Emergence and Transformation of Territorially Based Cleavages and Constitutional Responses in Ethiopia

2019 ◽  
pp. 60-80
Author(s):  
Assefa Fiseha
Keyword(s):  
Institutional Design ◽  
State Level ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
Federal System ◽  
Political Transformation ◽  
Political Pluralism ◽  
Federal Level ◽  
Regional State ◽  
Self Rule

This chapter examines the role played by territorially based, ethnonationalist forces in Ethiopia’s remarkable political transformation. It shows how the collapse of the socialist dictatorship and the victory of a coalition of ethnonationalist insurgent forces resulted in constitutional transition, culminating in a federal system designed to empower ethnonationalist groups at regional state level. This institutional design allowed such groups to exercise some self-rule at a regional level and ensure representation at the federal level, while also promoting relative peace and political stability across the country. The chapter first considers the context that led to the emergence and transformation of territorial cleavages in Ethiopia before discussing the period of constitutional engagement (1991–94) and its outcomes. It also considers the lessons that can be drawn from Ethiopia’s adoption of a federal system of government that places strong emphasis on ethnonationalism, along with challenges arising from decentralization, “ethnic federalism,” and political pluralism.

scholarly journals Mechanisms of Constitutional Control: A Preliminary Observation of the Ethiopian System

Afrika Focus ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 20 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 75-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Getahun Kassa
Keyword(s):  
Preliminary Observation ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
Actual Practice ◽  
Constitutional Interpretation ◽  
Federal Level ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
Regional State ◽  
Constitutional Adjudication

Mechanisms of Constitutional Control: A preliminary observation of the Ethiopian system The present mechanism of constitutional adjudication in Ethiopia demonstrates unique features. The mechanism does not belong to any of the constitutional adjudication models operating in other countries. However, a well-developed system of constitutional adjudication is lacking in actual practice. The federal and regional state organs that exercise the power of constitutional control, i.e. the Council of Constitutional Inquiry and the House of Federation at the federal level and the Constitutional Interpretation Commissions, Council of Nationalities and Councils of Constitutional Inquiry at the regional level, are not functioning fully and, moreover, are not moving at equal pace. In some regional states, the institutions competent for constitutional control, though mentioned in the regional constitutions, are not even established yet. In other regions, these institutions have been established, but are not operating in practice. Besides, a challenge of judicial overlap is likely to emerge when the regional organs start to execute their task of constitutional control. Since no mechanism is devised to delimit the respective competences of the federal and state organs, overlap between federal and state institutions is inevitable. Furthermore, there is no clear guidance with regards to the role of the judiciary on matters that involve determination of constitutionality.

Shariacracy and Federal Models in the Era of Globalization

2009 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 41-55
Author(s):  
Ali M. Mazrui
Keyword(s):  
Islamic Law ◽  
State Level ◽  
First Century ◽  
The Political ◽  
Federal System ◽  
Northern Nigeria ◽  
Cultural Resistance ◽  
Federal Level ◽  
Western Education ◽  
Black Muslims

Nigeria has Africa’s largest concentration of Muslims and the world’s largest concentration of black Muslims. As the twenty first century began to unfold, more Muslim states in the Nigerian federation adopted some version of Islamic law, although the country as a whole is supposed to be secularist. The Shari`ah in northern Nigeria, which became a passionate protest against the political and economic marginalization of northern Muslims, is also sometimes a form of cultural resistance to western education and the wider forces of globalization. One systemic problem posed by shariacracy as a mode of governance is whether a federal system can accommodate theocracy at the state level and still be a secular state at a federal level. Nigeria has a religious form of asymmetrical federalism that contrasts with the linguistic form of asymmetrical federalism successfully practiced in Switzerland.

Shariacracy and Federal Models in the Era of Globalization

2009 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 41-55
Author(s):  
Ali M. Mazrui
Keyword(s):  
Islamic Law ◽  
State Level ◽  
First Century ◽  
The Political ◽  
Federal System ◽  
Northern Nigeria ◽  
Cultural Resistance ◽  
Federal Level ◽  
Western Education ◽  
Black Muslims

Nigeria has Africa’s largest concentration of Muslims and the world’s largest concentration of black Muslims. As the twenty first century began to unfold, more Muslim states in the Nigerian federation adopted some version of Islamic law, although the country as a whole is supposed to be secularist. The Shari`ah in northern Nigeria, which became a passionate protest against the political and economic marginalization of northern Muslims, is also sometimes a form of cultural resistance to western education and the wider forces of globalization. One systemic problem posed by shariacracy as a mode of governance is whether a federal system can accommodate theocracy at the state level and still be a secular state at a federal level. Nigeria has a religious form of asymmetrical federalism that contrasts with the linguistic form of asymmetrical federalism successfully practiced in Switzerland.

