Gender and the Heterarchy Alternative for Re-Modeling Ancient Israel

2020 ◽  
pp. 441-459
Author(s):  
Carol Meyers
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Social Science ◽  
Feminist Theory ◽  
Male Dominance ◽  
Classical Scholarship ◽  
Biblical Scholarship ◽  
Ancient Israel ◽  
The Family ◽  
Legal Texts ◽  
History Of

“Patriarchy,” a social science model denoting male dominance, has long been used to represent ancient Israel. However, its validity as a model can be contested. This paper first reviews the history of the patriarchy model in social-science and biblical scholarship, showing how it arose when nineteenth-century anthropologists used Greek and Roman sources (mainly legal texts) in their study of the family, and was then expanded by sociologists (e.g. Weber) to indicate society-wide male dominance; biblical scholarship took up both aspects of the model. It then describes how the patriarchy model has been challenged in several areas: classical scholarship, research on Israelite women, and feminist theory. It concludes by suggesting that “heterarchy” is a more appropriate model.

Statistics as Social Science

2020 ◽  
pp. 17-40
Author(s):  
Theodore M. Porter
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Social Science ◽  
Systematic Study ◽  
State Policy ◽  
Natural Philosophy ◽  
The State ◽  
Statistical Thinking ◽  
History Of

This chapter discusses statistics as social science. The systematic study of social numbers in the spirit of natural philosophy was pioneered during the 1660s, and was known for about a century and a half as political arithmetic. Its purpose, when not confined to the calculation of insurance or annuity rates, was the promotion of sound, well-informed state policy. Political arithmetic was, according to William Petty, the application of Baconian principles to the art of government. Implicit in the use by political arithmeticians of social numbers was the belief that the wealth and strength of the state depended strongly on the number and character of its subjects. Political arithmetic was supplanted by statistics in France and Great Britain around the beginning of the nineteenth century. The shift in terminology was accompanied by a subtle mutation of concepts that can be seen as one of the most important in the history of statistical thinking.

Education in the Hebrew Bible

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Schniedewind ◽  
Elizabeth VanDyke
Keyword(s):  
Hebrew Bible ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Culture Studies ◽  
Biblical Literature ◽  
Ben Sira ◽  
Biblical Scholarship ◽  
Scribal Culture ◽  
Ancient Israel ◽  
History Of ◽  
Biblical Sources

Education is a wide-ranging topic concerning the variety of ways in which people acquire knowledge, skills, and behaviors. As a key facet of culture, one might expect education and instruction to appear frequently within the Hebrew Bible, yet biblical literature actually provides little direct evidence as to how the ancient Israelites learned. This is true both for traditional vocations, such as the production of pottery or soldiering, and for more scholastic pursuits, such as reading or accounting. Biblical scholarship has particularly focused on scribal education, with less attention to the broader questions of enculturation. Several passages, particularly Isaiah 28, Proverbs 22–23, and Ben Sira 51, refer to education and have engendered numerous discussions. Increasingly, though, scholars have turned to extra-biblical sources in order to understand scribal culture. Studies on scribalism in Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Ugarit feature prominently in many overviews of Hebrew learning. In some cases, scholars posit that these foreign scribal systems directly influenced Israelite scribes. The New Kingdom administration of Egypt left its vestiges on the Late Bronze Levant, and the empires of Assyria, Babylon, and Persia also had a lasting impact on scribal curriculum and tradition. These contextual studies can also be used for comparison, helping scholars model what a scribal community in Israel may have looked like. Epigraphic material from the Levant has supplemented this picture. Archaeologists have excavated a number of school texts and seals that attest to the exercises and extent of Israelite education. However, the interpretation of the biblical, comparative, and epigraphic material remains fiercely contested among scholars. Scribal education had an immediate impact on the composition of the biblical corpus, and inquiries into Hebrew education often become intertwined with theories regarding the history of biblical literature. Furthermore, discussions of scribal culture are often divorced from questions of how the society as a whole transmitted skills and knowledge. The ancient Israelite scribe is thus decontextualized from his original setting. In sum, many questions regarding education in ancient Israel remain unanswered, tantalizing, and crucial to the field as a whole.

