The Ancient Civilizations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
William R. Fowler
Keyword(s):  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Central American ◽  
European Contact ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current State ◽  
Northern Portion ◽  
Human Habitation ◽  
Ancient Civilizations ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Recurrent Theme

This chapter provides an interpretive synthesis of the current state of knowledge of the pre-Columbian civilizations of Central America from the time of earliest human habitation until European contact. In terms of cultural affinities, the northern portion of the area formed the southeastern periphery of the culture area of Mesoamerica, and the southern regions pertained to the Isthmo-Colombian area (or Intermediate Area). With its relatively high population density, the area is highly susceptible to volcanic, seismic, and climatic natural disasters such as droughts, tropical storms, flooding, and landslides, and the same was true in the past. A recurrent theme in the study of ancient Central American civilizations is the impact of natural disasters and societal responses to cataclysmic events.

Does crime affect entrepreneurship? A discussion of the current literature

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 254-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josh Matti ◽  
Amanda Ross
Keyword(s):  
Current Literature ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Agglomeration Economies ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Location Decision ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose There are countless factors that affect where an entrepreneur chooses to open a business that have been studied in the literature, including local socio-economic conditions, government policy, and agglomeration economies. One important aspect to the location decision that has not received as much attention from researchers thus far is the impact of crime on entrepreneurship. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the current literature on this topic, with a particular emphasis on the empirical issues present that have likely caused the research in this area to be scarce. Design/methodology/approach The authors conduct an analysis of the current state of the literature examining the relationship between crime and entrepreneurship. Looking at what has been done in the past, as well as improvements in the data, the authors discuss what has been done and what can be done in the future. Findings The authors discuss areas related to entrepreneurship and crime that the authors see as an emerging literature, based largely on the improvements in data and identification strategies that allow the authors to answer questions that the authors previously could not. Originality/value This paper is a review of the current literature, which also discusses areas that future researchers should consider and analyze further.

scholarly journals The complexity of maladaptation strategies to disasters: The case of Muzarabani, Zimbabwe

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Siduduziwe Ncube-Phiri ◽  
Chipo Mundavanhu ◽  
Blessing Mucherera
Keyword(s):  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Emergency Services ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Services Research ◽  
Vulnerable Communities ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Sustainable Utilisation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Collaborative Efforts

Over the past decade disasters have increased both in complexity and multiplicity, worseningthe plight of vulnerable communities the world over. Many communities have devised copingmechanisms to mitigate the impact, but communities such as Muzarabani in Zimbabweremain susceptible to disasters. This article seeks to analyse whether the coping measuresapplied make the communities safe from or vulnerable to disasters. Information was obtainedthrough interviews, questionnaires and observations from four villages in Chadereka in theMuzarabani district. The results of this study indicated that households, government andnon-governmental organisations have come up with different mitigation strategies, suchas growing crops along river beds, livestock production, raised granaries and doorsteps,flood evacuation shelters and other emergency services. Research revealed that althoughviable, some of the strategies increased the community’s vulnerability. This article thereforerecommends sustainable utilisation of resources, and collaborative efforts to address the rootcauses, dynamic pressures and unsafe conditions in order to reduce the vulnerability of poorcommunities to natural disasters.

scholarly journals Human Atrial Cell Models to Analyse Haemodialysis-Related Effects on Cardiac Electrophysiology: Work in Progress

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisa Passini ◽  
Simonetta Genovesi ◽  
Stefano Severi
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Electrophysiology ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
The Past ◽  
Plasma Electrolyte ◽  
Current State ◽  
Atrial Electrophysiology ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Atrial Cell ◽  
Extracellular Environment

During haemodialysis (HD) sessions, patients undergo alterations in the extracellular environment, mostly concerning plasma electrolyte concentrations, pH, and volume, together with a modification of sympathovagal balance. All these changes affect cardiac electrophysiology, possibly leading to an increased arrhythmic risk. Computational modeling may help to investigate the impact of HD-related changes on atrial electrophysiology. However, many different human atrial action potential (AP) models are currently available, all validated only with the standard electrolyte concentrations used in experiments. Therefore, they may respond in different ways to the same environmental changes. After an overview on how the computational approach has been used in the past to investigate the effect of HD therapy on cardiac electrophysiology, the aim of this work has been to assess the current state of the art in human atrial AP models, with respect to the HD context. All the published human atrial AP models have been considered and tested for electrolytes, volume changes, and different acetylcholine concentrations. Most of them proved to be reliable for single modifications, but all of them showed some drawbacks. Therefore, there is room for a new human atrial AP model, hopefully able to physiologically reproduce all the HD-related effects. At the moment, work is still in progress in this specific field.

