Responsibility

2020 ◽  
pp. 49-50
Author(s):  
K. E. Løgstrup ◽  
Kees van Kooten Niekerk ◽  
Kristian-Alberto Lykke Cobos ◽  
Hans Fink ◽  
Bjørn Rabjerg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Third Party ◽  
The Difference

This very short chapter discusses the concept of responsibility. Responsibility is connected with concrete situations and relations in which we are placed. Løgstrup also discusses the difference between responsibility and duty through their opposites: irresponsibility and neglecting one’s duty. Referring to Luther, Løgstrup describes ‘responsibility’ as a two-sided relation involving a person who is responsible for someone while being held responsible by a third party.

The Building Blocks of Formulas to Measure Expectation Damages; the Indifference Principle

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melvin A. Eisenberg
Keyword(s):  
Market Price ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Replacement Cost ◽  
Contract Price ◽  
Resale Price ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Lost Profit

Chapter 13 concerns the building blocks of formulas to measure expectation damages: replacement cost, market price, resale price, diminished value, and lost profits. Replacement-cost damages are based on the difference between the contract price and the actual or imputed cost of a replacement transaction. Resale-price damages are based on the difference between the contract price payable by a breaching buyer and the price the seller received on resale to a third party. Diminished-value damages are based on the difference between the value of the performance that a breaching seller rendered and the value of the performance that she promised to render. Lost-profit damages are based on the difference between the price a breaching buyer agreed to pay and the seller’s variable costs.

Contract

2019 ◽  
pp. 369-385
Author(s):  
John Baker
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Standard Form ◽  
Contract Law ◽  
Third Party ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Privity Of Contract

This chapter explores some lines of development in contract law after 1600. First there were questions flowing from the decision in Slade’s Case – the pleading formulae known as the ‘common counts’ in indebitatus assumpsit were quickly settled and the perjury problems after the disuse of wager of law were dealt with in the Statute of Frauds 1677. Attempts to rationalize consideration in the eighteenth century were unsuccessful save that it became distinct from the requirement of an intention to be bound. The chapter traces the history of privity of contract and of the various attempts to give remedies to third-party beneficiaries. It then discusses the implication of terms into contracts, the difference between conditions and warranties, exclusion clauses, and the problems occasioned by standard-form contracts.

How I treat Gaucher disease

Blood ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 118 (6) ◽  
pp. 1463-1471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ari Zimran
Keyword(s):  
Gaucher Disease ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Third Party ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Minimal Effective Dose ◽  
Adequate Treatment ◽  
Enzyme Replacement ◽  
Mild Disease ◽  
Patients At Risk ◽  
The Difference

Abstract This review presents a cohesive approach to treating patients with Gaucher disease. The spectrum of the clinical presentation of the disease is broad, yet heretofore there was only one disease-specific treatment. In the past 2 years, a global shortage of this product has resulted in reassessment of the “one enzyme–one disease–one therapy” mantra. It has also showcased the multiple levels that engage the patient, the treating physician, and the third-party insurer in providing adequate treatment to all symptomatic patients. The key points summarizing the way I manage my patients include accurate enzymatic diagnosis with mutation analysis (for some prognostication and better carrier detection in the family), a detailed follow-up every 6-12 months (with an option to see consultants and attention to comorbidities), and initiation of enzyme replacement therapy according to symptoms or deterioration in clinically significant features or both. I do not treat patients with very mild disease, but I consider presymptomatic therapy for patients at risk, including young women with poor obstetric history. I prefer the minimal-effective dose rather than the maximally tolerated dose, and when the difference between high-dose and lower-dose regimens is (merely statistically significant but) clinically meaningless, minimizing the burden on society by advocating less-expensive treatments is ethically justified.

scholarly journals Expandable Substrate Module and Storage Network Compatible w/ BitBadges

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Kamal
Keyword(s):  
Grant Proposal ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Network Module ◽  
Storage Method ◽  
Storage Network ◽  
Development Experience ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Storage

(THIS IS THE MIRROR OF A GRANT PROPOSAL). We are working on creating a storage network module on substrate compatible w/ the BitBadges blockchain. This will allow for substrate to interact in a meaningful way with the BitBadges ecosystem, which follows an experimental PoCP or Proof of Computation proof.Other projects like Crust or Subspace are within the same realm of trying to create some form of storage network. The difference is how BitBadges goes about accomplishing this and what a substrate module as an integration will provide. BitBadges as a whole is working on offline-centric networks and integrating variations of distributing sharding algorithms. Their data is transmitted w/ CouchDB being an integral part of its core for node syncronization. BitBadges is also integrating w/ various third party networks viewed as either pegs or applications.We believe that the substrate ecosystem can provide another integration w/ our network and we might even be able to create something similar to what Crust is doing on their mainnet, but w/ BitBadges as the storage method or a mirrored peg for the data. Our team, which is currently just two people, are passionate and have years of blockchain development experience under our belts. We think Substrate can work great as one of our third party integrations or pegged chains.

