Discourse on the Origin of Inequality

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Political Development ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
The State ◽  
State Of Nature ◽  
Civilizing Process ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
The Relationship

In his Discourses (1755), Rousseau argues that inequalities of rank, wealth, and power are the inevitable result of the civilizing process. If inequality is intolerable - and Rousseau shows with unparalledled eloquence how it robs us not only of our material but also of our psychological independence - then how can we recover the peaceful self-sufficiency of life in the state of nature? We cannot return to a simpler time, but measuring the costs of progress may help us to imagine alternatives to the corruption and oppressive conformity of modern society. Rousseau's sweeping account of humanity's social and political development epitomizes the innovative boldness of the Englightment, and it is one of the most provocative and influential works of the eighteenth century. This new translation includes all Rousseau's own notes, and Patrick Coleman's introduction builds on recent key scholarship, considering particularly the relationship between political and aesthetic thought.

Discussion

1918 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-214
Author(s):  
Robert T. Crane
Keyword(s):  
Political Philosophy ◽  
Political Development ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Political Authority ◽  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Philosophy Of Law ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Politics And Law ◽  
The Relationship

In his admirable analysis of the juristic theory of the state, Dr. Willoughby has said that “analytical political philosophy” views the state “simply as an instrumentality for the creation and enforcement of law.” The point of view from which this philosophy proceeds is thus fixed. It is professedly the legal point of view.It is, however, precisely by peculiar and distinctive points of view from which phenomena are observed, that sciences or philosophies are differentiated one from another. Two philosophies cannot occupy the same standpoint. If there is to be discussion of a philosophy of politics which asserts its viewpoint to be that of a philosophy of law, then it is necessary to define very clearly the relationship between politics and law.As these concepts have been defined by the analytical school, it is obvious that they are intimately connected. By the opponents of this school it may be objected that, when correctly conceived, politics and law are perfectly distinct. It may perhaps be held that what is known as law in modern society is not essentially political at all; but that it has merely happened as an accident of modern political development that a part of the law has received the additional and nonessential sanction of political authority.

6. The administrative justice system

2019 ◽  
pp. 156-190
Author(s):  
Martin Partington
Keyword(s):  
Justice System ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Administrative Law ◽  
The State ◽  
Institutional Framework ◽  
Members Of Parliament ◽  
System P ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Administrative Justice

This chapter focuses on administrative justice. It reflects on the nature of administrative law and the role it plays in modern society, overseeing the relationship between the citizen and the state. Again adopting the holisitic approach, the chapter discusses not only the role of the courts, but also the tribunals, ombudsmen, and other bodies and processes that together make up the institutional framework of administrative justice. It notes some of the key changes being introduced as a result of the current transformation programme. It also considers the particular responsibilities of Members of Parliament in holding government to account. In addition, it asks who has general oversight of the system and whether current oversight arrangements are adequate.

American Political Development from Citizens' Perspective: Tracking Federal Government's Presence in Individual Lives over Time

2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanne Mettler ◽  
Andrew Milstein
Keyword(s):  
Political Development ◽  
American Political Development ◽  
State Building ◽  
The State ◽  
The Political ◽  
Quarter Century ◽  
Political Roles ◽  
Analytical Tools ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

Although scholars of American political development (APD) have helped transform many aspects of the study of U.S. politics over the last quarter-century, they have barely begun to use the powerful analytical tools of this approach to elucidate the relationship between government and citizens. APD research has probed deeply into the processes of state-building and the creation and implementation of specific policies, yet has given little attention to how such development affects the lives of individuals and the ways in which they relate to government. Studies routinely illuminate how policies influence the political roles of elites and organized groups, but barely touch on how the state shapes the experiences and responses of ordinary individuals. As a result, we know little about how governance has influenced citizenship over time or how those changes have, in turn, affected politics.

scholarly journals LAW AND STATE IN THEIR HISTORICAL RELATIONSHIP

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 137-142
Author(s):  
Рафаэль Еникеев
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
The State ◽  
Historical Relationship ◽  
The Relationship

The article is devoted to comprehending the relationship between law and state in conformity with modern society. The reasons for some distorted correlation of law and state in Russia are revealed. Particular attention is paid to ways of approximation of the interaction of law and state in the post-Soviet Russian Federation. The priority of society in relation to the state is substantiated.

Modern Political Philosophy and Prehistoric Anthropology: Some Preliminary Issues

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl Widerquist ◽  
Grant S. McCall
Keyword(s):  
Political Philosophy ◽  
Political Theory ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
The State ◽  
Academic Disciplines ◽  
State Of Nature ◽  
Theory Section ◽  
To Receive ◽  
The Relationship

Because this book involves two very different academic disciplines, political philosophy and anthropology, some background about the relevant topics in each one is helpful. In this chapter, Section 1 introduces the relevant political theory. Section 2 discusses some of the anthropological methods and conceptual issues involved in the examination of the evidence relevant to these philosophical arguments. Section 3 discusses how the state and the state of nature are defined in relation to each other. Section 4 addresses some responses this book is likely to receive. Section 5 discusses the relationship between this book and modern indigenous peoples.

