Neural Computation

2020 ◽  
pp. 297-316
Author(s):  
Gualtiero Piccinini
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Theory ◽  
Spike Trains ◽  
Neural Computation ◽  
Analog Computation ◽  
Neural Signals ◽  
Functional Elements ◽  
Proper Understanding ◽  
Digital Computation ◽  
The Common

This chapter rejects the common assimilation of neural computation to either analog or digital computation, concluding that neural computation is sui generis. Analog computation requires continuous signals; digital computation requires strings of digits. But typical neural signals, such as spike trains, are graded like continuous signals as well as constituted by discrete functional elements (spikes); thus, typical neural signals are neither continuous signals nor strings of digits. It follows that neural computation is sui generis. The chapter draws three important consequences of a proper understanding of neural computation for the theory of cognition. First, understanding neural computation requires a specially designed mathematical theory (or theories) rather than the mathematical theories of analog or digital computation. Second, several popular views about neural computation turn out to be incorrect. Third, computational theories of cognition that rely on nonneural notions of computation ought to be replaced or reinterpreted in terms of neural computation.

Classification of BMI Control Commands Using Extreme Learning Machine from Spike Trains of Simultaneously Recorded 34 CA1 Single Neural Signals

2008 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Youngbum Lee ◽  
Hyunjoo Lee ◽  
Yiran Lang ◽  
Jinkwon Kim ◽  
Myoungho Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extreme Learning Machine ◽  
Spike Trains ◽  
Neural Signals ◽  
Learning Machine

scholarly journals On the nature and role of Consciousness: is it time to move towards a metaphilosophical and metascientific approach?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
ENRICO FACCO ◽  
Fabio Fracas ◽  
Silvano Tagliagambe ◽  
Patrizio Tressoldi
Keyword(s):  
Anthropic Principle ◽  
First Person ◽  
Proper Understanding ◽  
Person Perspective ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
The Common ◽  
First Person Perspective ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Common Field

The main aim of this paper is to support a metaphilosophical and metascientific approach to the study of Consciousness.After a brief historical resume of the debate between the mind-brain-body relationship, we discuss how the apparently irreducible contention between a physicalist and an anti-physicalist interpretation of Consciousness can be overcome by a metaphilosophic and metascientific approach in the attempt to overcome ethnocentric cultural filters and constraints yielded by the Weltanschauung and the Zeitgeist one belongs to. IN fact, a metaphilosophical perspective can help to recognize key concepts and meanings common to different philosophies beyond their formal differences and different modes of theorization, where the common field of reflection is aimed to find the problem’s unity in the multiplicity of forms. Likewise, the metascientific approach, such as the anthropic principle adopted in astrophysics, helps overcoming the problems of indecidability of single axiomatic disciplines.A metaphilosophical and metascientific approach seems appropriate in the study of consciousness and subjective phenomena, since the first-person perspective and the meaning of the experience are the condition sine qua non for their proper understanding.

Retinal Mechanisms for Motion Detection

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathew T. Summers ◽  
Malak El Quessny ◽  
Maria B. Feller
Keyword(s):  
Motion Detection ◽  
Visual Motion ◽  
Sensory Experience ◽  
Direction Selectivity ◽  
Model System ◽  
Neural Computation ◽  
Motion Sensors ◽  
Neural Signals ◽  
Mammalian Retina ◽  
Detailed Circuit

Motion is a key feature of the sensory experience of visual animals. The mammalian retina has evolved a number of diverse motion sensors to detect and parse visual motion into behaviorally relevant neural signals. Extensive work has identified retinal outputs encoding directional and nondirectional motion, and the intermediate circuitry underlying this tuning. Detailed circuit mechanism investigation has established retinal direction selectivity in particular as a model system of neural computation.

scholarly journals Neural Control of Immunity in Hypertension: Council on Hypertension Mid Career Award for Research Excellence, 2019

Hypertension ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 622-628
Author(s):  
Daniela Carnevale
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neural Control ◽  
Neural Signals ◽  
The Past ◽  
Target Organs ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Brain

The nervous system and the immune system share the common ability to exert gatekeeper roles at the interfaces between internal and external environment. Although interaction between these 2 evolutionarily highly conserved systems has been recognized for long time, the investigation into the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying their crosstalk has been tackled only in recent decades. Recent work of the past years elucidated how the autonomic nervous system controls the splenic immunity recruited by hypertensive challenges. This review will focus on the neural mechanisms regulating the immune response and the role of this neuroimmune crosstalk in hypertension. In this context, the review highlights the components of the brain-spleen axis with a focus on the neuroimmune interface established in the spleen, where neural signals shape the immune response recruited to target organs of high blood pressure.

scholarly journals Applicability of the 2017 FIDIC Red Book in Civil Law Jurisdictions

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Omar Hisham Al-Hyari
Keyword(s):  
United Arab Emirates ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
Proper Understanding ◽  
The World ◽  
The Common

Abstract In 2017, the FIDIC launched a new edition of its Red Book—a recommended construction-related contract for building and engineering works designed by the employer. The roots of this book were influenced by the common law legal system, whereas many countries follow the civil law legal system. Amongst the latter countries is the United Arab Emirates, which has attracted construction parties from all over the world. Those who wish to use the Red Book amongst such parties should be acquainted with the local limitations on its applicability. Such acquaintance can provide them with a proper understanding of their rights and obligations. This article discusses these limitations using the doctrinal research method, which included, inter alia, an examination of all relevant decisions by local higher courts during the 2009-2019 period. The discussion shows that such limitations can be confronted owing to conflicts with local judicial jurisprudence and/or mandatory statutory provisions.

