(s):  
Stock Price ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Target Firm ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Oil Export ◽  
Asset Classes ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Stock Investments ◽  
The Impact

This chapter introduces the 35 funds that meet the authors’ definition of SWFs, discusses their evolution from stabilization funds to SWFs and illustrates the differences and similarities between the various types of funds. The authors discuss the documented importance of SWF funding sources and survey the normative literature describing how SWFs should allocate funds. They then summarize the empirical literature studying how SWFs actually do allocate funds across asset classes, geographically, and across industries. An assessment of empirical studies examines the impact of SWF stock investments on target firm financial and operating performance, and finds universal support for a positive announcement period stock price increase. Finally, the authors point out the unresolved issues and possible extensions in SWF research, and assess how the massive decline in oil export revenues by major SWF sponsor nations such as Abu Dhabi, Russia, Kuwait, and Norway is likely to impact SWF investment levels in coming years.

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