Cognitive Linguistics

2019 ◽  
pp. 241-270
Author(s):  
Paul Chilton
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Design Feature ◽  
Cognitive Approach ◽  
Lexical Meaning ◽  
The Social ◽  
Cognitive Frame ◽  
Socially Relevant ◽  
The Many ◽  
Social Uses

This chapter aims to show the reader how social cognition also includes language. Neither cognitive sociology nor cognitive linguistics can logically ignore one another’s perspectives and empirical findings. The chapter aims to introduce cognitive sociologists to leading strands of research in cognitive linguistics that have a bearing on the structure and processes of society. In explaining the cognitive basis of language, linguists are now beginning to recognize its dialogic nature, the importance of dialogue in language acquisition, and thus the dependence of language on early socialization. This design feature enables the many social uses of the human language faculty that are termed “discourse.” There are many approaches to “discourse” but here the focus is on the recently developed cognitive approaches that are able to handle the complexities of grammatical detail as well as lexical meaning, without ignoring pragmatics. These approaches include cognitive frame theory, which describes lexical meaning and phenomena such as grammatically triggered attention shifts. A widely used approach analyzes conceptual metaphor, where “metaphor” is understood as a mental framing device that works by linking different conceptual domains, including image schemata. A third cognitive approach to socially relevant conceptualization emphasizes the role of spatial cognition, in particular containing spaces and the dimensions of direction and distance. In all cases, this overview relates the social and linguistic aspects to cognitive science and neuroscience.

Marriage and Sexual Relations in the New Testament World

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Loader
Keyword(s):  
Roman Society ◽  
Greco Roman ◽  
The Social ◽  
The New Testament ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Many ◽  
Marital Sex ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Common Understanding

After a brief overview of the social context and role of marriage and sexuality in Jewish and Greco-Roman cultures, the chapter traces the impact of the Genesis creation narratives, positively and negatively, on how marriage and sexuality were seen both in the present and in depictions of hope for the future. Discussion of pre-marital sex, incest, intermarriage, polygyny, divorce, adultery, and passions follows. It then turns to Jesus’ reported response to divorce, arguing that the prohibition sayings should be read as assuming that sexual intercourse both effects permanent union and severs previous unions, thus making divorce after adultery mandatory, the common understanding and legal requirement in both Jewish and Greco-Roman society of the time. It concludes by noting both the positive appreciation of sex and marriage, grounded in belief that they are God’s creation, and the many dire warnings against sexual wrongdoing, including adulterous attitudes and uncontrolled passions.

scholarly journals Concept of the time in language and text (contextual time markers)

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1(14)/2020) ◽  
pp. 143-149
Author(s):  
Natalia Grushina
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cognitive Approach ◽  
The Social ◽  
Russian Literary ◽  
Dimensional Space Time ◽  
Perception Of Time

The aim of this paper is to study different time representations in language and text. Time is an abstract category firmly connected to human life, it can be considered to be the fourth dimension of reality, used to describe events in three-dimensional space. Time has been studied from different points of view and in different aspects. The perception of time can vary depending on the social and cultural environment. That is why it is so important to pay special attention to a variety of time representations when studying a foreign language. In this article I consider different time markers represented in language (English and Russian) and contextual time markers we can find in texts for reading comprehension activities at advanced levels when studying Russian as a foreign language. I compare language and contextual time markers using a cognitive approach to text units. As an example, I take time markers from the texts published in a popular Russian literary magazine Novy mir at the turn of the 21 century. Novy mir is a very famous in Russia for its liberal position and history within the dissident movement during Soviet epoch Keywords: concept of time, time markers, text and discourse, cognitive linguistics

Cooperative action between fishermen and inspectors in the Svalbard Zone

Polar Record ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 35 (194) ◽  
pp. 207-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geir Hønneland
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Action Theory ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Coast Guard ◽  
Cooperative Action ◽  
System A ◽  
The Social ◽  
Local Commons ◽  
The Many