scholarly journals The physicality of representation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corey J. Maley
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Neural Computation ◽  
Analog Computation ◽  
Single Level ◽  
Physical Implementation ◽  
Computational Systems ◽  
Representational Level

Representation is typically taken to be importantly separate from its physical implementation. This is exemplified in Marr's three-level framework, widely cited and often adopted in neuroscience. However, the separation between representation and physical implementation is not a necessary feature of information-processing systems. In particular, when it comes to analog computational systems, Marr's representational/algorithmic level and implementational level collapse into a single level. Insofar as analog computation is a better way of understanding neural computation than other notions, Marr's three-level framework must then be amended into a two-level framework. However, far from being a problem or limitation, this sheds lights on how to understand physical media as being representational, but without a separate, medium-independent representational level.

Precedent in Argentine Law

2013 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Santiago Legarre
Keyword(s):  
Legal System ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
Stare Decisis ◽  
Proper Understanding ◽  
The Common

‘This article first explains where Argentina fits in the common law-civil law divide of legal families. A proper understanding of the Argentine legal system regarding precedent makes it necessary to next elaborate on the distinction between the horizontal and the vertical dimensions of stare decisis. In a final section I examine the relevance of political interferences for compliance by other courts both in the horizontal and in the vertical dimensions just alluded.’

scholarly journals METAPHORICAL AND METONYMICAL ASPECTS OF THE ENGLISH TERMINOLOGY “MOBILE COMMUNICATION”

10.23856/4203 ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 26-32
Author(s):  
Khrystyna Dudok
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
Proper Understanding ◽  
Active Function ◽  
New Meanings ◽  
The Common ◽  
Semantic Shift ◽  
Semantic Process ◽  
Cognitive Dimensions ◽  
Metaphor And Metonymy

The article analyzes the word – forming role of stylistic figures (metaphor and metonymy) in the formation of polysemantic words-terms. The common regularities of the use of stylistic figures in the mobile terminology, ways of their change (semantic senses) are revealed. It is noted that the meaning- senses making paradigm of metaphor is a complex system-forming unit, which creates a set of derivatives motivated by the same sign. The nominative function of metaphor, which is able to form new senses, is also traced. It is generalized that metaphor is a semantic shift in meaning, and metonymy is a semantic shift in reference. Stylistic figure metaphor performs both figurative and active function of speech and can be represented by a set of semantic markers or semes. The article argues that the stylistic figure as a result of a combination of heterogeneous components of content that emerged in the context, is implicitly separated from it, realized in both metaphor and metonymy, providing a proper understanding of native speakers. It is highlighted that metaphor is a semantic process where the form of a language unit is transferred from one referent to another on the basis of one or another similarity of objects / concepts in the speaker’s mind. It is proved that penetrating into professional language, metaphor gradually loses its imagery, associativity and acquires a strict terminological meaning. It is concluded that stylistic figures (metaphor, metonymy) are able to create new meanings in both semantic and cognitive dimensions, their free combination allows the emergence of a new sense that is actualized in a particular speech act.

scholarly journals A Bayesian Generative Model of Vestibular Afferent Neuron Spiking

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Paulin ◽  
Kiri Pullar ◽  
Larry Hoffman
Keyword(s):  
Bayesian Inference ◽  
State Estimation ◽  
Point Process ◽  
Semicircular Canal ◽  
Spike Trains ◽  
Generative Model ◽  
Neural Computation ◽  
Neuronal Membrane ◽  
Afferent Neuron ◽  
Nervous Systems

AbstractUsing an information criterion to evaluate models fitted to spike train data from chinchilla semicircular canal afferent neurons, we found that the superficially complex functional organization of the canal nerve branch can be accurately quantified in an elegant mathematical model with only three free parameters. Spontaneous spike trains are samples from stationary renewal processes whose interval distributions are Exwald distributions, convolutions of Inverse Gaussian and Exponential distributions. We show that a neuronal membrane compartment is a natural computer for calculating parameter likelihoods given samples from a point process with such a distribution, which may facilitate fast, accurate, efficient Bayesian neural computation for estimating the kinematic state of the head. The model suggests that Bayesian neural computation is an aspect of a more general principle that has driven the evolution of nervous system design, the energy efficiency of biological information processing.Significance StatementNervous systems ought to have evolved to be Bayesian, because Bayesian inference allows statistically optimal evidence-based decisions and actions. A variety of circumstantial evidence suggests that animal nervous systems are indeed capable of Bayesian inference, but it is unclear how they could do this. We have identified a simple, accurate generative model of vestibular semicircular canal afferent neuron spike trains. If the brain is a Bayesian observer and a Bayes-optimal decision maker, then the initial stage of processing vestibular information must be to compute the posterior density of head kinematic state given sense data of this form. The model suggests how neurons could do this. Head kinematic state estimation given point-process inertial data is a well-defined dynamical inference problem whose solution formed a foundation for vertebrate brain evolution. The new model provides a foundation for developing realistic, testable spiking neuron models of dynamical state estimation in the vestibulo-cerebellum, and other parts of the Bayesian brain.

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