The Eastern Desert in the 1st Millennium bce and 1st Millennium ce

2021 ◽  
pp. 669-696
Author(s):  
Andrea Manzo
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Desert ◽  
Present Knowledge ◽  
Ancient World ◽  
Nile Valley ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
Ethiopian Plateau ◽  
Historical Processes ◽  
Environmental Setting ◽  
History Of ◽  
Written Sources

This chapter looks at the role played by the Eastern Desert and its inhabitants in the historical processes that affected northeastern Africa in the 1st millennium bce–1st millennium ce. The environmental setting and the factors limiting the present knowledge of the history of the region are outlined. The relevance of the Eastern Desert for the Nile valley regions and, in general, for the ancient world is stressed. The written sources on the region are discussed as well as the available archaeological data. Special emphasis is put on the relations between the inhabitants of the Eastern Desert and those of the Nile valley and on the role they played in the development of states, both in the Nile valley and on the Ethiopian plateau.

Middle Byzantine Parekklesia of Constantinople: Their History, Purpose, and New Data

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-78
Author(s):  
Halûk Çetinkaya
Keyword(s):  
Archaeological Data ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
Archaeological Excavations ◽  
Written Sources

Abstract Recent restoration projects in Istanbul have brought to light new evidence related to the middle Byzantine (843–1204) churches of Istanbul. In particular, archaeological excavations have exposed previously unknown parts of the monastic churches. This article provides a brief construction history of the middle Byzantine churches of Istanbul and their later additions, and elucidates the purpose for which the latter were built. Thus, together with written sources, archaeological data may improve our understanding of these constructions. In particular, this article discusses the recent discovery of a funerary chapel outside the Pantokrator complex and the parekklesia unearthed at Vefa Kilise Camii.

scholarly journals The history of the earliest rigid-structure saddles in the light of archaeological data from the Southern Aral Sea area

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 228-254
Author(s):  
V. Nikonorov ◽  
◽  
I. Arzhantseva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Ancient World ◽  
Aral Sea ◽  
Cattle Breeding ◽  
Rigid Structure ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
History Of ◽  
Sea Area

The article deals with terracotta statuettes of saddled horses and fantastic beasts coming from ar- chaeological sites of Chorasmia and its cattle-breeding periphery. Among them, a group of figurines with saddles of the so-called horned type stands out, which are well attested in iconographic and material pieces of evidence of the Roman Imperial era from Western Europe. A great importance of the invention of the “horned” saddles for the development of the art of warfare in the Ancient world during Hellenistic and subsequent times is emphasized, and a question of their invention in the Southern Aral Sea area is raised as well.

scholarly journals Die Landwirtschaft der arischen Völker aus der frühen Eisenzeit: Tiere und Menschen im vorachämenidischen Mittelasien1

Archaeofauna ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 119-128
Author(s):  
JOSÉ LUIS BLESA CUENCA
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Near East ◽  
Last Millennium ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
History Of ◽  
Frame Work ◽  
Central Asian Republics ◽  
Written Sources

The Iranian peoples, or Aryans as they called themselves, are the indisputable characters of the last millennium of the history of the Ancient Near East. How they began to take part in the history of Central Asia to become some of the most eminent rulers of Late Antiquity, is still difficult to follow today. Our intention in this paper is to collect the work on this subject of Soviet scholars and relate it with those carried out by archaeologists from different countries in cooperation with the Central Asian republics, particularly with our research within the frame- work of the Turkmen-Spanish archaeological Mission in Dahistan (Southwestern Turkmenistan). Through archaeological data, as well as through written sources, we will focus on the faunas that lived with these people, and put them in connection with the re-writing of the history of the so- called Median Empire.

scholarly journals To the question of the meaning of words τοῦ ἡμιολίου in economic inscriptions of Ai-Khanoum

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Ivan Korovchinskiy
Keyword(s):  
Economic History ◽  
Ancient World ◽  
Single Word ◽  
Hellenistic World ◽  
Source Studies ◽  
History Of ◽  
World Economic ◽  
The Subject ◽  
First Time ◽  
Written Sources