The Stem Family in Ireland

1978 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 429-453 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Gibbon ◽  
C. Curtin
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Patriarchal Family ◽  
The Family ◽  
Sociological Literature ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Primary Socialization ◽  
Main Family

The subject of this paper is the question of the stem family, in the sociological literature and in anthropological studies of Ireland. The notion of the stem family is said to derive from the work of the nineteenth-century French sociologist Frederic Le Play (1806–82). Le Play divided the history of the family into three stages. Ancient societies were supposedly characterized by what he called the ‘patriarchal’ family, in which all the sons were retained within the household, over which the oldest member of the family ruled and in which any number of generations resided. Most of the world's population were said however to have experienced their primary socialization in the ‘stem’ family. The stem family was a threegenerational structure which functioned to retain its original location (land and/or house) by means of dispersing most younger members, while preserving the main family stem by a principle of single inheritance. Parents married off and kept within the group only those children nominated as successors. Finally, there was the modern, ‘unstable’ family which formed upon marriage and dissolved upon the death of the parents.

scholarly journals Review of: Essays on the philosophy of Spinoza St. Petersburg: Publishing House of the Russian Academy of Fine Arts, 2018. 200 p. ISBN 978-5-88812-899-2

2021 ◽  
pp. 328-334
Author(s):  
Андрей Валентинович Лаврентьев
Keyword(s):  
Publishing House ◽  
Fine Arts ◽  
Dead Sea ◽  
Original Study ◽  
Biblical Studies ◽  
State University ◽  
Medieval Philosophy ◽  
Biblical Scholarship ◽  
Ancient Israel ◽  
History Of

Книга «Очерки по философии Спинозы» представляет собой оригинальное исследование монистической концепции выдающегося западноевропейского философа Нового времени, осуществлённое в компаративном ракурсе вовлечения его идей в контекст еврейской (преимущественно средневековой) философии. Автор монографии - российский историк, востоковед и гебраист Игорь Романович Тантлевский, профессор и заведующий кафедрой еврейской культуры СПбГУ, директор международного Центра библеистики, гебраистики и иудаики при философском факультете СПбГУ, известный любителю библейских исследований своими монографиями «Введение в Пятикнижие» (2000 г.)1, «Загадки рукописей Мёртвого моря» (2011 г.)2, а также рядом работ по истории Древнего Израиля и Иудеи. The book "Essays on the Philosophy of Spinoza" is an original study of the monistic concept of the outstanding Western European philosopher of the New Age, carried out in the comparative perspective of the involvement of his ideas in the context of Jewish (mostly medieval) philosophy. The author of the monograph is Igor Romanovich Tantlevsky, a Russian historian, orientalist and gebraist, Professor and Head of the Department of Jewish Culture at St. Petersburg State University, Director of the International Center for Biblical, Gebraystic and Jewish Studies at the Faculty of Philosophy of St. Petersburg University, known to Biblical Studies enthusiasts for his monographs "Introduction to the Pentateuch" (2000). The author is well known to biblical scholarship enthusiasts for his monographs Introduction to the Pentateuch (2000),1 Enigmas of the Dead Sea Manuscripts (2011),2 as well as several works on the history of ancient Israel and Judea.

The Pivotal Characterization: Ancient Law as Non-Statutory Law

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua A. Berman
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Critical Study ◽  
Biblical Law ◽  
Near Eastern ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Legal Texts ◽  
Statutory Law ◽  
Ancient Law ◽  
History Of

Scholars of biblical law have long seen the inconsistencies among the law corpora of the Pentateuch as signs of schools and communities in conflict. This chapter offers an introductory foundation for the following five chapters on biblical and ancient Near Eastern law. It demonstrates that the dominant approach to the critical study of biblical law—that is, as statutory law—is based on anachronistic, nineteenth-century notions of how law works and how legal texts are formulated. The chapter traces the history of legal thought in that century, and how it shaped (a better term might be distorted) how we view the ancient legal texts of the Bible and the Near East, and recovers premodern understandings of how law works and how legal texts are to be read in accordance with common-law jurisprudence.

Victorian Social Science: From Singular to Plural*

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence Goldman
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Social Science ◽  
Mass Culture ◽  
Social Evolution ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Christian Belief ◽  
New Model ◽  
The Third ◽  
History Of Social Science ◽  
History Of

This chapter provides an overview of the history of social science in Britain and the ways in which it was institutionalised in the nineteenth century. Nineteenth-century social science was the product of three great changes, intellectual, material and spiritual. The European Enlightenment stimulated the development of and institutionalisation of the natural sciences, creating a new model for the study of human societies. The material changes include the expansion of population, growth of industries and manufacturing and development of mass culture and democracy. Rationalism and industrialisation caused the third change, the decline of conventional Christian belief and worship. The chapter also analyses the ‘statistical movement’, a dominant genre of social science up to 1860, and social evolution, which provided the leading paradigm for sociological thinking from the mid-century onwards.

