scholarly journals Brazil

2021 ◽  
pp. 109-132
Author(s):  
Marcelo Neri
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Educational Background ◽  
Income Growth ◽  
Vast Array ◽  
Inequality Measures ◽  
Top Incomes ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Indirect Taxes ◽  
Rates Of Growth

After three decades of persistently high income inequality, from 2001 onwards Brazil experienced a downward inequality trend followed by rising household income growth. Both movements lasted until 2015. This work synthesizes the results of six papers that describe the evolution of Brazilian income distribution. A common approach pursued was to jointly assess inequality, mean income, and social welfare rates of growth. We use a vast array of datasets to fill the gaps found in the literature. Top incomes’ movements reduced income inequality fall but increased mean income growth, suggesting challenges in measuring and interpreting inequality changes. Overall, inequality fall was driven by labour earnings through firm-specific effects. Rising schooling and falling returns also played a role, especially if parents’ educational background is taken into account. Missing income values did not affect inequality measures. Direct and indirect taxes increased inequality trends, while official monetary benefits helped to reduce them.

scholarly journals Income Inequality: Do Different Inequality Measures Show Different Impacts on Economic Growth, at the State Level? An Analysis of the State of New Jersey

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (12) ◽  
pp. 40
Author(s):  
Bertram Chukwudum Ifeanyi Okpokwasili
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
New Jersey ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
State Level ◽  
The State ◽  
Inequality Measure ◽  
Inequality Measures ◽  
Real Gdp ◽  
Different Levels

<p>This paper investigates whether the use of different inequality measures is instrumental in determining impact on economic growth at the State level. We find that different measures show different levels of significance with respect to economic health. We study New Jersey income distribution and shares from 1964 to 2014, using graphs and statistics. The dual analyses approach and the use of different inequality measures enabled conclusions to be reached, that only one view and one inequality measure would have made difficult, if not misleading. New Jersey Real GDP/Capita (RGC) was going up, whether or not the inequality measure was getting better. Inequality had little or no effect on the direction of the RGC. Economic Growth is not a good measure of the effects of inequality.</p>

ASPECTS OF INCOME INEQUALITY IN GREECE: 1959-1982

1988 ◽  
Author(s):  
Αλεξάνδρα Λειβαδά
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Inequality Index ◽  
Lorenz Curves ◽  
Inequality Measures ◽  
Inflation Rates ◽  
Income Data ◽  
Distributional Impact ◽  
Reported Income

THIS THESIS EXAMINES MACROECONOMIC AND MICROECONOMIC ASPECTS OF INCOME INEQUALITY IN GREECE DURING THE PERIOD 1959-1982. THE MACROECONOMIC ASPECTS ARE CONCERNED WITH THE TREND AND CYCLES OF INCOME DISTRIBUTION. THE MICROECONOMIC ASPECTS ARE RELATED TO THE DISTRIBUTIONAL IMPACT OF HOUSEHOLD'S INFLATION RATES. A BROAD SET OF SUMMARY AND DISAGGREGATED INEQUALITY MEASURES IS COMPUTED FOR THE FORMER PURPOSE USING REPORTED INCOME DATA FROM TAX DECLARATIONS. THERE IS A DISCREPANCY IN THE SUGGESTED INEQUALITY TREND DUE TO INTERSECTING LORENZ CURVES AND THE PROPERTIES SATISFIED BY EACH INEQUALITY INDEX. ALSO, THE 1981-82 HOUSEHOLD EXENDITURE SURVEY DATA ARE USED TO CALCULATE THE DISTRIBUTION RATES ACROSS HOUSEHOLDS.

scholarly journals The stability of income inequality in Brazil, 2006-2012: an estimate using income tax data and household surveys

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 971-986 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo Medeiros ◽  
Pedro Herculano Guimarães Ferreira de Souza ◽  
Fábio Ávila de Castro
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Income Growth ◽  
Personal Income Tax ◽  
Total Income ◽  
Top Incomes ◽  
Tax Returns ◽  
National Household Survey ◽  
The Stability

Object: the level and evolution of income inequality among adults in Brazil between 2006 and 2012.Objectives: to calculate the level of inequality, its trend over the years and the share of income growth appropriated by different social groups.Methodology: We combined tax data from the Annual Personal Income Tax Returns (Declaração Anual de Ajuste do Imposto de Renda da Pessoa Física - DIRPF) and the Brazilian National Household Survey (Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios - PNAD) to construct a complete distribution of total income among adults in Brazil. We applied Pareto interpolations to income tax tabulations to arrive at the distribution within income groups. We tested the results, comparing the PNAD to the Brazilian Consumption and Expenditure Survey (Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares - POF) and to data from the Census Subsample Survey (Census.Results: We found evidence that income inequality in Brazil is higher than previously thought and that it remained stable between 2006 and 2012; in making these findings, we thus diverged from most studies on the dynamics of inequality in Brazil.. There was income growth, but the top incomes have appropriated most of this growth.

scholarly journals Deconstructing Income and Income Inequality Measures: A Crosswalk from Market Income to Comprehensive Income

2013 ◽  
Vol 103 (3) ◽  
pp. 173-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Armour ◽  
Richard V Burkhauser ◽  
Jeff Larrimore
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Household Income ◽  
The United States ◽  
Capital Gains ◽  
Income Growth ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Inequality Measures ◽  
Market Income ◽  
Return Data

Recent research on levels and trends in the United States in income inequality vary substantially in how they measure income. We show the sensitivity of alternative income measures in capturing income trends using a unified data set. Focusing solely on market income or including realized taxable capital gains based on IRS tax return data in more comprehensive household income measures will dramatically increase inequality growth compared to capital gains measures more in keeping with Haig-Simons principles. Using a measure of yearly accrued capital gains dramatically reduces observed growth in income inequality across the distribution, but also equalizes income growth since 1989.