The subject of this research is the inscriptions 117 and 119 from Ai-Khanoum (Greco-Bactria, II century BC) according to numeration Corpus Inscriptionum Iranicarum (Part 2, Volume 1). It is very likely that they represent two copies of the same text, which survived in two variations. The goal of this work is to determine the meaning of words τοῦ ἡμιολίου appearing in these inscriptions, as well as the overall meaning of the inscriptions, the understanding of which depends on interpretation of these words. Relevance of such research is substantiated by the fact that the survived written sources on the economy of Greco-Bactria are extremely brief and fragmentary, therefore every single word matters for the scholars. The comparison of inscriptions of Al-Khanoum with the papyri of Zenon Archive is carried out for the first time. The papyri under consideration contain a range of textual parallels with the reviewed Greco-Bactrian inscriptions. It is concluded that based on the analogies from the mentioned Egyptian texts, the words τοῦ ἡμιολίου (verbatim “one and a half” in the genitive) are direct object to the words ἀπὸ κεραμίων δύο (“out of two amphorae”) and indicate pouring olive oil over from one amphora and half of another amphora. The author provides a new translation of the unified text of inscriptions 117 and 118. The field of application of the presented materials is the source studies of ancient world, economic history of Greco-Bactria, Hellenistic world and ancient world.

RUSSIAN VILLAGES OF THE 17TH-19TH CENTURIES IN THE SURROUNDINGS OF THE MIDDLE AGE HILLFORT OF ISKER

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 137-153
Author(s):  
Igor V. BALYUNOV
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Middle Age ◽  
Rural Settlements ◽  
Natural Boundary ◽  
Archaeological Collections ◽  
Historical Processes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Written Sources ◽  
Archaeological Monument

The medieval hillfort of Isker, the former capital of the Siberian Khanate of the 17th-19th centuries, is a significant archaeological monument, the late history of which was presented in fragmentary literature in the scientific literature. This article aims to fill in this lacune. In the 17th century many rural settlements appeared in Isker’s immediate vicinity, in connection with the intensive economic development of the Tobolsk Irtysh. At the same time, the territory of the settlement was often referred to as the “Old Siberia” in written sources. These reasons have led to contemporary studies repeatedly providing erroneous information about the Russian villages that stood on the territory of Isker in the 17th-19th centuries. Using written, cartographic, and archaeological sources, the author has accurately determined the number and names of rural settlements on the territory of the “Old Siberia” natural boundary, as well as their locations and the chronological framework of their existence. The data obtained allow to reasonably assert that several Russian villages stood quite close to the abandoned hillfort, but its site was not directly inhabited at a later time. Such a neighborhood slightly affected the composition of the archaeological collections of Isker. The results of comparative studies show that it was generally not typical for Russian settlers in the Tobolsk Irtysh region to erect yards on the sites of ancient hillforts. In addition, the work allowed describing the main historical processes that took place in the 17th-19th centuries on the territory of the “Old Siberia”.

Historiography and History Writing in the Ancient World

2020 ◽  
pp. 5-19
Author(s):  
Richard D. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Hebrew Bible ◽  
Ancient World ◽  
Careful Evaluation ◽  
History Writing ◽  
Literary Works ◽  
External Evidence ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ark Narrative ◽  
Written Sources

Historiography is a narrative that recounts a past derived from written and oral sources. History writers select, organize, and interpret past events to communicate significance and meaning. Biblical and other ancient historians favored a divine causation model to explain events. The Hittites had a sophisticated tradition of royal historiography. Mesopotamian culture recorded and wrote history in the form of inscriptions, king lists, chronographic or annalistic texts, and literary works. As comparative material, these texts help us understand the historical books of the Hebrew Bible and the sources used by their authors. Inscriptions sponsored by the kings of Syria-Palestine are also useful. The historical books used oral sources in the form of grave traditions, sanctuary legends, prophetic tales and miracle stories, heroic folktales, and songs. They also employed written sources of an administrative or archival nature such as rosters, king lists, district lists, and letters. Pre-existing narrative works of a literary nature were incorporated into the historical books, including an Ark Narrative, the Rise of David, an Elijah-Elisha cycle, and the Memoirs of Nehemiah. A legitimate history of Israel can be written on the basis of external evidence, archaeology, and a careful evaluation of the sources behind the historical books.