Cobet Revisited

Mnemosyne ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 70 (6) ◽  
pp. 1008-1039
Author(s):  
Bas van Bommel
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Textual Criticism ◽  
Classical Scholarship ◽  
The Past ◽  
Educational Framework ◽  
History Of

AbstractThis article argues that Cobet’s philological and text-critical work deserves to be understood on its own terms, rather than being dismissed for its inconsistency with prevailing conceptions of classical scholarship. As shown by his Latin programmatic writings, Cobet was a typical nineteenth-century humanist, who aimed to integrate contemporary scholarly values into a traditional educational framework. Both Cobet’s method of textual criticism and his determination to remain aloof from what are nowadays considered progressive developments in nineteenth-century classical scholarship make sense on the basis of his humanistic conviction that classical scholarship’s ultimate aim is to serve humane educational ends. The fact that Cobet’s humanistic educational writings have fallen into oblivion is the result of a tendency among modern classicists to measure the past by standards drawn from the present, a tendency that can be called the ‘Whig history of classical scholarship’.

scholarly journals Behind Closed Doors?

Aspasia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-60
Author(s):  
Cristina Diac
Keyword(s):  
Central Committee ◽  
Male Dominance ◽  
Spousal Violence ◽  
Official Discourse ◽  
Party Control ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
Party Members ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
State Socialist

This article explores the relationship between men, spousal violence, and politics in Romania in the 1950s and aims to analyze how the Romanian Communist Party (RCP), as an institution, dealt with spousal violence perpetrated by its officials. The RCP was a significant player within state socialist regime. Thus, the way the Party managed the discussed cases of spousal violence gives an idea about how gender relations functioned in reality, beyond the official discourse and the letter of the law. This article argues that spousal violence was the result of inequality within the family and a manifestation of patriarchy and male dominance. This analysis draws on files from the archive of the Committee of Party Control of the Central Committee of the RCP, which contains cases of Party members with a history of spousal violence.

scholarly journals Historical origins of legends about G. Skovoroda's and K. Ryleyev's staying in Osynivska church (Osynove village, Novopskovsky district, Luhansk region)

2020 ◽  
pp. 202-214
Author(s):  
Oleksandr Naboka ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Historical Science ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
National Movement ◽  
Political Views ◽  
The Family ◽  
Historical Authenticity ◽  
History Of ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
Further Development

The article deals with the historical authenticity of the legends about the philosopher Hryhoriy Skovoroda's and Decembrist Kindrat Ryleyev's stay in the Holy Dormition Church (Osinove village, Novopskovsky district, Luhansk region) in the XVIII – XIX centuries. The author notes that this issue is practically not reflected in Ukrainian historical science. Among the few studies, there are local lore articles by Novopskov local historian V. Yaroshenko, collected on the site „History of our region on the river Aidar and beyond!”. The author considers it necessary to fill this scientific gap, especially since its study, among other things, allows us to consider the historical preconditions for the formation of the Ukrainian national movement in the first half of the nineteenth century. The pedigree of the Ostrogozhsky colonels Tevyashev, whose efforts brought to the settlement of Osinovo and surrounding lands, as well as the construction of the Holy Dormition Church are considered in the article. It is noted that the Tevyashevs had permanent ties with G. Skovoroda (who visited their estates) and with K. Ryleyev, who was the son-in-law of a representative of the family – Mikhail Tevyashev. The process of formation of Tevyashev's political views is shown, which significantly influenced the process of formation of the Ukrainian national movement of the first half of the XIX century As a result of the study, the author concludes that the legends about the visit of G. Skovoroda and K. Ryleyev Osinivska Church are reflecting the real history of communication of these prominent figures of Ukrainian / Russian culture with representatives of the Slobozhansky Cossack family Tevyashev, who took a direct part in the process of creating both Osinovka and the Church of the Assumption on its territory. Note that this communication gave impetus and socio-political context to the further development of the national movement in Ukraine in the first half of the nineteenth century. The article notes that this topic will be systematically and comprehensively studied in future scientific publications.

Introduction

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tracy A. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Women's Rights ◽  
Legal History ◽  
Women’S Rights ◽  
Elizabeth Cady Stanton ◽  
Feminist Thought ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
Fifteenth Amendment

This chapter introduces Elizabeth Cady Stanton, the principal feminist thinker and women’s rights leader of the nineteenth century. It summarizes Stanton’s background, her work for suffrage with Susan B. Anthony, and modern backlash against her opposition to the Fifteenth Amendment. The chapter discusses Stanton’s complex philosophy of multiple feminisms, including liberal, cultural, and radical thought. It then focuses on Stanton’s work for family equality, integrating her feminist thought into a legal history of the family.

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