Political pluralism theory in the view of the legitimate policy | نظرية التعددية السياسية في ضوء السياسة الشرعية

2020 ◽  
pp. 167-190
Keyword(s):  
Political Action ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
Political Pluralism ◽  
Political Views ◽  
Islamic Thought ◽  
Islamic Political Thought ◽  
Critical Issues ◽  
Islamic Parties ◽  
Islamic Political Parties

The issue of political pluralism in our societies is considered one of the critical issues in contemporary political construction, and it has influential implications in the political arena, and its study in the legal policy has become important to control Islamic political action. The results came to confirm that pluralism in Islamic thought has its roots since the first century of the state in Islam And it has two views: The first: Pluralism in political views, which is an award and even a duty within the parameters of enjoining good and forbidding evil and advice. The second: Pluralism in the formation of Islamic political parties, as the principle is that there is no permissibility, and it is resorted to only in the interest of a general and achieved reality that leads to achieving peaceful coexistence and political stability. Keywords: Legitimate politics - political pluralism - Islamic parties - Islamic political thought - political opinions - political systems _________________________________________________ تعد قضية التعددية السياسية في مجتمعاتنا من القضايا المفصلية في البناء السياسي المعاصر ولها تداعيات مؤثرة في الساحة السياسية ، ودراستها في ضوء السياسة الشرعية بات مهما لضبط العمل السياسي الاسلامي . وجاءت النتائج لتؤكد ان للتعددية في الفكر الاسلامي جذورها منذ القرن الاول للدولة في الاسلام ولها صورتان : الاولى : تعددية في الاراء السياسية وهي جائزة بل واجبة ضمن ضوابط الامر بالمعروف والنهي عن المنكر والنصيحة. والثانية : التعددية في تشكيل الاحزاب السياسية الاسلامية فالاصل فيها عدم الجواز ولا يلجأ اليها الا لمصلحة حقيقة عامة متحققة تؤدي الى تحقيق التعايش السلمي والاستقرار السياسي. الكلمات المفتاحية: السياسة الشرعية- التعددية السياسية- الاحزاب الاسلامية - الفكر السياسي الاسلامي- الاراء السياسية- النظم السياسية.

scholarly journals Priority vaccination for mental illness, developmental or intellectual disability

2021 ◽  
pp. medethics-2021-107247
Author(s):  
Nina Shevzov-Zebrun ◽  
Arthur L Caplan
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Living Arrangement ◽  
State Level ◽  
Elevated Risk ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Healthcare Personnel ◽  
Diverse Populations ◽  
Federal Level ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Prevention Guidelines

Coronavirus vaccines have made their debut. Now, allocation practices have stepped into the spotlight. Following Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines, states and healthcare institutions initially prioritised healthcare personnel and elderly residents of congregant facilities; other groups at elevated risk for severe complications are now becoming eligible through locally administered programmes. The question remains, however: who else should be prioritised for immunisation? Here, we call attention to individuals institutionalised with severe mental illnesses and/or developmental or intellectual disabilities—a group highly susceptible to the damages of COVID-19, recent research shows, and critical to consider for priority vaccination. The language describing both federal-level and state-level intentions for this population remains largely vague, despite the population’s diversity across age, diagnosis, functional status and living arrangement. Such absence of specificity, in turn, leaves room for confusion and even neglect of various subgroups. We review data stressing this group’s vulnerability, as well as select state plans for priority vaccination, highlighting the importance of clarity when describing intentions to vaccinate, or even generally care for, diverse populations composed of distinct subgroups in need.

scholarly journals Voting Rights for Non-Citizens: The European Multilevel and the US Federal Constitutional Systems Compared

2011 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 392-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federico Fabbrini
Keyword(s):  
State Level ◽  
Voting Rights ◽  
The State ◽  
Comparative Perspective ◽  
Federal System ◽  
Future Prospects ◽  
The Us ◽  
Comparative Methodology ◽  
Federal Constitutional ◽  
Regulatory Models

