The Formation and Development of Liberal Democracies

2020 ◽  
pp. 54-75
Author(s):  
Carles Boix ◽  
Will Horne ◽  
Alex Kerchner
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
First Century ◽  
Political Elites ◽  
Apparent Effect ◽  
Democratic Transitions ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Liberal Democracies ◽  
Political Actors ◽  
The Relationship

We examine the modern spread of liberal democracy, a phenomenon that was accompanied by unprecedented levels of economic development. We outline two differing accounts of the relationship between the two: one in which democratization is driven primarily by changes in normative beliefs, and another in which changes in payoffs to political actors produce democracy as a political equilibrium. The relationship between democracy and development is examined with updated panel data, covering a period from the early nineteenth century through the first decade of the twenty-first century. The analysis demonstrates a positive impact of economic development on subsequent democratic transitions, but no apparent effect of democracy on subsequent economic growth. We conclude by discussing the current literature and potential directions for research, including recent efforts to ascertain the preferences of political elites towards democracy more precisely.

Democracy, Development, and the International System

2011 ◽  
Vol 105 (4) ◽  
pp. 809-828 ◽  
Author(s):  
CARLES BOIX
Keyword(s):  
International System ◽  
Great Powers ◽  
Marginal Effect ◽  
Democratic Transitions ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Liberal Democracies ◽  
Post Cold War ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Resolving a controversy on the relationship of development to democratization, this article expands the time period under study with panel data running from the early nineteenth century (a time where hardly any country was democratic) to the end of the twentieth century, and shows a positive and significant effect of income on the likelihood of democratic transitions and democratic consolidations. The estimations hold after I control for country and time effects and instrument for income. Results reveal that the effect of income varies across income levels and across eras. First, income has a decreasing marginal effect on democratization. In already developed (and democratized) countries, any extra growth has no further effect on the level of democracy. Second, the structure of the international system affects the resources and strategies of pro-authoritarian and pro-democratic factions in client states. The proportion of liberal democracies peaks under international orders governed by democratic hegemons, such as the post–Cold War period, and bottoms out when authoritarian great powers such as the Holy Alliance control the world system.

Railroad Integration and Uneven Development on the European Periphery, 1870–1910

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-289
Author(s):  
Eduard J. Alvarez-Palau ◽  
Alfonso Díez-Minguela ◽  
Jordi Martí-Henneberg
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Per Capita Gdp ◽  
Catching Up ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Railroad Network ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
European Periphery ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThis study explores the relationship between railroad integration and regional development on the European periphery between 1870 and 1910, based on a regional data set including 291 spatial units. Railroad integration is proxied by railroad density, while per capita GDP is used as an indicator of economic development. The period under study is of particular relevance as it has been associated with the second wave of railroad construction in Europe and also coincides with the industrialization of most of the continent. Overall, we found that railroads had a significant and positive impact on the growth of per capita GDP across Europe. The magnitude of this relationship appears to be relatively modest, but the results obtained are robust with respect to a number of different specifications. From a geographical perspective, we found that railroads had a significantly greater influence on regions located in countries on the northern periphery of Europe than in other outlying areas. They also helped the economies of these areas to begin the process of catching up with the continent’s industrialized core. In contrast, the regions on the southern periphery showed lower levels of economic growth, with this exacerbating the preexisting divergence in economic development. The expansion of the railroad network in them was unable to homogenize the diffusion of economic development and tended to further benefit the regions that were already industrialized. In most of the cases, the capital effect was magnified, and this contributed to the consolidation of newly created nation-states.

scholarly journals Cultural and Social Diversity as an Economic Resource

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-155
Author(s):  
Damian S. Pyrkosz
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Social Diversity ◽  
Economic Resource ◽  
Numerous Data ◽  
The Relationship

The paper seeks to identify the role of cultural and social diversity in economic development. It starts by defining the terms that are critical to the analysis, including diversity, fractionalization, polarization, social diversity, cultural diversity and economic resources, as well as providing the most significant indexes thereof. The main body of the paper interprets the notions of cultural and social diversity in terms of being a valuable economic resource. Furthermore, it collects a vast body of literature to demonstrate the relationship between the cultural/social diversity and economic development with regard to adverse or positive impact on the latter. In regard to the negative impact of diversity, the paper identifies it in the area of social communication, social capital and networks, as it effectively causes a decrease in productivity and increase in social conflict and isolation. The positive link is demonstrated with examples in the areas of innovation, creativity, usage of complementary abilities and experiences, and their role in increasing productivity. The paper refers to numerous data sources, studies and indexes illustrating how the economic systems of various countries perform in the context of the paper’s subject-matter.