AbstractThis article demonstrates that, similar to the many cases of self-regulation of local commons, it is in certain conditions also possible to manage an international ocean-fishery without the use of direct coercion. The case study from the Svalbard Zone supports the argument of cooperative action theory: that a limited number of participants, rules at least partly designed by the users themselves, and a system of graduated punishment contribute to compliance with established rules. Based on observational data as well as in-depth interviews with Norwegian and Russian fishermen in the area, it seems particularly fruitful to conceive of the Norwegian Coast Guard not only as a state enforcement body in the Svalbard Zone, but its representatives also as constituent parts of a social system, a ‘seafaring community,’ in the area. When, due to jurisdictional dispute, it has been impossible to rely fully on external regulation in the area, the Coast Guard has taken upon itself the role of the mediator, admittedly representing state interests, but nevertheless aimed at achieving consensus with the fishing fleet on important regulation issues. Hence, the internal authority of this Arctic Ocean fisheries lies above all in the interface between fishermen's and inspector's arguments, and in the social relations accompanying the exchange of professional opinions.

scholarly journals Tracing the Roots of Cognitive Linguistics in Hermann Paul’s “Principles of the History of Language”

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (33) ◽  
pp. 81-88
Author(s):  
Tatyana V. Romanova
Keyword(s):  
Personal Experience ◽  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Vantage Point ◽  
Important Work ◽  
Cognitive Approach ◽  
History Of ◽  
German Linguist ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

The paper examines the impact of Hermann Paul’s ideas on the development of anthropocentric cognitive linguistics in Russia and Europe. The anthropocentric and pragmatic approaches to the study of language, related, in particular, to the consideration of language as “the language of the individual” and a product of personal experience, were formulated by the German linguist Hermann Paul (1846-1921) in his Principles of the History of Language (1920). In this important work, Paul argues that language development is driven by subjective, psychological factors, acknowledging the Man’s central role in the learning process (anthropocentrism). Viewing Paul’s position from the vantage point of modern linguistics, the article seeks to establish the rightness of the cognitive school in linguistics, provides a brief overview of Paul’s key ideas and concludes that he anticipated and formulated the main principles of the cognitive approach to language, namely: language as a product of individual experience, the role of individual notions in forming a word’s meaning, analogy as a mechanism of language acquisition, metaphor as a mechanism of learning and the connection of language with other mental processes.

scholarly journals Cognitive Approach to the Stereotypical Placement of Women in Visual Advertising Space

2013 ◽  
Vol 24 (29) ◽  
pp. 108-120
Author(s):  
Simona Amankevičiūtė
Keyword(s):  
Public Discourse ◽  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Frame Theory ◽  
Visual Metaphor ◽  
Women's Images ◽  
Cognitive Approach ◽  
Women's Bodies ◽  
Image Schemas ◽  
Stereotype Space ◽  
Cognitive Frame

This article conceptualizes the image of women in the sexist advertisements of the 1950s and 60s and in current advertising discourse by combining the research traditions of both cognitive linguistics and semiotic image analysis. The aim of the research is to try to evaluate how canonical positionings of women in the hyperreality of advertisements may slip into everyday discourse (stereotype space) and to present an interpretation of the creators’ visual lexicon. It is presumed that the traditional (formed by feminist linguists) approach to sexist advertising as an expression of an androcentric worldview in culture may be considered too subjectively critical. This study complements an interpretation of women’s social roles in advertising with cognitive linguistic insights on the subject’s (woman’s) visualisation and positioning in ad space. The article briefly overviews the feminist approach to women’s place in public discourse, and discusses the relevance of Goffman’s Gender Studies to an investigation of women’s images in advertising. The scholar’s contribution to adapting cognitive frame theory for an investigation of visuals in advertising is also discussed. The analysed ads were divided into three groups by Goffman’s classification, according to the concrete visuals used to represent women’s bodies or parts thereof: dismemberment, commodification, and subordination ritual. The classified stereotypical images of women’s bodies are discussed as visual metonymy, visual metaphor, and image schemas.