scholarly journals Modern Problems and Prospects for the Development of the Insurance Market in the Russian Federation

2021 ◽  
pp. 84-95
Author(s):  
Elena Gushchina ◽  
Valeria Vinogradova
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Monopolistic Competition ◽  
Insurance Market ◽  
Barriers To Entry ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Further Development

The role of insurance in a person’s life is undoubtedly great because it serves as the most effective tool in case of loss of property, health problems, business protection, etc. The purpose of the article is to assess the current state of the insurance market in Russia and identify problems that arise during its functioning. The research methodology consists in summarizing and comparing data characterizing various components of the insurance market. The article analyzes the current state of the insurance market in Russia with a falling number of insurers by more than 20 % over the past 3 years, the share of top insurers continues to grow every year, over the past 3 years the growth has amounted to 12 %. Calculations that indicate a change in the level of concentration in the insurance market of the Russian Federation have been made. Based on the results of the analysis, it was concluded that there is monopolistic competition in the market. The main factors influencing the level of competition in the market under consideration, namely, barriers to entry into the industry and their impact, were studied Due to the relevance of the research, the analysis of the impact the pandemic has on the Russian insurance market was carried out and the prospects for the development of the market were considered. Identifying the weaknesses of insurers made it possible to determine the priority areas for further development: intensive digital transformation of business, marketing, advertising.

scholarly journals Pan-African Judgments on the Gulf Investments in Oppressive Governments

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Mahgoub El-Tigani Mahmoud
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Foreign Investors ◽  
The Past ◽  
Pan African ◽  
Accessible Information ◽  
Gulf States ◽  
African Charter ◽  
Ancient Civilizations ◽  
The Impact ◽  
African Setting

The African ancient civilizations played influential roles in global trade and power relations; in recent histories and contemporary times, persistent failures of dependent economies and political leaderships underdeveloped the continent by oppression and manipulative investments. Focusing on the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, our paper applied a Pan-Africanist framework to assess the impact of Gulf States’ investments on the African setting. The paper stressed the predetermined cycle of investments that exchanged massive flows of the collected and/or accumulated surpluses into the Gulf, Chinese, and other foreign investors, whereas the poorest African most targeted recipients were the least benefitted. Despite the ambiguity and scarcity of accessible information on the Gulf/African businesses, we have heavily drawn available facts from United Nations and international sources, as well as critical views by Pan- African scholars, human rights’ activists, and political opponents. To ensure sustainable development free of exploitation and abuse of authority for the African peoples, foreign investors should avoid the past colonial and/or neocolonial ventures that dispossessed the land and manpower of the Continent, reinstated wealth-and-power thirst rulers in authoritative systems of rule, and impoverished indigenous farmers and the low-income workers and professionals with lasting poverty.

scholarly journals Enteroviral infections in the Republic of Belarus

2014 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 37-43
Author(s):  
T. V Amvroseva ◽  
N. V Poklonskaya ◽  
V. L Zueva ◽  
Z. F Bogush ◽  
K. L Dedyulya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Disease Outbreak ◽  
Morbidity Rate ◽  
Epidemic Process ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current State ◽  
Epidemiological Features ◽  
Seasonal Factors ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Impact

In the article there has been analyzed the current state of the problem of non-polio enteroviral infections (EVIs) in humans in the Republic of Belarus. There are reported clinical and epidemiological features of the development of the epidemic process, there is presented the dynamics of morbidity rate in the past decade, there is described the structure for the recorded in recent years EVIs in the context ofadministrative territories, clinicalforms, age groups, the impact of seasonal factors. The particular attention is given to the characteristic of disease outbreak with a description of its dominant pathogens. There are recommended the best ways of improving the surveillance of this group of infections.

scholarly journals Topical issues of legal regulation of labor relations in the educational sector in the context of the pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 210 ◽  
pp. 18100
Author(s):  
Tatyana Moskaleva
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Labor Relations ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
World Community ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current State ◽  
The World ◽  
Real Phenomenon ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of this study is to identify the dependence of the impact of the pandemic on changes in the regulation of labor relations in the educational sector. At present, serious changes have taken place not only in our country, but also in the world community as a whole. This is primarily due to the spread of the coronavirus pandemic, which has affected all areas of society. The educational process is no exception. The coronavirus pandemic has triggered a transformation of the educational process, at all levels. In the past year, this term has become one of the most widely used terms to describe the current state of the world that affects areas of society. The consequences of the pandemic are felt everywhere, it is a real phenomenon. Today, we can talk about the impact of the pandemic on economic, political, cultural, and international relations, which extends beyond any traditional borders. Changes in these areas are common to all States. Understanding the nature and direction of this phenomenon can help to form new principles of interaction between individual segments of society, as well as between community and the state.