scholarly journals Capital Flight and Economic Development: Evidence from Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Samson O Akinwale ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Adult Literacy ◽  
Unit Root ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Capital Flight ◽  
Literacy Rate ◽  
Distributed Lag ◽  
Augmented Dickey Fuller ◽  
Auto Regressive ◽  
The Relationship

This study examined the nexus between capital flight and economic development in Nigeria. The null hypothesis was that capital flight has no significant relationship with economic development in Nigeria. The study used the auto regressive distributed lag (ARDL) method on data obtained from the Central Bank of Nigeria and the World Bank, for the period 1986–2018, to examine the relationship between capital flight and economic development in Nigeria. The study examined the unit root problem and cointegrating properties of the data. The unit root problem was tested for by using the augmented Dickey–Fuller (ADF) and Phillips–Perron (PP) tests. Findings from ARDL showed an inverse relationship exists between capital flight, real exchange rate, and economic development. This implies that the variables contributed significantly to reduce economic development within the study period. However, a positive relationship existed between economic development and adult literacy rate in Nigeria. By implication, improvements made in providing quality and affordable education tend to have a positive impact on economic development in Nigeria. The study concluded that economic development is strongly influenced by capital flight, real exchange, and adult literacy rates in Nigeria. The study, therefore, recommends that government policies to curb capital flight should be introduced and monitored so as to lead to economic development in Nigeria.

scholarly journals THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT AND ECONOMIC GROWTH OF PAKISTAN

2019 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-124
Author(s):  
Rummana Zaheer ◽  
Shahana Kiramat
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Significant Relation ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Augmented Dickey Fuller ◽  
The Relationship

Although it is very common to argue that the foreign direct investment is beneficial for the economic development of a nation. This exploration investigates the connection amongst FDI and economic development in case of Pakistan. In this study secondary data from 1985 to 2016 is taken to examine the relationship. The investigation included GDP as explained and exports and FDI as explanatory variables. To check data either it is stationary or not the study used Augmented Dickey Fuller test in our study. After making data stationary we have used OLS method to investigate the nature of relationship between the variables. Our results show that there is direct link amongst explained and explanatory variable. The findings also show that there is significant relationship between FDI and economic growth. After analyzing the calculations we came to know that foreign direct investment is a significant element for the economic development because it has positive impact and have significant relation with growth of an economy. Since FDI is an impressive element in economic development so, government should take steps to attract the foreign investors and make policies to encourage the trade liberalization to gain more from the foreign investment.

scholarly journals Twitter and Institutional Change

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 79-96
Author(s):  
Adriana Farias
Keyword(s):  
Political Elites ◽  
Direct Connection ◽  
Power Structures ◽  
Political Leaders ◽  
Institutional Legitimacy ◽  
Political Actors ◽  
The People ◽  
Zero Sum ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Institutional Order

Should we take tweets from politicians seriously? This paper argues that tweets sent out from the accounts of the top political actors are important because they are framed within a worldview that looks to support or challenge the legitimacy of an institutional order. As Twitter provides a direct connection between the speaker and mass audiences, it offers political leaders a platform to articulate a worldview, justify democratic or undemocratic strategies for competition, and mobilize support across frontiers to influence the perception of power structures. The relationship between discourse and institutional legitimacy is especially important in systems like Venezuela’s where authoritarian and democratic practices coexist, meaning that the legitimacy of institutions largely depends on the agency of key actors in influencing the perception of what is considered to be democratic. Therefore, this study carries out a content analysis of the tweets of the opposition and incumbent Venezuelan leaders. The results show that the incumbent’s discourse was predominantly framed within a populist worldview, which perceives politics as a zero-sum struggle between the people and a conspiring global elite, such that the incumbent’s infringements on democratic procedures were justified as an effort for emancipation from global oppressors. The opposition articulated a pluralist discourse that defended electoral competition, understood as the way to resolve the various interests and goals of a heterogeneous society, and therefore resorted to democratic strategies to challenge the incumbent’s power. Given the unprecedented reach of social media, this study highlights the extent to which Twitter contributes to materialize an interpretation of power structures, and how political elites use it to influence the legitimacy of an institutional order.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Correlations Between Public Capital Investments and Economic Development in Romania

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anca Sava ◽  
Bogdan Zugravu
Keyword(s):  
Public Finance ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Public Capital ◽  
Capital Investments ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Relationship