scholarly journals Armenia and the Land of the Mazkut‘ (3rd–5th Centuries AD): Written Sources and Archaeological Data

Electrum ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 221-244
Author(s):  
Murtazali S. Gadjiev
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Community ◽  
The Other ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
Strategic Value ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
Burial Mounds ◽  
The One ◽  
The Military ◽  
Written Sources

Since the early 4th century, ancient Armenian authors (P‘awstos Buzand, Movsēs Xorenac‘i, Agat‘angełos, Movsēs Dasxuranc‘i, the Ašxarac‘oyc) begin to mention the Land of the Mazk‘ut‘ (Arm. ašharh Mazk‘t‘acʻ), located in the East Caucasus. The Sarmato-Alan burial mounds of plain Daghestan of the 3rd–5th centuries (Lvov, Palasa-Syrt, etc.) are attributed to this ethnic community. In 216 AD these tribes invaded Armenia through the Derbent pass (Arm. durn Čoray) (Khorenatsi 2,65), and took part in the Armenian-Iranian war in the middle of the 3rd century. At the beginning of the 4th century the post of “bdeašx from the Mazk‘ut‘s” (Agatangełos. 874) appears in administrative apparatus of Armenia, which shows the military and strategic value of the Land of Mazk‘ut‘s. At the same time, the family dynastic ties are apparently established between the ruling houses of Armenia and the kingdom of the Mazk‘ut‘ (Ašxen, Ašxadar, Trdat, Sanesan, Xosrow). The importance of this kingdom can be seen by the events of the 330s’—the struggle for the Armenian throne after the king Trdat’s death in c. 330 AD, in which the different tribes led by Sanesan, the King of the Mazk‘ut‘, took active part. The discontinuance of the Mazk‘ut‘ burial mounds in the middle of the 5th century might be explained, on the one hand, by the possible annexation of the Mazk‘ut‘ by the Huns during the invasion of Transcaucasia and the seizure of the Derbent pass in circa 440 AD; on the other hand, by the subsequent forceful displacement of the Mazk‘ut‘s and the Huns from the territory to the south of Derbent along with the strengthening of Sasanian Iran in the East Caucasus in the 440s’ and regain of control over the Derbent pass, which can be traced both in written sources (Ełishe, History of Karka de Beth Selok) and fortification monuments (mud-brick fortifications of Derbent and Torpakh-kala).

Security and water on the Eastern Desert roads: the prefect Iulius Ursus and the construction of praesidia under Vespasian

2001 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 325-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Bagnall ◽  
A. Bülow-Jacobsen ◽  
H. Cuvigny
Keyword(s):  
Red Sea ◽  
Eastern Desert ◽  
Local Context ◽  
Nile Valley ◽  
The Road ◽  
Team Working ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time ◽  
Late Roman

During recent years several teams have surveyed and excavated along the roads between Coptos in the Nile Valley and the Red Sea. This article is the result of co-operation between two of them, namely the Dutch-American team working in Berenike since 1994 and the French team that has excavated stations on the Coptos–Myos Hormos road between 1994 and 1997 and later at Didymoi in the N end of the Coptos–Berenike road. A chance visit to Berenike gave the key to a deeper understanding of the origins and history of the road that leads there from Coptos, because an inscription, that could easily have been understood in a purely local context, was suddenly seen to have at least two rather exact, though almost illegible, parallels at other stations. The three inscriptions are published below, two of them for the first time.Sikayt is one of 10 forts that encircle Berenike from southwest to northwest (see fig. 1). These include: (1) a hill top fort at Shenshef; (2) a large hydreuma in Wadi Kalalat; (3) a small fort in Wadi Kalalat; (4) the fort at Sikayt; (5-9) 5 forts in Wadi Abu Greiya (Vetus Hydreuma); and (10) the small fort in Wadi Lahami. These forts range in date from Ptolemaic to late Roman. Some are only from one period, while others seem to span longer periods.