Credit and Village Society in Fourteenth-Century England

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Briggs
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Early Modern Europe ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Many ◽  
Village Society ◽  
Rural England

Exploring the role of credit is vital to understanding any economy. In the past two decades historians of many European regions have become increasingly aware that medieval credit, far from being the preserve of merchants, bankers, or monarchs, was actually of basic importance to the ordinary villagers who made up most of the population. This study is devoted to credit in rural England in the middle ages. Focusing in particular on seven well-documented villages, it examines in detail some of the many thousands of village credit transactions of this period, identifies the people who performed them, and explores the social relationships brought about by involvement in credit. The evidence comes primarily from inter-peasant debt litigation recorded in the proceedings of manor courts, which were the private legal jurisdictions of landlords. A comparative study that discusses the English evidence alongside findings from other parts of medieval and early modern Europe, the book argues that the prevailing view of medieval English credit as a marker of poverty and crisis is inadequate. In fact, the credit networks of the English countryside were surprisingly resilient in the face of the fourteenth-century crises associated with plague, famine, and economic depression.

scholarly journals Constructing a Second Language

2009 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 277-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewa Dąbrowska
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Special Section ◽  
First Language ◽  
Linguistic Knowledge ◽  
Transfer Of Knowledge ◽  
Lexical Meaning ◽  
L1 Acquisition ◽  
The Relationship

All the papers in this special section address issues central to cognitive linguistics research: usage-based models with their focus on frequency; multi-word units and the relationship between lexical and grammatical knowledge; and the nature of lexical meaning, especially construal or “thinking for speaking”. Cognitive Linguistics is thus clearly a useful paradigm for L2 research. The contributors also emphasise that many of the processes operating in L1 acquisition are relevant in L2A as well. In this paper, I discuss the opposite side of the coin: how cognitively-inspired L2 research can inform work on first language learning and theoretical linguistics, focussing in particular on three issues that have been extensively studied in an L2 context but neglected by the other language sciences: transfer of knowledge between constructions, the role of explicit learning, and individual differences in linguistic knowledge.

scholarly journals The Problems of Conceptualization and Categorization in English Terminology

Discourse ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-124
Author(s):  
S. V. Kiseleva ◽  
M. Yu. Mironova ◽  
N. А. Trofimova
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Cognitive Approach ◽  
New Words ◽  
System A ◽  
The World ◽  
Central Elements ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
Communication Needs

Introduction. The paper focuses on the linguistic concepts of terminology and a term system, provides the views of linguists on the definition and differentiation of these terms, explains the semantics of the word and the term, as well as the role of the cognitive approach in modern terminology. The scientific work defines a concept and a category, and describes the role of the processes of conceptualization and categorization in English terminology. As more than 90 % of new words appearing in modern languages is vocabulary for special purposes, it is increasingly important to study the ways of their formation. The research is relevant since it provides a deeper understanding of the structure and content of concepts that underlie the formation of language categories, the mechanisms of interaction between cognitive and language structures in the process of forming the terminological meaning.Methodology and sources. In light of the cognitive approach to understanding the semantics of a word the authors emphasize anthropocentrist thinking, language picture of the world and lexical-semantic variants of the word. The cognitive approach allows us to reveal the causes and mechanisms of dynamic processes in the field of professional nomination, taking into account the changing cognitive and communication needs of people. The research is made using corpora data.Results and discussion. It has been found out, that cognitive categories are linked to conceptually defined prototypes that are crucial for the formation of categories. The necessary to define the central elements of prototypical categories has been proved, as they make the category logical, understandable and convenient, since all members of the category meet a given list of characteristics. As a result of the research it has been proved that in an investment terminological system a prototype turns out to be the best representative of a category.Conclusion. It has been concluded that the study of conceptualization and categorization processes is extremely important when analyzing terminological systems in general, and investment terminological system of English, in particular, because it allows to identify the basic concepts underlying the formation of terminological systems. The study of the principles and mechanisms of categorization of language units makes it possible to identify and analyze their prototypical semantics in terms of their common properties with the prototype of the category. This possibility is of paramount importance for research in the field of cognitive linguistics, since it is the prototypical semantics of language units that largely determines their use in a sentence to convey a particular meaning.

scholarly journals A Healthy Mind in a Healthy Body—Recipes for a Healthy Living as Seen in Polish Vlogs

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 116-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Maj
Keyword(s):  
Social Space ◽  
Healthy Lifestyle ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Healthy Lifestyles ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
The Social ◽  
Polish Society ◽  
The Many

