The Politics of Police Accountability

2021 ◽  
pp. 718-736
Author(s):  
Vicky Conway
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Police Accountability ◽  
Three Phases

This chapter centres on examining the politics of police accountability, and how this topic has been politicized in Ireland. The inevitability of politicization is reflected on, while also exploring how this can be done in the most democratically positive way. The argument is made that the nature of the state can be determinative in shaping the mechanisms of accountability adopted, and that in Ireland colonialism is central to this. It argues that three phases of politicization can be identified: colonial, postcolonial, and post-postcolonial. Both structures, cases, tribunals, and commentary are analysed in order to make this argument. The chapter suggests what post-postcolonialism looks like in this context, and what its ramifications may be.

Is Expenditure by States for Development Compromised to Ensure Compliance of Fiscal Targets? A Study of Indian States

2020 ◽  
pp. 097674792096687
Author(s):  
H. K. Dwivedi ◽  
Sudip Kumar Sinha
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Capital Account ◽  
General Category ◽  
Fiscal Deficit ◽  
Fiscal Consolidation ◽  
Indian States ◽  
Corrective Measures ◽  
Additional Amount ◽  
Three Phases

This article examines the interlinkage between fiscal consolidation targets and states’ developmental expenditure under capital account. While fiscal consolidation targets have enabled states to take corrective measures to reduce deficit under the revenue account, the effect of the same is studied on developmental expenditure under capital account. For analysis, the fiscal deficit and developmental expenditure under the capital account have been compared with the fiscal deficit targets and general category states’ average benchmarks for fiscal indicators for three phases (corresponding to the periods of three finance commissions). It is argued, that, while fiscal consolidation has helped to improve the state finances, the stringent fiscal targets have further reduced the developmental expenditure under capital account. In view of this, it is suggested that the states, which are historically stressed, should be allowed to borrow an additional amount of 0.25 per cent of GSDP each year over and above the existing limit, provided these states make efforts to reduce deficit under revenue account and spend the extra borrowings on developmental expenditure under capital account.

scholarly journals Moving Toward Neo-Totalitarianism: A Political-Sociological Analysis of the Evolution of Administrative Absorption of Society in China

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoguang Kang
Keyword(s):  
Nonprofit Organizations ◽  
Nonprofit Sector ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sociological Analysis ◽  
State Capitalism ◽  
Laws And Policies ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Three Phases

AbstractChina recently promulgated and revised a number of laws, regulations and measures to regulate the nonprofit sector. All these administrative efforts increase support for Chinese nonprofit organizations (NPOs) on the one hand and put unprecedented pressure on them on the other. The seemingly contradictory effects are actually based on the same logic of Administrative Absorption of Society (AAS). This article proposes three phases in the development of AAS: an subconscious phase, a theory-modeling phase, and an institutionalization phase. The institutionalization of AAS has led to the rise of neo-totalitarianism, which is featured by state capitalism, unlimited government, and a mixed ideology of Marxism and Confucianism. Neo-totalitarianism further strengthens AAS and has begun to reshape the relationship between the state and the nonprofit sector. This article analyzes China’s nonprofit policymaking from a sociopolitical perspective, and clarifies the context, the characteristics, and the evolution of laws and policies in the nonprofit sector in macrocosm.

scholarly journals The Evolving Structure of Civil Society and the State in Pakistan

1997 ◽  
Vol 36 (4II) ◽  
pp. 743-762 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Qadeer
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Interest Groups ◽  
Special Interest ◽  
The State ◽  
Intermediate Level ◽  
Special Interest Groups ◽  
Three Phases

The 'Civil Society' is the newest factor in the development equation, and the strengthening of civil society is• the latest addition to the agenda of development. This emphasis necessitates a probe into the structure of Pakistan's civil society. The civil society in Pakistan-or anywhere else-has both the traditional and modern components. It is made up of institutions and organisations that stand between the state and the individuals as well as communities. They regulate the collective life at the intermediate level and act as mobilisers of people's opinions and actions. Pakistan's civil society is not entirely constituted by NGOs and special interest groups. It has Beradaris, bazaar associations, and NGOs. The .paper offers two conclusions: (I) Pakistans civil society has evolved through three phases .and is divided in the traditional. and modern tracks. In recent times, it has fractured along ethnic and sectarian lines and the denominational interests have come to dominate. (2) The state and the civil society evolve in tandem. Without an effective state, there can not be a strong and democratic civil society.

