Bases, transformations, and competition in Hebrew niXYaZ

2020 ◽  
pp. 53-86
Author(s):  
Odelia Ahdout ◽  
Itamar Kastner
Keyword(s):  
Active Form ◽  
Syntactic Representation ◽  
Modern Hebrew ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Passive Verbs

Tackling directly the structure of nominalizations, Ahdout and Kastner, in their chapter ‘Bases, transformations, and competition in Hebrew niXYaZ’, examine a set of interactions between syntax, morphological marking, and nominalization in Modern Hebrew, where one kind of morphological marking is associated with a number of distinct morphosyntactic patterns. They report a difference between two main groups of niXYaZ verbs – syntactically active/unergative and syntactically nonactive: unaccusative and passive (. The authors then offer a distinct syntactic representation for each group, and show, on the basis of 415 verbs, that despite sharing morphological marking, the two groups correspond to distinct nominalization patterns: Verbs of the nonactive group, mostly passives, fail to produce a nominalization, while active-unergative verbs nominalize rather freely. Although the difference in structure of niXYaZ active vs. nonactive verbs may potentially account for the gaps in nominalization, they propose that the incongruence of passives with a nominalized form is not syntactic, but rather stems from pragmatic effects, to do with the markedness of niXYaZ when contrasted with the alternant morphologically active form, XaYaZ. The markedness of the niXYaZ forms, according to Ahdout and Kastner, translates to a dispreference of speakers toward using this form, opting instead for the nonmarked form, XaYaZ. Crucially, and unlike passive verbs, the same option is not available for active/unergative verbs in niXYaZ, as they do not substantiate a transitivity alternation with a XaYaZ form. As such, no competition with XaYaZ exists, and nominalization is enabled. Thus, the chapter identifies the involvement of both grammatical factors and extragrammatical factors in the process of nominalization.

scholarly journals (Axial) Parts and Wholes

Nordlyd ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Fábregas
Keyword(s):  
Previous Literature ◽  
Syntactic Representation ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Independent Property ◽  
Empty Pronoun

In this article I identify some Spanish words as AxParts (Svenonius 2006) and I discuss their properties, some of which have already been noted in the previous literature. I show that there are three characteristics of these elements that contrast with English AxParts, and I provide an analysis that allows a unified analysis of AxParts in Spanish and English by deriving all three differences from the same independent property: the syntactic representation of part-whole relationships. A second contribution of this article is that I argue that the difference between two series of AxParts that have been identified in Spanish follow naturally if the members of one of the series select a DP as their ground, while those of the second series take a phonologically empty pronoun.

Computer simulation of metabolism in pyruvate-perfused rat heart. III. Pyruvate dehydrogenase

1979 ◽  
Vol 237 (3) ◽  
pp. R167-R173 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. Kohn ◽  
M. J. Achs ◽  
D. Garfinkel
Keyword(s):  
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Rat Heart ◽  
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex ◽  
Active Form ◽  
Realistic Model ◽  
Specific Protein ◽  
Active Species ◽  
Perfused Rat Heart ◽  
Synergistic Activation ◽  
The Difference

A physiologically and biochemically realistic model of the regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDH) was constructed for the perfused rat heart. It includes conversion between inactive (phospho) and active (dephospho) forms by a specific protein kinase (PDHK) and phosphoprotein phosphatase (PDHP). The activity of the tightly bound PDHK is influenced by synergistic activation/inhibition by acetyl CoA/CoASH and NADH/NAD. PDHK in this simulation was more sensitive to the fraction of ADP that was Mg2+-chelated than to the ATP-to-ADP ratio. Ca2+ stimulates binding of Mg2+-dependent PDHP to the complex; the bound enzyme was considered to be the active species. The fraction of PDH in the active form, rather than substrate and inhibitor levels, determines PDH activity under these conditions. This fraction depends on the present value and recent history of the difference between PDHK and PDHP activities. Both of these are active continuously and continuously control PDH.

