Security and Language Policy

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Constadina Charalambous ◽  
Panayiota Charalambous ◽  
Kamran Khan ◽  
Ben Rampton
Keyword(s):  
Language Policy ◽  
Policy Development ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Language Education ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Security Studies ◽  
Population Movements ◽  
Critical Security Studies ◽  
First Case ◽  
Scale Population

This chapter draws critical security studies into the investigation of language policy for two reasons. First, it provides informative commentary on how the concept of security is being reconfigured, with developments in digital technology, large-scale population movements, and the privatisation of public services. Second, it is increasingly attentive to how geopolitics permeates the everyday. Accordingly, critical security studies can generate considerable scope for connection with research on language in society. This chapter provides two case studies of security and language policy in which “enemy” and “fear” have been active principles in language policy development. The first case shows how security has become an increasingly influential theme in the United Kingdom. The second case, focusing on Cyprus, describes how legacies of large-scale violent conflict can generate rather unexpected ground-level enactments of language education policy.

scholarly journals Using Bus Ticketing Big Data to Investigate the Behaviors of the Population Flow of Chinese Suburban Residents in the Post-COVID-19 Phase

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 6066
Author(s):  
Yanbing Bai ◽  
Lu Sun ◽  
Haoyu Liu ◽  
Chao Xie
Keyword(s):  
Travel Behavior ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Behavior Patterns ◽  
Population Movements ◽  
Economic Level ◽  
Passenger Travel ◽  
Scale Population ◽  
Travel Behaviors ◽  
Railway Passenger ◽  
And Control

Large-scale population movements can turn local diseases into widespread epidemics. Grasping the characteristic of the population flow in the context of the COVID-19 is of great significance for providing information to epidemiology and formulating scientific and reasonable prevention and control policies. Especially in the post-COVID-19 phase, it is essential to maintain the achievement of the fight against the epidemic. Previous research focuses on flight and railway passenger travel behavior and patterns, but China also has numerous suburban residents with a not-high economic level; investigating their travel behaviors is significant for national stability. However, estimating the impacts of the COVID-19 for suburban residents’ travel behaviors remains challenging because of lacking apposite data. Here we submit bus ticketing data including approximately 26,000,000 records from April 2020–August 2020 for 2705 stations. Our results indicate that Suburban residents in Chinese Southern regions are more likely to travel by bus, and travel frequency is higher. Associated with the economic level, we find that residents in the economically developed region more likely to travel or carry out various social activities. Considering from the perspective of the traveling crowd, we find that men and young people are easier to travel by bus; however, they are exactly the main workforce. The indication of our findings is that suburban residents’ travel behavior is affected profoundly by economy and consistent with the inherent behavior patterns before the COVID-19 outbreak. We use typical regions as verification and it is indeed the case.

scholarly journals A review of HLA and COVID-19 association studies

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 25-30
Author(s):  
Renata Zunec
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Human Leukocyte ◽  
Genetic System ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
First Case ◽  
Scale Population

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is reported to vary across different populations in the prevalence of infection, in the death rate of patients, in the severity of symptoms and in the drug response of patients. Among host genetic factors that can influence all these attributes human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genetic system stands out as one of the leading candidates. Case-control studies, large-scale population-based studies, as well as experimental bioinformatics studies are of utmost importance to confirm HLA susceptibility spectrum of COVID-19. This review presents the results of the first case-control and epidemiological studies performed in several populations, early after the pandemic breakout. The results are pointing to several susceptible and protective HLA alleles and haplotypes associations with COVID-19, some of which might be of interest for the future studies in Croatia, due to its common presence in the population. However, further multiple investigations from around the world, as numerous as possible, are needed to confirm or deteriorate these preliminary results.

De Friese Meertaligheid Sociolinguistisch Onderzocht

1980 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 110-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Durk Gorter
Keyword(s):  
Language Policy ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Final Conclusion ◽  
Language Differences ◽  
Scale Population ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Regional Dialect ◽  
The Moment

A sketch is given of the Frisian language situation. It is estimated that roughly 6/10 of the population have Frisian as the language of the home, 3/10 Dutch and 1/10 a regional dialect. Recent developments in Frisian society have led to a weaker situation for Frisian. A number of factors are mentioned: industrialization, mobility, education, media and changing social norms. A problem is whether the direction of these forces can be changed. Most promising is the language policy of the provincial administration. The national government does not have a consistent language-policy. Perhaps some positive influence may be gained from European level policies. After these introductory comments research-projects are discussed which have empirically investigated (some aspect of) the language situation. In all 60 small and large, well-known and less known projects are catego-rized on the basis of different characteristics: - language in which reported - period in which done; - main topic (with further specifications); - reasons to do such projects. The next section gives an outline of somewhat larger and generally more scientifically based projects, which are being done at the moment. These are: - a survey of language use in special education; - an investigation of goals for Frisian in primary schools; - a study of the social factors in certain phonological changes; - an empirical investigation of interference; - a plan to study language differences as an interview-effect; - a large scale population survey trying to answer the (well-known) question: "Who speaks what language to whom and why?". The final conclusion is that more research can and needs to be done.