The fashion for leading a healthy lifestyle has recently reached Polish society. Inspired by exposure through the mass media, many people have decided to introduce changes into the way they eat and exercise, primarily in order to become healthier and slimmer. According to recent surveys, one of the most popular sources of information concerning healthy lifestyles is, of course, the Internet. It is an extremely functional tool that allows its users not only the possibility to find the relevant information they need, but it also helps them create their own resources containing advice and information for other like-minded users. This article analyzes examples of Polish vlogs posted on the Youtube.pl platform that are principally devoted to improving fitness, as well as showing the most effective ways to lose weight. The four main areas of focus investigated are: the vloggers’ motivations for creating and publishing videos, the vloggers’ reference to their own bodies, the reasons they offer for seeking a healthier way of living, the vloggers’ bodies as their representation in the social space of the Internet, and the role of the Internet community in the many processes in helping people become slimmer.

scholarly journals ON THE INTRODUCTION OF THE TERM «COGNITIVE TOPONYMY»

2020 ◽  
pp. 142-150
Author(s):  
Ирина Анатольевна Мартыненко
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Mapping Method ◽  
Gis Mapping ◽  
Complex Method ◽  
Cognitive Approach ◽  
Word Combination ◽  
Place Naming ◽  
Goals And Objectives ◽  
Terminology System

Географические названия, несмотря на их денотативный характер, до недавнего времени не были объектом пристального внимания ученых-когнитивистов. Однако недавние исследования в области когнитивной лингвистики дали толчок развитию топонимики в этом направлении. Когнитивный аспект является основополагающим по отношению к топонимам в рамках той среды, в которой они функционируют, и делает возможным комплексное исследование топонимии региона. В ментальной системе с целостным мышлением язык и, внутри языка, топонимические представления, составляющие часть ментального лексикона, взаимосвязаны с пространственными представлениями. В статье анализируется как российская, так и зарубежная современная научная литература по когнитивному подходу к изучению топонимики, которая показывает, что в целом исследователи осторожно относятся к терминологии в когнитивно-топонимическом контексте, предпочитая заменять словосочетание «когнитивная топонимика» длинными описательными конструкциями. Тем не менее складывающаяся в мире ономастики ситуация говорит о постепенной интеграции данного понятия в лингвистическую термино¬систему. Автор задается вопросом о целесообразности введения термина «когнитивная топонимика» и обосновывает вывод о его необходимости в системе ономастической терминологии. В статье разрабатываются определения понятий «когнитивная топонимика» и «когнитивный топоним», делаются предположения о целях и задачах когнитивной топонимики как науки. Тесная связь между научно-познавательным подходом и топонимикой подтверждается примерами. Особое внимание уделяется роли зрительного и ментального восприятия в географических наименованиях. В рамках когнитивной топонимики, по оценкам автора, в дальнейшем будут изучаться воплощения информации в географических названиях, а также особенности использования топонимической лексики по сравнению с другими формами актуализации информации. По мнению автора, особо эффективным станет комплексный метод изучения топонимических единиц в рамках когнитивного анализа географических названий в сочетании со статистическим анализом, историко-географической реконструкцией, дескриптивным методом и методом картографирования ГИС. Place names, in spite of their denotative character, haven't been the object of close attention of cognitive scientists until recently. However, recent studies in cognitive linguistics have given impetus to the development of toponymy in this direction. The article analyzes both Russian and foreign scientific literature on the cognitive approach to the study of toponymics, which shows that, in general, researchers are cautious with terminology in the cognitive-toponymic context, preferring to replace the word combination «cognitive toponymy» with descriptive constructions. The author asks the question about the expediency of introducing the term «cognitive toponymy» and substantiates the conclusion about its necessity in onomastic terminology system. The article develops definitions for the concepts of «cognitive toponymy» and «cognitive toponym», makes assumptions about the goals and objectives of cognitive toponymy as a science. The close connection between scientific-cognitive approach and toponymy is supported by examples. Particular emphasis is made on the role of visual and mental perception in place naming. In the author’s opinion, the future lies with the complex method of studying toponymic units within the cognitive analysis of geographical names in combination with statistical analysis, historical and geographical reconstruction, descriptive method and GIS mapping method.

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