With All Due Respect

2019 ◽  
pp. 53-76
Author(s):  
Mark D. White
Keyword(s):  
Immanuel Kant ◽  
Moral Philosophy ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Kantian Ethics ◽  
Policy Recommendations ◽  
Individual Choice ◽  
Individual Decision ◽  
Policy Issues ◽  
The Individual

Mainstream economics is essentially utilitarian, both in the motivations it ascribes to individual decision-makers as well as in welfare economics and policy recommendations. But utilitarianism is widely criticized, especially regarding its failure to recognize the value of the individual or recognize meaningful rights. This chapter incorporates into economics the deontological moral philosophy of Immanuel Kant, which emphasizes principle and rights above preferences and welfare. After introducing the basic elements of Kant’s moral, it shows how Kantian ethics can be worked into the standard economic model of choice, allowing the agent to make principled decisions alongside prudential ones. It then surveys several areas of economics in which a Kantian approach can make a significant contribution, including instances of individual choice in which ethical factors are likely to be particularly important, as well as policy issues which are inherently ethical in nature, including the way the state intervenes in market activity.

scholarly journals Advance Purchase Discounts for Supply Chain Finance System Coordination

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (23) ◽  
pp. 10156
Author(s):  
Roberta Pellegrino ◽  
Nicola Costantino ◽  
Danilo Tauro
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Decentralized Control ◽  
Consumer Goods ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Best Interests ◽  
Individual Decision ◽  
Customer Demand ◽  
Supply Chain Finance ◽  
Fortune 100 ◽  
The Individual

The purpose of this paper is to study how advanced information about customer needs obtained through an Advance Purchase Discount (APD) contract can be exploited to coordinate the capital flow and enhance the efficiency of a two-stage supply chain (SC) under decentralized control in cases of stochastic customer demand. We developed an APD model in the form of an option contract, where the model and evaluation include the flexibility for the upstream firm to decide whether to provide a discount for an advance purchase at its own discretion. Applying the model to a Fortune 100 company, a leader in the Fast Mover Consumer Goods (FMCG) industry, showed that under certain conditions, and with suitably chosen contract parameters, management of decentralized control via APD contracts can lead to system-wide efficiency, and the individual decision makers pursue their own best interests, ensuring a win-win condition.

Utility Estimation of a Set of States of Health

1977 ◽  
Vol 16 (03) ◽  
pp. 168-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. I. Card ◽  
M. Rusinkiewicz ◽  
C. I. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Utility Function ◽  
Decision Maker ◽  
The State ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Individual Decision ◽  
Middle State ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Utility Estimation

A decision maker was presented with three states of health, such that an imaginary patient was in the middle state while the two other states could be described as more preferred and less preferred. The decision maker was then asked to choose the minimal odds at which he would advise an operation which would result in success, the patient moving into the more preferred state, or failure, the patient moving into the less preferred state. Eight decision makers were tested in this way and each made 24 such wagers on a set of three states chosen from a total set of eight; each of these states differed unidimen sionally only in the visual acuity of the remaining eye in the imaginary patient. If the utility of I is arbitrarily assigned to the state of perfect vision, and the utility of 0 to the state of non-perception of light, estimates of the utilities of the intervening states can then be made. The utility function for each decision maker was constructed and was found to be linear against the logarithm of the visual acuity. From this it follows that if all decision makers, e.g. ophthalmic surgeons, show such linearity, they will all choose the same odds before deciding whether to operate and these odds are independent of the utilities which the individual decision maker attaches to the different states of health.

Utility Estimation of a Set of States of Health

1977 ◽  
Vol 16 (03) ◽  
pp. 168-175
Author(s):  
W. I. Card ◽  
M. Rusinkiewicz ◽  
C. I. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Utility Function ◽  
Decision Maker ◽  
The State ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Individual Decision ◽  
Middle State ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Utility Estimation

A decision maker was presented with three states of health, such that an imaginary patient was in the middle state «‘hile the two other states could be described as more preferred and less preferred. The decision maker was then asked to choose the minimal odds at which he would advise an operation which would result in success, the patient moving into the more preferred state, or failure, the patient moving into the less preferred state. Eight decision makers were tested in this way and each made 24 such wagers on a set of three states chosen from a total set of eight; each of these states differed unidimen-sionally only in the visual acuity of the remaining eye in the imaginary patient. If the utility of 1 is arbitrarily assigned to the state of perfect vision, and the utility of 0 to the state of non-perception of light, estimates of the utilities of the intervening states can then be made. The utility function for each decision maker was constructed and was found to be linear against the logarithm of the visual acuity. From this it follows that if all decision makers, e.g. ophthalmic surgeons, show such linearity, they will all choose the same odds before deciding whether to operate and these odds are independent of the utilities which the individual decision maker attaches to the different states of health.

ENTREPRENEURIAL ALERTNESS AND PAYING ATTENTION

2013 ◽  
Vol 21 (01) ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
DAVE VALLIERE
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Psychology ◽  
Strategic Management ◽  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Individual Decision ◽  
Entrepreneurial Alertness ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

This article uses theoretical approaches from cognitive psychology to examine the basis for entrepreneurial alertness and to connect it to existing theories of attention in strategic management and decision-making. It thereby provides a theoretical basis for understanding how entrepreneurial alertness leads the individual to pay attention to new opportunities. A model is developed to show how attention and entrepreneurial alertness work together to support the recognition or creation of opportunities. Entrepreneurial alertness is believed to be a manifestation of differences in the schemata and cognitive frameworks that individuals use to make sense of changes in the environment. This suggests that entrepreneurial alertness mediates the impact of observed phenomena upon the situated attention of individual decision-makers.