scholarly journals Ancient genomes reveal long range influence of the site and culture of Tiwanaku

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danijela Popović ◽  
Martyna Molak ◽  
Mariusz Ziołkowski ◽  
Alexei Vranich ◽  
Maciej Sobczyk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Cultural Development ◽  
Mixed Ancestry ◽  
Population Movements ◽  
Lake Titicaca ◽  
Residential Population ◽  
Titicaca Basin ◽  
Lake Titicaca Basin ◽  
Scale Population ◽  
Low Coverage

AbstractTiwanaku was a civilization that flourished in the Lake Titicaca Basin (present-day Bolivia) between 500 and 1000 CE. At its apogee, Tiwanaku controlled the lake’s southern shores and influenced certain areas of the Southern Andes. There is a considerable amount of archaeological and anthropological data concerning the Tiwanaku culture; however, our understanding of the population of the site of Tiwanaku is limited. To understand the population dynamics at different stages of the Tiwanaku cultural development, we analyzed 17 low-coverage genomes from individuals dated between 300 and 1500 CE. We found that the population from the Lake Titicaca Basin remained genetically unchanged throughout more than 1200 years, indicating that significant cultural and political changes were not associated with large scale population movements. In contrast, individuals excavated from Tiwanaku’s ritual core were highly heterogeneous, some with genetic ancestry from as far away as the Amazon, supporting the proposition of foreign presence at the site. However, mixed-ancestry individuals’ presence suggests they were local descendants of incomers from afar rather than captives or visiting pilgrims. A number of human offerings from the Akapana Platform dating to ca. 950 CE mark the end of active construction and maintenance of the monumental core and the wane of Tiwanaku culture.Significance StatementTiwanaku was an important pre-Inca polity in South America and an example of primary social complexity on par with civilizations in the Indus and Nile river valley. Flourishing between 500 and 1000 CE, Tiwanaku exercised control in the south Titicaca basin and influenced a vast area in southern Peru, Bolivia, and northern Chile. Comprehensive archeological studies provided information about the rise, expansion, and fall of the Tiwanaku culture, but little is known about the monumental site’s population. To address this lacuna, we generated low coverage genomes for 17 individuals, revealing that while the Titicaca basin’s residential population was homogenous, the individuals excavated from the ritual core of Tiwanaku drew their ancestry from distant regions.

Disasters and Large-Scale Population Dislocations: International and National Responses

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Oliver-Smith
Keyword(s):  
International Development ◽  
Hurricane Katrina ◽  
Policy Development ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Civil Conflict ◽  
The United States ◽  
Humanitarian Assistance ◽  
Legal Responsibility ◽  
Indian Ocean Tsunami ◽  
Scale Population

Large-scale displacement takes place in the context of disaster because the threat or occurrence of hazard onset makes the region of residence of a population uninhabitable, either temporarily or permanently. Contributing to that outcome, the wide array of disaster events is invariably complicated by human institutions and practices that can contribute to large-scale population displacements. Growing trends of socially driven exposure and vulnerability around the world as well as the global intensification and frequency of climate-related hazards have increased both the incidence and the likelihood of large-scale population dislocations in the near future. However, legally binding international and national accords and conventions have not yet been put in place to deal with the serious impacts, and material, health-related, and sociocultural losses and human rights violations that are experienced by the millions of people being swept up in the events and processes of disasters and mass population displacements. Effective policy development is challenged by the increasing complexity of disaster risk and occurrence as well as issues of causation, adequate information, lack of capacity, and legal responsibility. States, international organizations, state and international development and aid agencies must frame, define, and categorize appropriately disaster forced displacement and resettlement to influence effective institutional responses in emergency humanitarian assistance, transitional shelter and care, and durable solutions in managing migration and resettlement if return is not possible. The forms that disaster-associated forced displacements are projected to take and corresponding national responses are explored in the Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004 in Sri Lanka, a massive disaster in a nation riven by civil conflict; Hurricane Katrina of 2005 in the United States, where the scale and nature of displacement bore little relation to hazard intensity; and the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake, Tsunami, and nuclear exposure incident exemplifying the emerging trend of complex, concatenating, multihazard disasters that bring about large-scale population displacements.

scholarly journals Mapping differential vulnerabilities and rights: ‘opening’ access to social protection for forcibly displaced populations

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Sabates-Wheeler
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Population Movements ◽  
Internally Displaced ◽  
Global Trends ◽  
Displaced Populations ◽  
Political Conflicts ◽  
Scale Population ◽  
Displaced People ◽  
Institutional Capability

Abstract In recent years, forcibly displaced populations have attracted enormous media attention as an increasing number of disasters and political conflicts push more and more people to move away from their homes and seek refuge and opportunities in other places. At the same time, political nervousness about the financial and institutional capability of ‘receiving’ locations to adequately respond to the needs of these large-scale population movements contributes to the shrinking space for thinking about the rights and needs of people on the move. It is precisely because of these global trends that the plight of forcibly displaced populations is becoming more precarious and vulnerable, yet standard social protection provision rarely attends to the plight of these people. The purpose of this paper is to elaborate the remit and implications for including a consideration of forcibly displaced populations (including internally displaced people, refugees and asylum seekers) within social protection policy and programming. Drawing on a limited number of recent initiatives, we suggest some ways in which social protection can be ‘opened’ for these groups.