scholarly journals A Canadian Massage Therapy Education Environmental Scan

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 12-24
Author(s):  
Amanda Baskwill, PhD, MSc, BEd, RMT ◽  
Bryn Sumpton, BScN ◽  
Stacey Shipwright, BA(Hons), RMT ◽  
Lynda Atack, PhD ◽  
Janet Maher, PhD
Keyword(s):  
Massage Therapy ◽  
Recent Change ◽  
Environmental Scan ◽  
Program Accreditation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current State ◽  
Therapy Education ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Potential Challenge

Background: Massage therapists have been a part of Canadian’s health care since 1919. The profession has gone through great change over the past 100 years including adjustments to entry-to-practice education. An important recent change was the implementation of massage therapy (MT) education program accreditation. In light of the likely disruption as a result of programs becoming accredited, a scan of the current state of MT education in Canada was undertaken. Methods: An environmental scan informed by seminal medical education efforts was used to describe the thoughts and opinions of MT education stakeholders in Canada. Specifically, stakeholders were interviewed regarding the current state of MT education and their comments were analyzed for common themes. Results: Twenty-one stakeholders participated. Four themes were constructed: variation, isolation, stagnation, and accreditation. Variation is described as the impact of differences in content and quality of the education provided in MT colleges. Isolation is described as the feeling of the participant being separated, or disconnected, from the regulator, accreditor, or colleagues due, at least in part, to a lack of communication or networking opportunities. Stagnation is described as a lack of activity, growth, or development within MT education. Participants talked about accreditation, both as a solution for some of the challenges previously mentioned, and as a potential challenge in itself. Conclusions: Several challenges to MT education were described by stakeholders that they hoped would be remedied by national MT program accreditation. Despite some limitations, this environmental scan forms a baseline for stakeholder views on massage education in Canada upon which future comparisons can be made. While the environmental scan results are most useful when applied to the MT in Canada context, stakeholders in other countries may also find them interesting and valuable when considering challenges facing their own education programs.

Axial Spondyloarthritis

2016 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare Professionals ◽  
Axial Spondyloarthritis ◽  
Clinical Expertise ◽  
Sacroiliac Joints ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current State ◽  
Research Programmes ◽  
Active Research ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Impact

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory arthritis affecting mainly the sacroiliac joints and spine, resulting in pain, stiffness, and reduced movement. Over the past decade there have been major advances in many aspects of the disease, including a broadening of the disease description to axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA). While the many advances have transformed the lives of patients with axSpA, they have also increased complexity for non-specialists in this area. This handbook contains a timely update of the key developments and current state of play in axSpA. It is intended primarily for the many healthcare professionals who encounter patients with this condition, in both primary and secondary care settings. It will also be of interest to the wider medical and research community.The handbook is written by rheumatologists with active research programmes and clinical expertise in these conditions. The topics covered include: • the clinical features • extra-articular manifestations and complications • the impact on patients’ lives • the major advances in genetics and pathogenesis • imaging advances • classification criteria and diagnosis (and the important differences between these) • treatment advances (particularly TNF inhibitors and upcoming biologics)

scholarly journals Topical issues of legal regulation of labor relations in the educational sector in the context of the pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 210 ◽  
pp. 18031
Author(s):  
Tatyana Moskaleva
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Labor Relations ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
World Community ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current State ◽  
The World ◽  
Real Phenomenon ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of this study is to identify the dependence of the impact of the pandemic on changes in the regulation of labor relations in the educational sector. At present, serious changes have taken place not only in our country, but also in the world community as a whole. This is primarily due to the spread of the coronavirus pandemic, which has affected all areas of society. The educational process is no exception. The coronavirus pandemic has triggered a transformation of the educational process, at all levels. In the past year, this term has become one of the most widely used terms to describe the current state of the world that affects areas of society. The consequences of the pandemic are felt everywhere, it is a real phenomenon. Today, we can talk about the impact of the pandemic on economic, political, cultural, and international relations, which extends beyond any traditional borders. Changes in these areas are common to all states. Understanding the nature and direction of this phenomenon can help to form new principles of interaction between individual segments of society, as well as between community and the state.

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