What is Politics? Robinson Crusoe, Deep Ecology and Immanuel Kant

Politics ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tony Burns
Keyword(s):  
Immanuel Kant ◽  
Moral Philosophy ◽  
Deep Ecology ◽  
Kantian Ethics ◽  
Robinson Crusoe ◽  
Solitary Individual ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
Ecological Understanding

This article considers the nature of politics. Robinson Crusoe is used to show that even the broadest understanding of politics found in the literature is inadequate, for the situation of Crusoe on his island is a political situation even though he is completely alone. An analogy is drawn between the deep ecological understanding of politics and the moral philosophy of Immanuel Kant. For Kantian ethics, also, is built on the idea of a solitary individual who is at least existentially isolated. It is concluded that what makes any situation political is the fact that in it some policy is required.

Die Wirklichkeit des Sittlichen

2008 ◽  
Vol 2008 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Kersting
Keyword(s):  
Social Environment ◽  
Moral Philosophy ◽  
Discourse Ethics ◽  
Moral Knowledge ◽  
Moral Principle ◽  
Pure Reason ◽  
Kantian Ethics ◽  
Hermeneutic Approach ◽  
The Given ◽  
Moral Convictions

Within the Kantian ethics consciousness of the moral principle is a fact of reason which cannot be grounded in any antecedent data, empirical or rational. Hegel however argues that the fact of reason is necessarily embedded in the fact of „Sittlichkeit“, that a pure reason is an empty and chimerical construction, that moral knowledge is unavoidably rootet in the contingent moral convictions of the given cultural and social environment. This essay defends Hegel’s critique of Kant’s moral philosophy and – by generalizing Hegel’s hermeneutic approach – sketches the outlines of an explicatory concept of ethics which contradicts the scientistic understanding of moral philosophy characteristic for Kant, the utilitarianism and the supporters of discourse ethics likewise.

Gewalt und Kommunikation

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-28
Author(s):  
Jens Bonnemann
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Moral Philosophy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Practical Philosophy ◽  
Valuable Contribution ◽  
Human Species ◽  
Normal Case ◽  
Jean Paul ◽  
Philosophy Of Dialogue ◽  
The Individual

In ethics, when discussing problems of justice and a just social existence one question arises obviously: What is the normal case of the relation between I and you we start from? In moral philosophy, each position includes basic socio-anthropological convictions in that we understand the other, for example, primarily as competitor in the fight for essential resources or as a partner in communication. Thus, it is not the human being as isolated individual, or as specimen of the human species or socialised member of a historical society what needs to be understood. Instead, the individual in its relation to the other or others has been studied in phenomenology and the philosophy of dialogue of the twentieth century. In the following essay I focus on Martin Buber’s and Jean-Paul Sartre’s theories of intersubjectivity which I use in order to explore the meaning of recognition and disrespect for an individual. They offer a valuable contribution to questions of practical philosophy and the socio-philosophical diagnosis of our time.

Teaching the Moral Analysis of Policy Issues

1983 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Douglas Amy
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Moral Philosophy ◽  
College Experience ◽  
College President ◽  
Ethical Sensitivity ◽  
Policy Issues ◽  
College Curriculum ◽  
Meaning And Purpose ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Senior Students

“Throughout most of the 19th century the most important course in the college curriculum was moral philosophy, taught usually by the college president and required of all senior students. The moral philosophy course was regarded as the capstone of the curriculum. It aimed to pull together, to integrate, and to give meaning and purpose to the student's entire college experience and course of study. In so doing it even more importantly sought to equip the graduating seniors with the ethical sensitivity and insight needed in order to put their newly acquired knowledge to use in ways that would benefit not only themselves and their own personal achievement, but the larger society as well.” Douglas Sloan

Applications of Web-QFD and E-Delphi method in the higher education system

2004 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 245-256
Author(s):  
Shun-Hsing Chen ◽  
Ching-Chow Yang
Keyword(s):  
Education System ◽  
Delphi Method ◽  
Quality Function Deployment ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Total Quality ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Team Members ◽  
Higher Education System ◽  
The Individual

Quality function deployment (QFD) is an essential tool in implementing total quality management (TQM). This study applies a Web-QFD approach using group decision-making analysis in the Web environment to reduce the complicated data collection, aggregation and analysis processes. A Web-based questionnaire is designed by using an active service pages (ASP) involving the Internet relay chat (IRC) technique and the Delphi method with Internet (E-Delphi) to determine the importance degree of the customers' requirements. However, the traditional Delphi method is time-consuming mission. This study applies the proposed Web-QFD approach to efficiently gather the individual opinions of each team member, the requirements that are critical for customers, and then enables decision makers to accurately assess the priorities of these requirements. An empirical example of an education system in Taiwan is employed to demonstrate the practicability of the proposed Web-QFD model. This real world example involves team members communicating easily and quickly with other experts in the team through the Internet to accelerate the reaching of a consensus among multiple decision makers regardless of where their location. Customers' requirements can be rapidly prioritized based on the assessment results.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document