scholarly journals Language policy spread

2007 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert B. Kaplan ◽  
Richard B. Baldauf
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Policy ◽  
Language Policy ◽  
Policy Development ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Political Process ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Political

Except for a few large scale projects, language planners have tended to talk and argue among themselves rather than to see language policy development as an inherently political process. A comparison with a social policy example, taken from the United States, suggests that it is important to understand the problem and to develop solutions in the context of the political process, as this is where decisions will ultimately be made.

scholarly journals Εσωτερικές μεταναστεύσεις στο ύστερο Βυζάντιο (μέσα 13ου - τέλη 14ου αι.)

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 211
Author(s):  
Αναστασία ΚΟΝΤΟΓΙΑΝΝΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Population Movements ◽  
Political Role ◽  
Religious Conflicts ◽  
The People ◽  
Scale Population ◽  
Byzantine Period

This paper intents to investigate the terminology used in Byzantine sources for the description of large scale population movements (migration). It also examines the factors causing migrations, their effects, as well as the social and political role of the migrants in their host regions. The often fragmented and scattered evidence in the available primary sources of the period under examination indicates frequent, as well as large movements of population. These movements involve primarily people who flee war zones or conquered areas in search of a safer region within the borders of the Byzantine State. Apart from population movements triggered by military operations, migrations were also caused  by political and religious conflicts, natural disasters, epidemics, economic needs and the imperial initiative. Movements of population caused by enemy attacks were provisional, if these attacks did not result to the permanent conquest of a city or region.  If, however, certain regions were irrevocably lost to the enemy, then the migration of the former inhabitants of these regions was permanent. The people who moved to the urban centers of this period were gradually incorporated in the economic and social life of the host areas, contributing thus significantly to a much needed regeneration, especially under the turbulent conditions of the late byzantine period.

scholarly journals Admixture into and within sub-Saharan Africa

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Busby ◽  
Gavin Band ◽  
Quang Si Le ◽  
Muminatou Jallow ◽  
Edith Bougama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Haplotype Diversity ◽  
Geographic Region ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Agricultural Technologies ◽  
Population Movements ◽  
Crucial Component ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Scale Population ◽  
Sub Saharan

Understanding patterns of genetic diversity is a crucial component of medical research in Africa. Here we use haplotype-based population genetics inference to describe gene-flow and admixture in a collection of 48 African groups with a focus on the major populations of the sub-Sahara. Our analysis presents a framework for interpreting haplotype diversity within and between population groups and provides a demographic foundation for genetic epidemiology in Africa. We show that coastal African populations have experienced an influx of Eurasian haplotypes as a series of admixture events over the last 7,000 years, and that Niger-Congo speaking groups from East and Southern Africa share ancestry with Central West Africans as a result of recent population expansions associated with the adoption of new agricultural technologies. We demonstrate that most sub-Saharan populations share ancestry with groups from outside of their current geographic region as a result of large-scale population movements over the last 4,000 years. Our in-depth analysis of admixture provides an insight into haplotype sharing across different geographic groups and the recent movement of alleles into new climatic and pathogenic environments, both of which will aid the interpretation of genetic studies of disease in sub-Saharan Africa.

scholarly journals Port-au-Prince, Washington, Santo Domingo Premières leçons d'un embargo (Note)

2005 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 671-692
Author(s):  
André Corten
Keyword(s):  
Dominican Republic ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Military Intervention ◽  
The United States ◽  
Population Movements ◽  
American Military ◽  
Congressional Black Caucus ◽  
Political Relations ◽  
Scale Population ◽  
The One

After three pro-embargo resolutions from the OAS and five from the Security Council, an American military intervention authorized by the United Nations has enabled the democratically elected president Jean-Bertrand Aristide to return to office. This article seeks to trace the escalation from embargo to military intervention with reference to the transnationalization of social, economic, and political relations in which Haïti, the United States, and the Dominican Republic are directly involved. Large-scale population movements - deemed to be "threats to peace", and the importance of a "humanitarian" form of discourse and, even more so, a form of discourse about the "suffering" of the "unfortunate people of Haïti who are bearing... the full weight of sanctions" (Boutros-Ghali) are components of such transnationalized relations. These relations have developed in a setting that the boat people issue has determined in several ways, a setting where one can make out, on the one hand, a joining of forces between, among other people, the Haïtian priest-president and the U.S. congressional black caucus and, on the other hand, a shaky coalition comprising notably the president of the Dominican Republic, the Dominican archbishop, the Conference of Haitian bishops, the Vatican, and certain sectors of the American administration. Pena Gomez - a black man believed to be of Haïtian origin - ran as candidate for the Dominican presidential election and his candidacy was favoured for quite some time in the opinion polls. He ultimately failed, however, to provide an alternative in terms of political culture. The election on May 16, 1994 in the Dominican Republic was marked by incidents of fraud. The "international community", preoccupied as it was with re-establishing peace in Haiti, reacted feebly.

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