Income Inequalities in Japan and the UK: A Comparative Study of Two Island Economies

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimitris Ballas ◽  
Danny Dorling ◽  
Tomoki Nakaya ◽  
Helena Tunstall ◽  
Kazumasa Hanaoka
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Family Resources ◽  
Average Income ◽  
Inequality Measures ◽  
The Past ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Uk

This article builds on recent work entitled The Spirit Level by Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett suggesting that Japan is one of the most harmonious affluent countries in the world, whereas the United Kingdom (UK) is one of the most unequal and hence disharmonious. In particular, the article revisits The Spirit Level evidence according to which Japan is a more equitable society in terms of income than any other industrialised country, but especially contrasts with a country such as the UK. The article provides a brief review of appropriate data in both Japan and the UK that could be used for the analysis of income inequality and identifies the best available microdata that would be most suitable for this purpose: the Japanese National Survey of Family Income and Expenditure microdata and the UK Family Resources Survey and Household Below Average Income survey microdata. It then presents a comparative analysis of income inequality measures in Japan and the UK and a discussion of the income distribution in both countries based on these data sets over the past twenty years. The findings suggest that the UK is much more unequal than Japan in terms of income distribution.

Inequality and Living Standards

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Förster ◽  
Brian Nolan
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Real Income ◽  
Comparative Data ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Income Growth ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Rich Countries

This chapter provides an overview of how inequality and living standards have evolved across the rich countries of the OECD in recent decades, of the factors driving income inequality upwards in many of them, and of the channels through which this may undermine real income growth and opportunity for households across the middle and lower parts of the income distribution. It presents an overview of key trends drawing on comparative data from the OECD’s Income Distribution Database. It reviews existing evidence on the drivers of income inequality and on how inequality may affect income growth around the middle. It highlights key gaps in knowledge, to be addressed by the in-depth examination of the varying experiences of a range of rich countries in this book.

Philanthropy and Income Inequality

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Anderson ◽  
Ing-Haw Cheng ◽  
Harrison Hong
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Tax Policies ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Alternative Models ◽  
Tax Relief ◽  
Bill Gates ◽  
Welfare Implications ◽  
Tax Cuts

Bill Gates recently argued that philanthropy by households at the top of the income distribution might help ameliorate income inequality, and that tax policies should take this into account. Much of the research in economics on giving has been focused on middle-income households, so we know very little about the motives for giving by the very rich. We provide some initial evidence on what drives the giving of the richest Americans. First, we extrapolate anthropological evidence on how status concerns might influence philanthropy. Second, since the richest own a significant amount of equity, we use the Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Act of 2003 to see how their giving responded to unanticipated tax cuts, particularly for dividends. Third, we consider the welfare implications of philanthropy as opposed to alternative models for redistributing the wealth of the extremely rich.

scholarly journals Income Distribution and Trade Pattern

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Sugata Marjit ◽  
Reza Oladi ◽  
Punarjit Roychowdhury
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Behavioral Economics ◽  
Trade Pattern ◽  
Industry Trade

AbstractMotivated by recent insights from behavioral economics and social psychology, we present a theory of trade that seeks to explain inter-industry trade between countries that are similar in their production sides, but differ in their income distribution. By assuming status-dependent preferences that are non-homothetic, we show that income inequality differential can be a basis for inter-industry trade between otherwise similar economies.

The effects of debt restructurings on income inequality in the developing world

2021 ◽  
pp. 135406612110014
Author(s):  
Glen Biglaiser ◽  
Ronald J. McGauvran
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Government Spending ◽  
Tax Reform ◽  
Social Spending ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Impact

Developing countries, saddled with debts, often prefer investors absorb losses through debt restructurings. By not making full repayments, debtor governments could increase social spending, serving poorer constituents, and, in turn, lowering income inequality. Alternatively, debtor governments could reduce taxes and cut government spending, bolstering the assets of the rich at the expense of the poor. Using panel data for 71 developing countries from 1986 to 2016, we assess the effects of debt restructurings on societal income distribution. Specifically, we study the impact of debt restructurings on social spending, tax reform, and income inequality. We find that countries receiving debt restructurings tend to use their newly acquired economic flexibility to reduce taxes and lower social spending, worsening income inequality. The results are also robust to different model specifications. Our study contributes to the globalization and the poor debate, suggesting the economic harm caused to the less well-off following debt restructurings.

scholarly journals Market Imperfections and Income Distribution

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 1147-1167
Author(s):  
Ensar Yılmaz
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Labor Markets ◽  
Wage Rate ◽  
Consumption Patterns ◽  
Market Imperfections ◽  
Luxury Goods ◽  
Sector Model ◽  
Two Sectors

Abstract This paper aims to search links between market imperfections and functional income distribution. For this purpose we construct a two-sector model – wage goods and luxury goods producing sectors – incorporating imperfections of the product and labor markets under income inequality. In a structure with interdependent and partially monopolistic and competitive markets, we analytically trace up the effects of the changes in power relations proxied by the degree of mark-ups in the product and labor market. The model shows that price and wage mark-ups in two sectors have crucial income distribution implications for the agents in the economy to varying extents. It also demonstrates the effect of the existence of the differentiated consumption patterns arising from income inequality on income distribution. Furthermore, it seems that unemployment level creates externalities on wage rate and on corporate taxes of firms.

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