This article aims to address the correlations between public capital investments and economic development in Romania. Firstly, it presents a brief literature review on the subject proposed for analysis, under which it can be assumed that public capital investments have a positive impact on production, employment, private sector and thus contribute to economic development. Also, we found some heterogeneity of results across country, regions and sectors. Secondly, it analysis the evolution of public capital investments and gross domestic product during 2006-2009 and also tests the relationship between this two variables, using a correlation coefficient, based on data from the general consolidated budget provided by The Ministry of Public Finance and also statistical data on GDP from National Institute of Statistics.

scholarly journals Features of the Influence of Human Capital on Economic Development: The Case of Ukraine

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 425-437
Author(s):  
Andrii Zolkover ◽  
Аnastasiіa Kaplina ◽  
Olena Loboda ◽  
Natalia Kyrychenko ◽  
Nataliia Chopko
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Cognitive Modeling ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Education And Health ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Low Efficiency ◽  
The Relationship

The purpose of this article is to substantiate the nature of the relationship between the development of human capital (HC) and the development of the economy of Ukraine. Using the Granger test and cognitive modeling, the features of the development of HC in modern conditions and its influence on the country's economic development have been determined, and the dominant factors influencing the development and quality of HC have been empirically substantiated. The ambiguous nature of the influence of HC on the country's economy due to the inefficiency of spending in the field of education and health care has been established using the impulse modeling method. The positive impact of the development of HC on the development of the economy is leveled with the growth of investment in education and health care, which is due to the low efficiency of expenditures and the insufficient level of competence of state bodies.

Confucian Values and Elite Support for Liberal Democracy in Taiwan: The Perils of Priestly Religion

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 495-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel S. Fetzer ◽  
J. Christopher Soper
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Liberal Democracy ◽  
Belief System ◽  
Religious Institutions ◽  
Liberal Democracies ◽  
Political Actors ◽  
Political Role ◽  
Confucian Values ◽  
Cultural Leaders ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractIt is widely recognized that religious institutions and values play a prominent political role in various countries around the world. What is less clear is the degree to which other prominent ideologies perform an analogous role in regions where they predominate. The purpose of this article is to explore the relationship between Confucianism and liberal democracy in Taiwan. As the most important belief system in Taiwan and, indeed, in much of East Asia, Confucianism has provided a model of civic behavior for centuries, performing a largely priestly role. What is less apparent is whether Confucianism inhibited or promoted the development of liberal democracies in the region. While an extensive theoretical debate exists on this question, virtually no work analyzes how Confucianism has been understood by political actors on the ground. The data for this study consist of interviews with 27 politicians, democracy activists, Confucianism scholars, and journalists in Taiwan. The article tests whether or not, in the minds of these key political and cultural leaders, Confucian values are an aid or a hindrance to their efforts to promote liberal democracy. The concluding section discusses the implications of the empirical results for East Asian countries and addresses the parallels between Confucianism as an ideology in East Asia and the religious institutions and values in Western countries.

scholarly journals Identifying the Effect of Entrepreneurship Approach on the Banking Industry Development Strategy (Study at Bank Mellat)

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 236
Author(s):  
Mahboobeh Zohari ◽  
Reza MohammadKazemi
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Development Strategy ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Statistical Population ◽  
Strategy Of Development ◽  
Strategy Study ◽  
Flexible Resources ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
The Relationship

Approach to entrepreneurship and strategy of development is the concepts that have attracted the attention of many researchers and managers from the theoretical and practical dimension, and many companies have used these two concepts, and have won a lot of success. In today's world, the entrepreneurship is known as an engine of local, regional and national economic development. (Ahmadpour, 2007) The process of economic development in developed countries reflects the fact that the economy is under the influence of entrepreneurship. In addition, in the current competitive environment, it is an important factor in the development and survival of the companies. Companies that put the entrepreneurial orientation as their policy approach, through the development of flexible resources, they can increase their long-term potential. (Khanka, 2003) Therefore, in this paper, we examine the relationship between development strategy and entrepreneurship dimensions, including innovation, risk-taking, activism, and competitive aggression in the Mellat bank. The research is applied and is done in correlation way. The questionnaire is used to collect data. The statistical population of the study was limited that 261 statistical samples were used in the analysis. The research findings show that entrepreneurship approaches have a strong and positive impact on its development strategy. The Moderating Competitive dynamic has no impact on the relationship between entrepreneurship approach and development strategy. The findings of this study will help decision-makers to be able to know the importance of entrepreneurial approach so that they can decide appropriate policies to create and launch apps. Based on the results obtained, recommendations are provided for statistical population and bank managers.

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