Case Theory and Norwegian Impersonal Constructions: Subjects-Object Alternations in Active and Passive Verbs

1986 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arild Hestvik
Keyword(s):  
Surface Structure ◽  
Case Theory ◽  
Case Assignment ◽  
Accusative Case ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Passive Verbs ◽  
Forced Movement ◽  
Structural Positions

It is proposed that nominative and accusative Case are both assigned by structural positions at surface structure. From this it follows that Case-absorption is not and cannot be part of the definition of passive. It is shown that a definition of passive without Case-absorption captures the data of personal and impersonal passives in Norwegian with minimal machinery. It also accounts for Case-assignment in impersonal constructions with active verbs without any additional statements. The difference between English and Norwegian with respect to the “forced movement” in English passive is accounted for by appealing to a difference between the two languages in their permissibility of expletive subjects.

scholarly journals A new passive form in Mandarin

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-34
Author(s):  
C.-T. James Huang ◽  
Na Liu
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Active Form ◽  
Light Verb Constructions ◽  
Light Verb ◽  
Verb Constructions ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Intransitive Verbs ◽  
Real Essence ◽  
Chinese And English

This paper discusses the syntax, semantics and historical source of the new bèi XX construction in Mandarin from a cross-linguistic perspective. We argue that bèi XX is not a special construction that involves the passivization of intransitive verbs. What is passivized in it is not XX itself but a null light verb with the elementary semantics of a causative, putative or activity predicate that takes XX as its complement or adjunct. Such null light verb constructions are abundant in Old Chinese and English, though often not in passive form. Different from them, the bèi XX construction does not have a grammatical active form. We attribute this difference to the difference between synthetic and analytic languages, and account for it by a parameter in derivational timing. The appearance of the bèi XX construction marks Modern Chinese as being at the early stage of a new cycle of change. The analysis of the bèi XX construction as proposed capitalizes on the role of light verb syntax as being the real essence of grammar, and lends important support to the non-projectionist theories of syntax-lexicon mapping such as Distributed Morphology.

scholarly journals Pseudo-grammaticalization: The anatomy of "come" in Modern Hebrew pseudo-coordination constructions

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 16
Author(s):  
Nora Boneh
Keyword(s):  
Current Account ◽  
Lexical Unit ◽  
Modern Hebrew ◽  
Simple Change ◽  
Lexical Restructuring ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Loss Of Motion ◽  
Grammatical Functions ◽  
The Current Account

The paper examines the pseudo-coordination construction featuring the verb come preceding a lexical verb in Modern Hebrew, and shows that this is a mono-clausal mono-eventive construction, which did not emerge via a process of grammaticalization. That is, there is no tightening of internal dependencies between parts of the construction (Haspelmath 2004), nor evidence of a lexical unit starting to assume grammatical functions (Heine, Claudi & Hünnemeyer 1991). I go on to argue that, in this particular construction, the verb come is a “lexical restructuring verb” (Wurmbrand 2004, 2014), whose lexical properties do not differ from those of ‘simple’ change-of-location uses of come in that both feature a deictic meaning component. Particular attention will be paid to what looks like the absence of a motion component, suggesting that even if simple come selects for a prepositional complement, it does not necessarily encode a motion component, and therefore the absence of the PP, in a complex verb construction is not tied to loss of motion, but merely to a change in the type of complement. The current account provides substance to claims stressing a metaphorical relation between the two occurrences of come, since it points to the close similarities in the lexical-pragmatic properties of this lexeme in its two environments of use, and locates the difference between them in the choice of complement that produces the effect of transfer from the location realm to a more abstract one characteristic of metaphoric meanings.

scholarly journals IGF-1 levels in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

2021 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thipani Angela ◽  
◽  
Chrismis Novalinda Ginting ◽  
Linda Chiuman ◽  
Sahna Ferdinand Ginting
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Active Form ◽  
Type 2 Dm ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (Type 2 DM) is a metabolic disorder group with mechanisms that include hyperglycemia, insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. Type 2 DM has a close association with IGF-1, where the active form of the IGF-1 becomes elevated by reason of the fact that hyperinsulinemia inhibits the production of IGF-binding proteins (IGFBP) 1/IGFBP 2. The active form of IGF-1 has the ability to promote cell proliferation and inhibit apoptosis, hence becomes one of the risk factors for cancer cell growth. This was an analytical study conducted in August at the Harapan Bunda Clinic, Medan, Indonesia to determine the difference between the IGF-1 level and blood glucose level in type 2 DM patients in different age groups. Twenty subjects with Type 2 DM participated in this study and were divided based on their age into 35-50 years old or Group 1 and 51-65 year old group or Group 2. The IGF-1 levels in both groups were compared and analyzed using the T-test dependent method. Results showed that the IGF-1 and blood glucose levels were higher in Group 1 (35-50 years old) when compared to Group 2 and the difference was significant. The change in the IGF-1 level in diabetic patients cannot be determined only by the blood sugar level.

scholarly journals Optimization Of Expression Conditions Of The Acetylesterase CE16 From Hypocrea Jecorina Encoded By A Synthetic Gene And Expressed In Escherichia coli Cells

