Metrics of Justice

This chapter characterizes and critiques the relevant aspects of various metrics of justice put forth by major theories of justice, with a special focus on Amartya Sen’s capability approach. It then goes on to discuss some of the relevant issues pertaining to the measurement of justice within the capability framework. For instance, justice is to be eventually measured at the individual and not the social level, although our choice will be governed by the evaluative purpose. It ends with a conceptual assessment of the capability approach, highlighting some of its challenges.

Luci e ombre nella prospettiva criminologica sullo "status" di vittima del minore abusato

MALTRATTAMENTO E ABUSO ALL INFANZIA ◽

10.3280/mal2009-002007 ◽

2009 ◽

pp. 77-92

Author(s):

Gabrio Forti

Keyword(s):

Child Abuse ◽

Capability Approach ◽

Clinical Prediction ◽

Critical Perspective ◽

The Public ◽

Serious Crime ◽

The Social ◽

Theories Of Justice ◽

The Media ◽

- The victimological zeal currently burning in the public debate on penal matters, including the cyclical and often irrational focus on child abuse in the media and politics, has certainly helped in turning public and professional attention to this serious crime. Criminology however should not react passively to public scares and thus not restrict its role in the supply of knowledge on the best way to enforce "rough" policies, but also re-discover, together with the victim, its critical roots. This means an effort to analyse the social contradictions which favour the use of the child as a means to legitimize a widespread culture of control (and which not rarely hinder in itself a full social and official understanding of child "relational" languages), as well as to be very cautious in the application of clinical prediction to the abused child. In pursuing this critical perspective, criminology could usefully integrate within its "discourse" the achievement of new theories of justice, such as the capability approach.Key words: child abuse, criminology, victim, capability approach.Parole chiave: abuso all'infanzia, criminologia, vittima, approccio delle capacitŕ.

Understanding and Fighting Poverty – Amartya Sen’s Capability Approach and Related Theories

Social Change Review ◽

10.2478/scr-2013-0016 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 153-176 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Alban Knech

Keyword(s):

Capability Approach ◽

Macro Level ◽

Resource Theory ◽

Welfare Regimes ◽

Social Investment ◽

Welfare Institutions ◽

The Social ◽

Micro Level ◽

Sen’S Capability Approach ◽

Abstract This article scrutinises the usefulness of Sen’s capability approach and other related theories for understanding poverty and traceability of social-welfare interventions. In addition to the capability approach three macro level approaches are discussed: the welfare regime approach of Esping-Andersen, the social investment approach and a new resource theory. While the strength of the capability approach is the interpretation of worldwide data, and welfare regimes better explain the tangible function of welfare institutions, the social investment approach focuses on the meaning of human capital. Resource theory describes the welfare interventions by analysing their effects on equipping individuals with a broad range of resources. Two further approaches show the mode of operation of micro level interventions. Resource orientation and empowerment are social work techniques which improve the situation of disadvantaged people by emancipation. The article concludes that macro level and micro level considerations must be combined to understand, and then fight poverty

L'identité Wallonne saisie par l'enquête : Une approche constructiviste de l'identité collective

Res Publica ◽

10.21825/rp.v36i3-4.18739 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 36 (3-4) ◽

pp. 343-359

Author(s):

Marc Jacquemain ◽

René Doutrelepont ◽

Michel Vandekeere

Keyword(s):

Social Identity ◽

Survey Research ◽

Social Identity Theory ◽

Social Behaviour ◽

Identity Theory ◽

Social Identities ◽

The Social ◽

The Individual ◽

At first view, the methodology of survey research may seem rather unsuitable to the study of such "holistic" phenomena as collective and social identities. That difficulty vanishes - at least partly - as soon as we consider social identity as the link between the individual and his belongings, as does the "social identity theory", developed from the work of Taffel and Turner. From there on, survey research may prove to be a useful device to cope with some main characteristics of social identity: mainly its variability among groups and classes within a same society and its particular sensitivity to socio-political contexts. Survey research, combined with the social identity theory may help to test historical assumptions at a macro-social level. It may also give some ''flesh" and some additional realism to the micro-theories of social behaviour, which are too often limited by their conception of a strictly rational and interested agent.