The Abolition of the English State Lotteries

1991 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 371-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Raven
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Fiscal Policy ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
The State ◽  
Moral Argument ◽  
State Lotteries ◽  
Public Revenue ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship

On 18 October 1826 the final English state lottery was drawn at Coopers' Hall. It was the one hundred and seventieth of the state lotteries to be held since their parliamentary inauguration in 1694. Although the economic importance of the lotteries to the eighteenth-century exchequer has been widely recognized, their demise has received scant historical attention. This is despite stark contrast between the promotion of the lottery by government or government contractors, and the strident protests against the lottery's allegedly corrupt and ruinous influence. Why exactly was the lottery abandoned as an instrument of public revenue? Was it in response to moral argument or as a matter of fiscal policy? At issue is not only the effectiveness of organized opposition in transforming participation and policy-making, but also the relationship between Treasury strategies, systems of management and the response of the market.

scholarly journals ESTADO DE NATUREZA E INFÂNCIA: APROXIMAÇÕES ENTRE CONCEITOS ROUSSEAUNIANOS * STATE OF NATURE AND CHILDHOOD: APPROACHES BETWEEN ROUSSEAU’S CONCEPTS

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 118
Author(s):  
Derick Casagrande Santiago
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
The State ◽  
Civil State ◽  
State Of Nature ◽  
The Relationship

<p><strong>Resumo: </strong>O presente artigo objetiva-se a uma reflexão acerca das aproximações ent re os conceitos de estado de natureza e infância elaborados por Rousseau . Além de indicar a relação existente entre suas obras, evidencia-se que a centralidade de seu pensamento consiste no homem e em sua sociabilidade, demonstrando a complementariedade entre os escritos filosófico-políticos e pedagógico. Para mostrar que as características e os sentimentos constitutivos do homem em seu estado de natureza estão presentes, analogamente, na infância, a exposição está estruturada nas descrições do recurso metodológico empregado por Rousseau; na convergência das características e dos sentimentos da fase do gênero e da vida humana e, por fim, no processo de transição do estado de natureza ao estado civil e da infância à fase adulta.</p><p><strong>Palavras-chave: </strong>Estado de natureza; Infância; Rousseau; Educação.</p><p><strong>Abstract: </strong>This paper aims to reflect on the similarities between the concepts of state of nature and childhood elaborated by Rousseau. In addition to indicate the relationship between their works, it is evident that the centrality of his thought is the man and his sociability, demonstrating the complementarity between the philosophical-political and pedagogical writings. To show that the characteristics and constitutive feelings of man in his state of nature are present, analogously, in childhood, the exhibition is structured in the descriptions of the methodological approach employed by Rousseau; in the convergence of characteristics and feelings of gender and stage of human life and, finally, in the process of transition from the state of nature to the civil state and from childhood to adulthood.</p><p><strong>Keywords: </strong>State of nature; Childhood; Rousseau; Education.</p>

scholarly journals Ironies of State Building: A Comparative Perspective on the American State

2009 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 547-588 ◽  
Author(s):  
Desmond King ◽  
Robert C. Lieberman
Keyword(s):  
Political Development ◽  
American Political Development ◽  
The United States ◽  
State Building ◽  
The State ◽  
Institutional Capacity ◽  
New Directions ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
American State

This review of new directions in the American and comparative literatures on the state reveals important intellectual trends that parallel each other quite closely. Both comparativists and Americanists address similar questions about the sources of state authority, and both propose similar answers. Collectively, these scholars and others are retheorizing the state—developing a suppler, multidimensional picture of the state's origins, structure, and consequences—to shed light on the reasons for the state's stubborn refusal to cede the stage. The emerging understanding of the state that the authors describe provides a framework not only for revisiting the state in the international realm but also, in dialogue with recent Americanist studies, for revising and deepening the understanding of the state's paradoxical role in American political development and finally setting aside the assumption of the United States as stateless. In this emerging view, American state building, strength, and institutional capacity form through links with society, not necessarily through autonomy from society. But such distinctive patterns provide insights for comparative studies, too, for instance, in respect to the relationship between the state and welfare policy across nations.

scholarly journals Banking Firms in Nineteenth-Century Hyderabad Politics

1981 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Leonard
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
The State ◽  
Historical Records ◽  
Law And Order ◽  
Mughal Empire ◽  
Business And Politics ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between business and politics in preindustrial societies has seldom been clear from historical records. I have argued elsewhere that the major banking firms of Mughal India were central to the imperial system. These ‘great firms’ were not parasites, passively supportive of the state because it preserved the law and order necessary for trade; they were not self-contained caste communities interacting with the government through the leaders of panchayats or guilds. Their functions were as important to the government as those of its official treasurers, and their desertion of the Mughal Empire in the eighteenth century helped bring about its collapse.

scholarly journals DEVELOPMENT OF COMPLEX SOCIUM: A HUMANISTIC TURN

2013 ◽  
pp. 220-224
Author(s):  
S. A. Kravchenko
Keyword(s):  
Modern Society ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
The Self ◽  
Open Society ◽  
Complex Society ◽  
Natural Systems ◽  
Marginalized Groups ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship

The author analyzes new vulnerabilities appeared as a result of the becoming of the complex socium that has become a topical subject of debate in social science. It is shown that these vulnerabilities manifest new risks for the functioning of the society and its members. The self-sufficiency of the modern society is in real danger: the formation of a complex society passed the barrier, after which the viability of the society is by no means guaranteed. On the one hand, society can hardly keep up with the increasing chaos of values and normative referents , undermining its internal functioning adequately, on the other hand, it is obvious that the relationship between social and natural systems significantly impaired. There appeared vulnerabilities in the form of unintended consequences of the openness of the society, that increases the production of new marginalized groups – people who are not temporarily unemployed, but those who do not adapt to the cultural innovations of the open society. The complex socium has the potential of new catastrophes provoked by “normal accidents”. For solving these problems there proposed a humanistic turn that presupposes the integration of Sociology with hard and humanitarian sciences. It will be an intellectual instrument for overcoming the appeared challenges. The article discusses five vulnerabilities appearance is caused by the emergence of a complex society.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document