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-211
Author(s):  
Daniela Jamrichová ◽  
Andrej Godány ◽  
Ľubica Urbániková
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Molecular Mass ◽  
Trichoderma Reesei ◽  
Active Form ◽  
Synthetic Gene ◽  
Hypocrea Jecorina ◽  
Secretion Signal ◽  
The Difference ◽  
C 30

Abstract Acetylesterase CE16 was identified as a part of the enzymatic cocktail secreted by fungus Hypocrea jecorina (anamorph: Trichoderma reesei) during its growth on cellulose. Later it was classified as the first member of a newly organized carbohydrate esterase family CE16. Further studies showed that acetylesterase is crucial for complete deacetylation of naturally acetylated xylans enabling their saccharification by xylanases. To study the relationship between structure and function of acetylesterase, highly purified recombinant enzyme produced by Trichoderma reesei Rut C-30 was prepared. The enzyme was composed of 348 amino acid residues from which the 1 - 19 formed a secretion signal peptide. Determined molecular mass of purified recombinant acetylesterase (Aes1) was 45 kDa which was more than molecular mass calculated from amino acid sequence. As it has been proved later, the difference was caused by the enzyme glycosylation. Glycosylation of proteins increases their stability, but it can also be a source of heterogeneity, which might be a problem during crystallization. To make the future X-ray study of the enzyme easier, recombinant non-glycosylated enzyme needed to be prepared. For these purposes, a synthetic gene optimized for protein expression in Escherichia coli was designed and synthetized. The first nonglycosylated acetylesterase obtained by the expression of its synthetic gene in E. coli cells was mostly insoluble or aggregated. Conditions of cell cultivation, induction of gene expression and cells disruption were necessary to optimize. Presently, after optimization of all mentioned steps, the non-glycosylated recombinant CE16 acetylesterase was prepared in the soluble and active form, ready for further downstream procedures, involving protein purification and crystallization.

EFFECT OF HYPOTHERMIA ON THE CONTENT OF SUPEROXIDE ANION- RADICAL AND TBA-REACTIVE SUBSTANCES IN PLANT TISSUES

2021 ◽  
pp. 22-30
Author(s):  
Bobrova M. ◽  
Arkushyna H. ◽  
Vorona S.
Keyword(s):  
Free Radical ◽  
Antioxidant System ◽  
Solanum Tuberosum L ◽  
Active Form ◽  
Malonic Dialdehyde ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Allium Cepa L ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Edible Parts

The influence of stressors of different nature changes the state of the prooxidantand antioxidant system. The first and most aggressive active form of Oxygen is the superoxidation radical, the secondary product of free radical lipid peroxidation is malonic dialdehyde (MDA).Hypothermia is a necessary phenomenon for plants of temperate latitudes, and a necessary factor in extending the shelf life of edible vegetative parts of plants. The purpose of the study: toidentify changes in the value of prooxidant activity in the tissues of edible parts of agricultural plants under the influence of changes in temperature. Quantitative determination of prooxidants and products of free radical peroxidation was investigated on tissue samples of edible parts of the following plants: Allium cepa L. AlliumsativumL., BetavulgarisL., CapsicumannuumL., CucumissativusL., CucurbitapepoL., Daucus sativus (Hoffm.) Roehl., Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.s.l., SolanummelongenaL. SolanumtuberosumL. The level of superoxide generation was carried out by spectrophotometric HCT test, the level of MDA was determined by reaction with TBA. As a result of the research it was found that the average value of increasing the generation ofsuperoxide during cooling is 30.75%, during freezing -49.35%, but the difference in the average value of ∆MDA in different types of hypothermia is almost absent (growth is 22.12% during cooling and 23.73% during freezing), which may be due to a powerful system of antioxidant tissue protection. Solanum tuberosum L., Allium sativum L., Beta vulgaris L.are the most resistant,in terms of changes in the prooxidantand antioxidant system to hypothermia; Capsicum annuum L. andLycopersicon esculentum Mill.s.l.are the least resistant.The generative organs of plants are the least resistant to hypothermia than the vegetative ones. Freezing allows storing plant products for a longer time than refrigeration, however, chilled vegetables retain less prooxidants and products of free radical peroxidation in the tissues.Key words: superoxide, malonic dialdehyde, reactive oxygen species, free radical peroxidation, hypothermia. Вплив стресорів різної природи змінює показники стану прооксидантно-антиоксидантної системи. Першою та найбільш агресивною активною формою Оксигену є супероксиданіон радикал, вторинним продуктом вільнорадикального перекисного окиснення (ВРПО) ліпідів є малоновий діальдегід (МДА). Гіпотермія –обов’язкове явище для рослин помірних широт зростання, та необхідний фактор продовження терміну зберігання їстівних частин рослин. Мета дослідження: виявити зміни значення прооксидантної активності в тканинах їстівних частин сільськогосподарських рослин під впливом зміни температурного режиму. Кількісне визначення прооксидантів та продуктів ВРПО здійснювали узразках тканин їстівних частин таких рослин: AlliumcepaL. AlliumsativumL., BetavulgarisL., CapsicumannuumL., CucumissativusL., CucurbitapepoL., Daucussativus(Hoffm.) Roehl., LycopersiconesculentumMill.s.l., SolanummelongenaL. SolanumtuberosumL. Рівень генерації супероксиду здійснювали за спектрофотометричниим НСТ-тестом, рівень МДА визначали реакцією з ТБК. У результаті проведених досліджень виявлено, що середнє значення підвищення генерації супероксиду при охолодженні складає 30,75%, при заморожуванні –49,35%, однак різниця в середньому значенні ∆ МДА при різних видах гіпотермії практично відсутня (зростання складає 22,12% при охолодженні та 23,73% при заморожуванні), що може бути наслідком дії потужної системи антиоксидантного захисту тканин. Найбільш стійкими в плані зміни прооксидантно-антиоксидантної системидо гіпотермії є SolanumtuberosumL., AlliumsativumL., BetavulgarisL.; найменш стійкими -CapsicumannuumL. та LycopersiconesculentumMill.s.l. Генеративні органи рослин є найменш стійкими до дії гіпотермії ніж вегетативні. Заморожування дозволяє зберігати рослинну продукцію протягом більш тривалого часу ніж охолодження, однак, охолоджені овочі зберігають менше прооксидантів та продуктів ВРПО в тканинах.Ключові слова: супероксид, малоновий діальдегід, активні форми Оксигену, вільнорадикальне перекисне окиснення, гіпотермія