History, Culture, Revolution, and Chinese Constitutionalism

2018 ◽  
pp. 198-208
Author(s):  
Zhao Xiaoli
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Historical Narrative ◽  
Chinese People ◽  
Ancient China ◽  
Great Learning ◽  
The World ◽  
The Common ◽  
Three Phases

In this chapter, the author offers a commentary on Su Li's account of the constitution of ancient China. He discusses the importance of Su Li's research by citing the Preamble to the 1982 Constitution, which implies that the Chinese people have a “glorious revolutionary tradition”; the revolutions since the 1840s are the continuation of this tradition. He notes that the Common Program of 1949 as well as the 1954, 1975, 1978, and 1982 Constitutions all start with historical narrative. The author also addresses the issue of time in Constitutions, and describes the Chinese constitution as a historical entity with the three phases of past, present, and future. Finally, he examines the three constitutional issues that Su Li claimed were facing ancient China and which correspond to the three phrases of the Great Learning: to run one's household, govern the state, and bring peace to the world under heaven.

Research on the Optimization of Ni/Si Atomic Ratio for Cu-Ni-Si Alloys with High Strength and High Electrical Conductivity

2011 ◽  
Vol 695 ◽  
pp. 344-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Jia ◽  
Hui Xie ◽  
Zhen Lin Lu ◽  
Xiao Wang ◽  
Ya Ling Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Atomic Ratio ◽  
The State ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
High Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Cu Content ◽  
Equilibrium Solidification ◽  
Three Phases

Two sets of Cu-Ni-Si alloys with different Cu contents and Ni/Si atomic ratios were fabricated under the state of near-equilibrium solidification. The microstructures were observed by SEM and phase compositions were identified by XRD. The electrical conductivity and hardness were tested by Eddy-Conductivity Apparatus (ECA) and Digital Rockwell Hardmeter, respectively. The experimental results show that all the researched Cu-Ni-Si alloys are consisted of three phases, i.e. α-Cu(Ni,Si), Ni3Si and δ-Ni2Si. With the increase of Ni/Si atomic ratio, the amount of Ni3Si decreases persistently but that of δ-Ni2Si and electrical conductivity increases firstly and then decreases, the hardness decreases firstly and then increases following by a decrease finally. Both the electrical conductivity and hardness reach a relativity highest value when the Ni/Si atomic ratios are 2.6:1 and 2.4:1 for Cu-Ni-Si alloys with 95wt.% and 90wt.% Cu content respectively.

scholarly journals PROTOTYPE GROUNDING DETECTOR PADA GROUND CLUSTER DENGAN SISTEM INTERLOCKPADALBS (LOAD BREAK SWITCH) BERBASIS ARDUINO MEGA 2560 DENGAN TAMPILAN HMI (HUMAN MACHINE INTERFACE)

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Bambang Handoko Pasaribu ◽  
Iman Setiono
Keyword(s):  
Social Economic ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Human Machine Interface ◽  
The State ◽  
Voltage Sensor ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Machine Interface ◽  
Work Accidents ◽  
Three Phases

Electricity has become a daily necessity in the community both social, economic and business. Therefore electricity is needed every day and it is the reliability of PLN. To fulfill such reliability While the reliability of electrical energy should be followed by inspection on the equipment used. PLN field employees themselves who every day always do inspection on the network of all the repeaters, so that field officers always know the state of the network in the field. If the network looks bad or requires maintenance it will be scheduled to do the job. Before the holding of the work it will be done in the first outage area is to operate the switching tool didaerah area. The switching tools are ABSW and LBS. After all the swithing tools are operated the workers always do the grounding first on the three phases by using ground clusters at the starting point to the end of the work where if transmitted so called PMS ground. This is done as a safety because the LBS switching tool is closed so that workers are not sure if the network has been extinguished and as a safety if LBS failed to work or failure. But here the worker himself sometimes still not sure whether the ground cluster is already installed properly or not. And as a safeguard against the occurrence of any maneuvering done by employees from the office Rayon. Therefore the author wants to make a prototype to detect whether grounding is installed properly or not in every phase. The prototype uses Arduino mega as its micron and uses a voltage sensor to find out the value of the voltage. If the ground claster is installed and work fails on LBS then the OCR relay will work and PMT will trip. With the prototype is expected to improve security in the work and minimize the occurrence of work accidents. This prototype has a 0% chance of a crash if the ground cluster is properly installed. Keywords: Arduino Mega, Ground Detector, OCR relay, Voltage Sensor. 