Voting rights – Citizens and aliens – European multilevel architecture – US federal system – Comparative methodology – Different regulatory models for non-citizens suffrage at the state level in Europe – Impact of supranational law – Challenges and tensions – Analogous dynamics in the US constitutional experience – Recent European legal and jurisprudential developments in comparative perspective – What future prospects for citizenship and democracy in Europe?

scholarly journals Goods and Services Tax(GST): Biggest Tax Reform In Independent India

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Preeti Pant
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Fiscal Federalism ◽  
Tax Reform ◽  
State Level ◽  
Federal System ◽  
Tax Structure ◽  
Indian Government ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Cooperative Federalism ◽  
Sincere Effort

After a marathon debate on Goods and Services Tax (GST) bill finally India witnessed the biggest tax reform after her independence. At the midnight of 30th June, 2017 GST was launched and legally enforced by the Indian Government. It is the biggest tax reform in independent India in last 70 years and will help to modernise Asia’s third largest economy. GST is passed to imply the principle of “One Nation One Tax”. GST has oriented the Indian federal system from fiscal federalism to cooperative federalism. It is replacing the multiple layers of complex taxation currently existing in India and expected to result in simplification of indirect tax structure (at both Centre and State level). Present article includes several aspects of GST. A sincere effort has been made to highlight the implications of GST for government, industries and consumers along with its probable effects on the economy. Besides, practical difficulties related to GST have also been discussed in brief.

scholarly journals Zhiguli hills endemic species in the Mogutova mountain flora

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 93-98
Author(s):  
Larisa Valerievna Sidyakina ◽  
Vladimir Mikhailovich Vasjukov ◽  
Sergey Vladimirovich Saksonov
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Endemic Species ◽  
Vascular Plants ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
Forest Vegetation ◽  
Herbaceous Vegetation ◽  
Federal Level ◽  
Plant Associations ◽  
The Russian Federation

Mogutova mountain flora (Zhiguli hill, Samara Region) has about 700 species of vascular plants, 14 species are included in the Red Book of the Russian Federation (2008), 50 species are included in the Red Book of the Samara Region (2017), 7 species are the endemics of the Zhiguli hills. On the Mogutova mountain 48 plant associations were described: 36 associations are represented by forest vegetation, 1 Association is represented by shrubs, 11 associations are represented by herbaceous vegetation. In eight described associations there are 6 endemic species of the Zhiguli hills: in Cerasus fruticosa + Caragana frutex association one endemic species is found - Euphorbia zhiguliensis; in Stipa pennata - Caragana frutex association there are 3 endemics - Cerastium zhigulense, Gypsophila juzepczukii and Thymus zheguliensis; in Stipa capillata + Herbae stepposae and Stipa capillata + Echinops ruthenicus associations there is only Thymus zheguliensis; in Herbae stepposae + Stipa pulcherrima and Stipa pennata + Helianthemum nummularium associations there are 2 endemic species - Gypsophila juzepczukii and Thymus zheguliensis; in Thymus zheguliensis association there are 4 endemics - Cerastium zhigulense, Gypsophila juzepczukii, Sisymbrium pinnatisectum, Thymus zheguliensis; in Schevereckia hyperborea association Poa saksonovii is revealed. The endemics of the Zhiguli hills: Euphorbia zhiguliensis and Thymus zheguliensis are protected at the Federal level, and Cerastium zhigulense, Gypsophila juzepczukii and Poa saksonovii are protected at the regional level.

Institutions Respond to Changing Federal and State Environments

2020 ◽  
pp. 67-90
Author(s):  
Nancy Kleniewski
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Financial Aid ◽  
Research Funding ◽  
Government Regulation ◽  
State Level ◽  
The State ◽  
Institutions Of Higher Education ◽  
Federal Level ◽  
The Past ◽  
Regulation Changes

Institutions of higher education must respond to the changing landscape of federal and state expectations. This chapter explores how that landscape has changed over the past two decades and how some institutions are responding. At the federal level, changes have affected financial aid, research funding, and government regulation. Changes at the state level include significant reductions in state support and increases in tuition. These changes are occurring as higher education becomes more of a marketplace than a public service. The chapter offers some strategies for institutions hoping to garner increased support, particularly at the state level.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document