Sources of Stability and Instability in Rural Thai Society

The Journal of Asian Studies ◽

10.2307/2051579 ◽

1968 ◽

Vol 27 (4) ◽

pp. 777-790 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Steven Piker

Keyword(s):

Well Being ◽

Complete Reduction ◽

External Pressures ◽

Stability And Instability ◽

The Social ◽

The Face ◽

Social Arrangements ◽

The Individual ◽

High Degree ◽

Ongoing cultures, by virtue of the personalities they produce and the social arrangements they embody, create tensions or strains for their individual members; and they provide as well for the institutionalized expression and alleviation, if not complete reduction, of these tensions in culturally approved channels. In this view, cultural stability refers not to the absence of persisting conflict on the individual or social level; but rather to a high degree of complementarity between institutionalized sources of strain or conflict for the individual, and institutionalized arrangements for tension reduction or expression. This conception of stability does not assume that all relatively stable cultures are equally productive of psychological well-being, even assuming this nebulous condition could be specified. Nor does it assert that all stable cultures are equally adaptive in the face of external pressures. It does imply, however, that sources of conflict and channels for its expression will be sufficiently balanced to insure perpetuation of culturally standardized social arrangements and beliefs over many generations.

Digitalization and rural entrepreneurial attitude in Indonesia: a capability approach

Journal of Enterprising Communities People and Places in the Global Economy ◽

10.1108/jec-06-2021-0082 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

Fikri Zul Fahmi ◽

Medina Savira

Keyword(s):

Cultural Values ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Digital Technology ◽

Capability Approach ◽

Snowball Sampling ◽

Structured Interviews ◽

Content Type ◽

Rural Entrepreneurship ◽

The Individual ◽

Purpose This paper aims to identify how digitalization affects entrepreneurial attitudes in rural areas in Indonesia, a country in the Global South. The development of digital technology can help entrepreneurs, in that faster and easier information acquisition helps rural communities to identify new opportunities and innovate. Yet, digital development generates higher disparity, and thus, not all people can benefit from digitalization. Although digital technology can facilitate the development of entrepreneurship, its benefits depend on individual preferences. In this regard, the capability approach is used so as to reflect how different valuations of digital technology in rural entrepreneurs influence their attitude with regard to recognizing business opportunities and taking risks. Design/methodology/approach A double case study approach is used in which this study examines two cases of rural entrepreneurs in Indonesia that represent different uses of digital technologies and socio-economic rural contexts: coffee entrepreneurs in Kintamani and craft producers in Kamasan village. In so doing, semi-structured interviews were conducted with local entrepreneurs and communities according to purposive and snowball sampling techniques. The qualitative data were then analysed using a constant comparative technique which allows us to develop a conceptual argument by observing patterns within and between the cases. Findings The findings show that digitalization shapes the attitude of rural entrepreneurs differently, although the same opportunity from using digital technology is present in the village. Social and environmental factors facilitate the rural entrepreneurs to consider using digital technology to develop their businesses. However, as each individual entrepreneur has a different valuation of digital technology, the benefits it offers – such as broader market opportunities and new business ideas – vary. Entrepreneurs who consider digital technology to be a valuable resource for developing their businesses are more curious to explore its benefits. Originality/value The capability approach provides a new perspective in understanding rural entrepreneurship. First, the authors demonstrate that the success of rural entrepreneurship is influenced not only by concrete things (e.g. resources) but also the individual perspective on these resources which may vary across entrepreneurs. Second, the authors show not only the potential differences in socio-cultural contexts in which the capability approach is applied but also how socio-cultural values and collectivism influence the individual valuation of resources that could benefit entrepreneurs.

Human development, capabilities and the ethics of policy

Capability-Promoting Policies ◽

10.1332/policypress/9781447334316.003.0001 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Hans-Uwe Otto ◽

Melanie Walker ◽

Holger Ziegler

Keyword(s):

New York ◽

Human Development ◽

Capability Approach ◽

Buenos Aires ◽

National Level ◽

Policy Practice ◽

Policy Interventions ◽

The Social ◽

Different Parts ◽

This book examines policy interventions driven or influenced by human development or human security concerns and how a capability approach can be implemented to achieve more just societies and foster equal opportunities for individuals and groups across the social and class spectrum. It also analyses the discrepancies and obstacles that actual policies present to what a capability approach could mean in social policy practice. The primary goal of the capability approach is to advance democracy at the community, local and national level in ways that promote genuine possibilities for agency to enable everyone to actively participate in shaping public policy. The book considers how the capability approach has been conceptualised and operationalised into practice in different parts of the world, including India, Buenos Aires, South Africa, England and New York City.