scholarly journals RELATIONS BETWEEN THE BASHKIRS AND THE VOLGA BULGARS IN THE 10TH–13TH CENTURIES

2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-145
Author(s):  
Salavat I. Khamidullin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Political Affiliation ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
Arab Muslim ◽  
History Of ◽  
Western European ◽  
Eastern European Countries ◽  
Written Sources

The article examines the history of relations between the Bashkirs and the Volga Bulgars based on written sources (Arab-Muslim, Mongolian and Western European) and archaeological data. The study analyzes the earliest historical information preserved in the geographical tradition of al-Balkhi, represented by such authors of the 10th century as al-Istakhri and Ibn Haukal, as well as in the work of the 12th century geographer al-Idrisi. Special attention is paid to the problem of political affiliation of the Сhiyalik culture tribes, which, according to most scientists, were of Ugric origin. On this basis, they are figuratively called “Eastern Hungarians” in historical literature. The article concludes that the majority of Сhiyalik tribes were a part of the Bashkir polity already in the 10th century. At least, the 13th century Western European authors (Rubruck, Plano Carpini) equated Bashkiria with “Great Hungary” (Magna Hungaria). However, some of Сhiyalik tribes recognized the suzerainty of the Volga Bulgars. These, apparently, should include the Bashkir tribe Bulyar, which corresponds to the “land of Bular”, mentioned in the Hungarian chronicle “Gesta Hungarorum” and by al-Gharnati (12th century) as a part of Volga Bulgaria. With the beginning of the Mongol invasion in the Ural-Volga region, the Bashkirs accepted the Chingissids’ offer of an alliance, after which they participated in the conquest of Volga Bulgaria and in campaigns on the territory of other Eastern European countries.

EPITAFIES OF THE RELATIVES OF HADJI IBRAHIM AL-URADI AS A SOURCE ON THE BIOGRAPHY OF THE SCIENTIST AND ON THE HISTORY OF GIDATL

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 13-21
Author(s):  
Sh M Khapizov ◽  
M G Shekhmagomedov
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Medieval History ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
The Past ◽  
Arabic Script ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Culture ◽  
The Look ◽  
Cultural Monuments ◽  
Written Sources

The article is devoted to the study of inscriptions on the gravestones of Haji Ibrahim al-Uradi, his father, brothers and other relatives. The information revealed during the translation of these inscriptions allows one to date important events from the history of Highland Dagestan. Also we can reconsider the look at some important events from the past of Hidatl. Epitaphs are interesting in and of themselves, as historical and cultural monuments that needed to be studied and attributed. Research of epigraphy data monuments clarifies periodization medieval epitaphs mountain Dagestan using record templates and features of the Arabic script. We see the study of medieval epigraphy as one of the important tasks of contemporary Caucasian studies facing Dagestani researchers. Given the relatively weak illumination of the picture of events of that period in historical sources, comprehensive work in this direction can fill gaps in our knowledge of the medieval history of Dagestan. In addition, these epigraphs are of great importance for researchers of onomastics, linguistics, the history of culture and religion of Dagestan. The authors managed to clarify the date of death of Ibrahim-Haji al-Uradi, as well as his two sons. These data, the attraction of written sources and legends allowed the reconstruction of the events of the second half of the 18th century. For example, because of the epidemic of plague and the death of most of the population of Hidatl, this society noticeably weakened and could no longer maintain its influence on Akhvakh. The attraction of memorable records allowed us to specify the dates of the Ibrahim-Haji pilgrimage to Mecca and Medina, as well as the route through which he traveled to these cities.

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