scholarly journals The relationship between fiduciary ownership as a means of ensuring the fulfilment of the obligation and pledge

2021 ◽  
pp. 110-117
Author(s):  
A. Riabchinska
Keyword(s):  
Functional Relationship ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Court Decision ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Judicial Procedure ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Security Property ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between fiduciary transfer of ownership for security purposes and pledge as the ways to ensure the fulfilment of the obligation is examined in the article. The usefulness of the distinction of mentioned ways of ensuring the fulfilment of the obligations as two essentially different rights in nature is substantiated. The article endorses the feasibility to qualify a pledge as a proprietary right to another’s property. The article reveals that according to national civil law the pledge is a quasi – ownership right unlike the fiduciary transfer of ownership for security purposes which expressly designated by law as a kind of ownership for the property. It is suggested that the pledge and the fiduciary ownership for security purposes should be related as special and model right accordingly. It is proved that the difference between mentioned proprietary ways of ensuring the fulfilment of the obligation are: functional relationship of primary obligation (pledge is accessory means of ensuring the fulfilment of the obligation which shall be terminated after termination of primary obligation whereas fiduciary ownership is non – accessory thus it is not terminated immediately after termination of primary obligation); degree of autonomy of security estate including bankruptcy proceedings (to a fiduciary ownership object, separated from personal fiduciary’s property, does not apply the moratorium on satisfaction of creditors’ claims, the property secured by fiduciary ownership is not part of the debtor’s liquidation mass, by contrast the pledged object is part of the liquidation mass and falls within the scope of such moratorium); foreclosure procedure (recovery of pledge object as a rule is done on execution by a court decision, as opposed to fiduciary ownership for security purposes which allow fiduciary to recovery the security property without reference to judicial procedure through the sale it to any third party and makes it possible to take ownership of it without restrictions on use and disposal).

scholarly journals YAKIV ORENSTEIN: AN EXPATRIATED UKRAINOPHIL FROM GALICIA

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 28-36
Author(s):  
IVAN MONOLATII
Keyword(s):  
Third Party ◽  
Mutual Understanding ◽  
The West ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Third Party ◽  
The Difference ◽  
To Come ◽  
Scalene Triangle

Ukrainian-Jewish relations in Galicia between the two World Wars were the reflection of the difference in the status of the two nations. The sides failed to come to mutual understanding, the basis for which was provided by the policy of the West Ukrainian People’s Republic / the Western Oblast of the Ukrainian People’s Republic. Taking into account the involvement of the third party, the Polish state, the situation can be described as an interethnic scalene triangle. One of the active figures in this complicated interaction was Yakiv Orenstein (1875–1942), Jewish publisher from Kolomyia, symbolic ‘Ukrainian’, follower of the faith of Moses. His life and work in Galicia in the interwar years is a personalized example of publicly declared pro-Polishness and actual Ukrainophilia.

The economic impact of open versus endoscope-assisted craniosynostosis surgery

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Campbell Liles ◽  
Jonathan Dallas ◽  
Andrew T. Hale ◽  
Stephen Gannon ◽  
E. Haley Vance ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Open Repair ◽  
Hospital Costs ◽  
Emergency Department Visits ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Sagittal Suture ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Producer Price ◽  
The Difference