scholarly journals The molecular basis of the effect of temperature on enzyme activity

2009 ◽  
Vol 425 (2) ◽  
pp. 353-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy M. Daniel ◽  
Michelle E. Peterson ◽  
Michael J. Danson ◽  
Nicholas C. Price ◽  
Sharon M. Kelly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Active Site ◽  
Classical Model ◽  
Active Form ◽  
Enzyme Reaction ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Enzyme Active Site ◽  
Temperature Ranges ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Two State Model

Experimental data show that the effect of temperature on enzymes cannot be adequately explained in terms of a two-state model based on increases in activity and denaturation. The Equilibrium Model provides a quantitative explanation of enzyme thermal behaviour under reaction conditions by introducing an inactive (but not denatured) intermediate in rapid equilibrium with the active form. The temperature midpoint (Teq) of the rapid equilibration between the two forms is related to the growth temperature of the organism, and the enthalpy of the equilibrium (ΔHeq) to its ability to function over various temperature ranges. In the present study, we show that the difference between the active and inactive forms is at the enzyme active site. The results reveal an apparently universal mechanism, independent of enzyme reaction or structure, based at or near the active site, by which enzymes lose activity as temperature rises, as opposed to denaturation which is global. Results show that activity losses below Teq may lead to significant errors in the determination of ΔG*cat made on the basis of the two-state (‘Classical’) model, and the measured kcat will then not be a true indication of an enzyme's catalytic power. Overall, the results provide a molecular rationale for observations that the active site tends to be more flexible than the enzyme as a whole, and that activity losses precede denaturation, and provide a general explanation in molecular terms for the effect of temperature on enzyme activity.

Euthanasia outside Europe

2014 ◽  
Vol 155 (32) ◽  
pp. 1259-1264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Máté Julesz
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Healthcare Worker ◽  
Assisted Suicide ◽  
Active Form ◽  
Terminally Ill ◽  
Legal Institution ◽  
Active Euthanasia ◽  
Member States ◽  
First Case ◽  
The Difference

The passive form of euthanasia is legalized almost in every civilized country. Its active form is not a generally accepted legal institution. In Europe, active euthanasia is legalized only in The Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg and Switzerland. In Australia, the Act on the Rights of the Terminally Ill of 1995 legalized the institution of assisted suicide, which is not identical to active euthanasia. The difference lies in the fact that legalized active euthanasia means that the author of a murder is not punishable (under certain circumstances), whilst assisted suicide is not about murder, rather about suicide. In the first case, the patient is killed on his or her request by someone else. In the second case, the patient himself or herself executes the act of self-killing (by the assistance of a healthcare worker). In Australia, the institution of assisted suicide was repealed in 1997. Assisted suicide is legal in four USA member states: in Vermont, Washington, Montana and Oregon. In Uruguay, the active form of euthanasia has been legal since 1932. Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(32), 1259–1264.

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