An Integrated Framework for Child Poverty and Well-Being Measurement: Reconciling Theories

Child Indicators Research ◽

10.1007/s12187-020-09774-0 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Mario Biggeri ◽

Jose Antonio Cuesta

Keyword(s):

Capability Approach ◽

Child Poverty ◽

Multidimensional Poverty ◽

Integrated Approach ◽

Well Being ◽

Illustrative Case ◽

Integrated Framework ◽

Egyptian Children ◽

The Individual ◽

Abstract Multidimensional child poverty (MDCP) and well-being measures are increasingly developed in the literature. Much more effort has gone to highlight the differences across measurement approaches than to stress the multiple conceptual and practical similarities across measures. We propose a new framework, the Integrated Framework for Child Poverty—IFCP––that combines three main conceptual approaches, the Capability Approach, Human Rights, and Basic Needs into an integrated bio-ecological framework. This integrated approach aims to bring more clarity about the concept and dynamics of multidimensional poverty and well-being and to disentangle causes from effects, outcomes from opportunities, dynamic from static elements, and observed from assumed behaviours. Moreover, the IFCP explains the MDCP dynamics that link the resources (goods and services), to child capabilities (opportunities) and achieved functionings (outcomes), and describes how these are mediated by the individual, social and environmental conversion factors as specified in the capability approach. Access to safe water is taken as a conceptual illustrative case, while the extended measurement of child poverty and well-being among Egyptian children ages 0 to 5 as an empirical example using IFCP. The proposed framework marks a step forward in understanding child poverty and well-being multidimensional linkages and suggesting desirable features and data requirements of MDCP and well-being measures.

Does Money Buy Happiness?

10.1007/978-981-33-4972-8_7 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 71-78

Author(s):

Yew-Kwang Ng

Keyword(s):

Competition Effect ◽

Individual Level ◽

Low Level ◽

The Social ◽

The Individual ◽

Social Level ◽

Environmental Disruption ◽

Adaptation Effects

AbstractAfter a relatively low level of survival and comfort, additional consumption does not increase happiness significantly, especially at the social level. At the individual level, people want more due to the relative competition effect which cancels out at the social level. In addition, the adaptation effects and environmental disruption effects also work to limit the contributions of higher consumption and enlarge the gap between expectation and actuality.

The Psychology of (Pseudo)Science: Cognitive, Social, and Cultural Factors

Pseudoscience ◽

10.7551/mitpress/9780262037426.003.0002 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Emilio J. C. Lobato ◽

Corinne Zimmerman

Keyword(s):

Personal Identity ◽

Scientific Community ◽

Cultural Factors ◽

Theoretical Frameworks ◽

Individual Level ◽

Psychology Of Science ◽

The Social ◽

The Individual ◽

Social And Cultural Factors ◽

We review findings from the psychology of science that are relevant to understanding or explaining peoples’ tendencies to believe both scientific and pseudoscientific claims. We discuss relevant theoretical frameworks and empirical findings to support the proposal that pseudoscientific beliefs arise in much the same way as other scientific and non-scientific beliefs do. In particular, we focus on (a) cognitive and metacognitive factors at the individual level; (b) trust in testimony and judgments of expertise at the social level; and (c) personal identity and the public’s relationship with the scientific community at a cultural level.

Business Models of Sustainable Open Educational Resources (OER)

Research Anthology on Business and Technical Education in the Information Era ◽

10.4018/978-1-7998-5345-9.ch032 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 579-594

Author(s):

Shouhong Wang

Keyword(s):

Faculty Member ◽

Business Models ◽

Institutional Level ◽

The Social ◽

Sustainable Value ◽

Individual Faculty Member ◽

Four Levels ◽

Open Education Resources ◽

The Individual ◽

This article conceptualizes four business models for sustainable open education resources (OER) at four levels: the social level, the education institutional level, the OER community level, and the individual faculty member level. The business model at each of the four levels has its application realm. At the social level, social benefits of OER are the central motivation of the OER movement. At the institutional level, education institutions are facing challenges of student enrollment increase. At the OER community operational level, communities of practice must be established. At the individual faculty member level, the key players of OER must take effective actions for OER. Sustainable OER can be achieved only when the stakeholders at the four levels collaborate towards the common objective of sustainable value creation. The comprehensive set of business models can be used for all parties involved in OER to define and implement strategies for sustainable OER. The article also provides recommendations for future research into tests of the conceptualized business models for sustainable OER.