OBJECTIVEOpen and endoscope-assisted repair are surgical options for sagittal craniosynostosis, with limited research evaluating each technique’s immediate and long-term costs. This study investigates the cost-effectiveness of open and endoscope-assisted repair for single, sagittal suture craniosynostosis.METHODSThe authors performed a retrospective cohort study of patients undergoing single, sagittal suture craniosynostosis repair (open in 17 cases, endoscope-assisted in 16) at less than 1 year of age at Monroe Carell Jr. Children’s Hospital at Vanderbilt (MCJCHV) between August 2015 and August 2017. Follow-up data were collected/analyzed for 1 year after discharge. Surgical and follow-up costs were derived by merging MCJCHV financial data with each patient’s electronic medical record (EMR) and were adjusted for inflation using the healthcare Producer Price Index. Proxy helmet costs were derived from third-party out-of-pocket helmet prices. To account for variable costs and probabilities, overall costs were calculated using TreeAge tree diagram software.RESULTSOpen repair occurred in older patients (mean age 5.69 vs 2.96 months, p < 0.001) and required more operating room time (median 203 vs 145 minutes, p < 0.001), more ICU days (median 3 vs 1 day, p < 0.001), more hospital days (median 4 vs 1 day, p < 0.001), and more frequently required transfusion (88% vs 6% of cases). Compared to patients who underwent open surgery, patients who underwent endoscopically assisted surgery more often required postoperative orthotic helmets (100% vs 6%), had a similar number of follow-up clinic visits (median 3 vs 3 visits, p = 0.487) and CT scans (median 3 vs 2 scans), and fewer emergency department visits (median 1 vs 3 visits). The TreeAge diagram showed that, overall, open repair was 73% more expensive than endoscope-assisted repair ($31,314.10 vs $18,081.47). Sensitivity analysis identified surgical/hospital costs for open repair (mean $30,475, SEM $547) versus endoscope-assisted repair (mean $13,746, SEM $833) (p < 0.001) as the most important determinants of overall cost. Two-way sensitivity analysis comparing initial surgical/hospital costs confirmed that open repair remains significantly more expensive under even worst-case initial repair scenarios ($3254.81 minimum difference). No major surgical complications or surgical revisions occurred in either cohort.CONCLUSIONSThe results of this study suggest that endoscope-assisted craniosynostosis repair is significantly more cost-effective than open repair, based on markedly lower costs and similar outcomes, and that the difference in initial surgical/hospital costs far outweighs the difference in subsequent costs associated with helmet therapy and outpatient management, although independent replication in a multicenter study is needed for confirmation due to practice and cost variation across institutions. Longer-term results will also be needed to examine whether cost differences are maintained.

Intelligent Prevention Method for Third-Party Damage of Long-Distance Pipeline Based on Mobile Devices Location Information

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiatong Ling ◽  
Hang Zhang ◽  
Shaohua Dong ◽  
Jinheng Luo
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Devices ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Location Information ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
The Third ◽  
Pipeline Segment ◽  
The Third Party ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Prevention Method

Abstract As one of the main risks of long-distance oil and gas pipelines, the consequences of pipeline accidents caused by third-party damage (TPD) are usually catastrophic. At present, TPD prevention approaches mainly include manual line patrol, fiber-optical vibration warning, and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) line patrol, but there are some limitations such as untimely warning, false alarm, and the missed report. As the location technology of mobile device matures, the user group provides massive data sources for the collection of location information, with which the tracks and features of the third-party activity along the pipeline can be directly obtained. Therefore, this paper proposes a method to identify the TPD behavior based on the location data of mobile devices. Firstly, the characteristics of relevant destruction behaviors were extracted from the historical destruction events. Then, the location information of the third-party activity near the target pipeline is obtained and the data is processed to remove the influence of noise, to reduce the computational burden of the subsequent identification process. Finally, calculate the difference degree of neighborhood trajectory and the similarity with the TPD features based on the data feature grouping (Difference feature and Similarity feature) to classify the type of third-party activity. Taking a 10km pipeline segment as an example, the method of this paper is used to preprocess the collected data and calculate the difference degree and similarity, 232 suspected TPD events are identified. After the on-site verification of the suspected damage by the line patrol, the results show that the method can better identify the third-party activities near the pipeline.

Political corruption and organised crime

2018 ◽  
pp. 82-102
Author(s):  
James L. Newell
Keyword(s):  
Organised Crime ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
Sufficient Degree ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Debt Collection ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Distinguishing Features ◽  
Point Of Departure

This chapter takes its point of departure from the fact that corruption typically involves the interaction of a wide range of actors – including mediators and third-party enforcers specialised in the job of ensuring a sufficient degree of trust between the counterparts to enable transactions to be concluded successfully. It is on these third-party enforcers – referred to as ‘mafias’ – that the chapter focusses, as they offer the threat of violence to ensure that, once the parties to a corrupt exchange have agreed to do business, the terms are actually respected. To that extent, they offer something analogous to the insurance policies available, in the world of legal contracts, to protect firms and individuals against non-compliance or the consequences of non-compliance. They might also be regarded as analogous to legal debt collection agencies or private security firms, the difference being that once their services have been engaged, they cannot easily be dismissed. The chapter begins by looking at the characteristics of mafias, before considering the conditions under which they succeed in establishing themselves as powerful entities able to offer the protection and contract enforcement that are their distinguishing features. It then considers the relationship between mafias and corruption in some detail.

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