The robustness of Botne and Kershner aspectual classes in Nyamwezi

2021 ◽  
Vol 74 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 507-532
Author(s):  
Ponsiano Sawaka Kanijo
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
State Change ◽  
Result State ◽  
Bantu Languages ◽  
Phase Nucleus ◽  
Bantu Language ◽  
Three Phases

Abstract The framework proposed in the works of Robert Botne and Tiffany Kershner has been widely used to classify verbs in Bantu languages. In this framework, verbs encode events which consist of maximally three phases: onset (represents the coming-to-be phase), nucleus (represents the state change itself; can also be represented as a coming-to-be phase if the verb lacks an onset) and coda (represents the result-state phase). Hence, verbs are defined depending on which phases they encode and whether particular phases are punctual or durative. The phasal structures of verbs can be diagnosed using various tests. The application of these diagnostics to Nyamwezi (a Tanzanian Bantu language, [nym]) produces three significant variations. First, Botne and Kershner’s conception of statives as events with no phasal structure is not tenable in Nyamwezi. The tests show that in Nyamwezi, statives have structure. Second, some classes described in Botne and Kershner do not occur in Nyamwezi. Third, in Botne and Kershner’s works, classes are described depending on whether particular phases are punctual or durative. In addition to this characteristic, the classes in Nyamwezi can also be described depending on whether particular phases are dynamic or static, and whether the result state is permanent or reversible.

Filter pruning - deeper layers need fewer filters

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Heng Wang ◽  
Xiang Ye ◽  
Yong Li
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Redundancy Analysis ◽  
Deep Neural Networks ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Existing Structures ◽  
Pruning Strategy ◽  
Treat All ◽  
Three Phases

Model pruning aims to reduce the parameter amount of deep neural networks while retaining the performance. Existing strategies often treat all layers equally and all layers simply share the same pruning rate. However, it is observed from our experiments that the redundancy degree differs from layer to layer. Based on this observation, this work proposes a pruning strategy depending on the layer-wise redundancy degree. Firstly, we define the redundancy degree for each layer by the norm and similarity redundancy of filters. Then a novel layer-wise strategy, Redundancy-dependent Filter Pruning (RedFiP), is proposed which prunes different proportion of filters at different layers according to the defined redundancy degree. Since the redundancy analysis and experimental results of RedFiP show that deeper layers need fewer filters, a phase-wise strategy, Phased Filter Pruning (PFP), is proposed that divides the layers into three phases and layers in each phase share the same pruning rate. The phase-wise PFP allows the layer-wise RedFiP to be easily implemented in existing structures of deep neural networks. Experimental results show that when total parameters are pruned by 40%, RedFiP outperforms the state-of-the-art strategy FPGM-Mixed by 1.83% on CIFAR-100, and even slightly outperforms the non-pruned model by 0.11% on CIFAR-10. On ImageNet-1k, RedFiP (30%) and PFP (30%) outperform FPGM-Mixed (30%) by 1.3% and 0.8% with ResNet-18.

THE CONCEPT OF THE MIDDLE AGE IN THE ISLAMIC WEST TRY TO ROOTING

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 224-233
Author(s):  
Rachid EL YAMLOULI
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Golden Age ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Middle Age ◽  
The State ◽  
Islamic World ◽  
Political Inquiry ◽  
The Middle Ages ◽  
Three Phases

This effort is based on a systematic and cognitive conviction that the investigation problem of investigation does not depend on the purely technical dimension, but rather on a rereading of the Middle Ages concerned by the study, a political reading in the light of indicators capable of explaining the nature of stability, or the transformation / change in the stages that marked the Middle Ages. And if the obsession behind this affair is to circumvent the quadruple or dynastic survey that was implemented out in the survey of the middle Ages. Without taking into account the facts and phenomena supporting the accounting or rejection of this division, then the work is, in essence repose to the rejection of the two previous surveys because of their methodological limitations and shortcomings cognitive. And then think that the medieval age and in the western wing of the Islamic world is not in phase with its historical half, the quadruple European investigation of the differentiation in the mechanisms of measurement and its principles, and latent in the requirements of the same era and its indicators, which allowed the possibility of a political inquiry based on the basis of the foundations of the state And its characteristics, and I intended to distinguish between the sectarian era-tribal and religious, and its evolution towards symbolic "sectarianism" based on symbolic connections, including honor, trust tee ship and jihad, to conclude that this golden age is subject in its nature to three phases which are not necessarily homogeneous, the founding period, and the era of qualitative transformation and the era of turning point and transformation

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