Development of the microbiome-gut-brain axis and its effect on behavior

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca C. Knickmeyer
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Critical Period ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Environmental Chemicals ◽  
Microbial Colonization ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Community Influences ◽  
Mutualistic Relationship ◽  
System 2

Humans coexist in a mutualistic relationship with the gut microbiota, a complex ecologic community of commensal, symbiotic, and pathogenic microorganisms inhabiting the gastrointestinal tract. This chapter reviews evidence from both human and animal studies that the composition of this community influences development of the host brain. Infancy represents a critical period in the establishment of the gut microbiome and early alterations in microbial colonization may have long-term effects on mental health. Several mechanisms through which the microbiota could affect brain development are discussed including 1) activation of the peripheral immune system, 2) production of neuroactive metabolites, and 3) processing of nutrients and environmental chemicals. The chapter concludes with a discussion of whether modulation of the gut microbiota represents a tractable strategy for treating or preventing complex neurodevelopmental disorders.

scholarly journals Antibiotics at birth and later antibiotic courses: effects on gut microbiota

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sofia Ainonen ◽  
Mysore V Tejesvi ◽  
Md. Rayhan Mahmud ◽  
Niko Paalanne ◽  
Tytti Pokka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Control Group ◽  
List Type ◽  
Antibiotic Exposure ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Antibiotic Courses ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

Abstract Background Intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis (IAP) is widely used, but the evidence of the long-term effects on the gut microbiota and subsequent health of children is limited. Here, we compared the impacts of perinatal antibiotic exposure and later courses of antibiotic courses on gut microbiota. Methods This was a prospective, controlled cohort study among 100 vaginally delivered infants with different perinatal antibiotic exposures: control (27), IAP (27), postnatal antibiotics (24), and IAP and postnatal antibiotics (22). At 1 year of age, we performed next-generation sequencing of the bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene of fecal samples. Results Exposure to the perinatal antibiotics had a clear impact on the gut microbiota. The abundance of the Bacteroidetes phylum was significantly higher in the control group, whereas the relative abundance of Escherichia coli was significantly lower in the control group. The impact of the perinatal antibiotics on the gut microbiota composition was greater than exposure to later courses of antibiotics (28% of participants). Conclusions Perinatal antibiotic exposure had a marked impact on the gut microbiota at the age of 1 year. The timing of the antibiotic exposure appears to be the critical factor for the changes observed in the gut microbiota. Impact Infants are commonly exposed to IAP and postnatal antibiotics, and later to courses of antibiotics during the first year of life. Perinatal antibiotics have been associated with an altered gut microbiota during the first months of life, whereas the evidence regarding the long-term impact is more limited. Perinatal antibiotic exposure had a marked impact on the infant’s gut microbiota at 1 year of age. Impact of the perinatal antibiotics on the gut microbiota composition was greater than that of the later courses of antibiotics at the age of 1 year.

Medium and long-term effects of low doses of Chlorpyrifos during the postnatal, preweaning developmental stage on sociability, dominance, gut microbiota and plasma metabolites

2020 ◽  
Vol 184 ◽  
pp. 109341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristian Perez-Fernandez ◽  
Miguel Morales-Navas ◽  
Luis Manuel Aguilera-Sáez ◽  
Ana Cristina Abreu ◽  
Laia Guardia-Escote ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Developmental Stage ◽  
Plasma Metabolites ◽  
Low Doses ◽  
Long Term Effects

scholarly journals Effects on weight gain and gut microbiota in rats given bacterial supplements and a high-energy-dense diet from fetal life through to 6 months of age

2011 ◽  
Vol 106 (6) ◽  
pp. 887-895 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline L. J. Karlsson ◽  
Göran Molin ◽  
Frida Fåk ◽  
Marie-Louise Johansson Hagslätt ◽  
Maja Jakesevic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Viable Count ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fetal Life ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Plasma Leptin

The aim of the present study was to assess the long-term effects of a high-energy-dense diet, supplemented with Lactobacillus plantarum (Lp) or Escherichiacoli (Ec), on weight gain, fattening and the gut microbiota in rats. Since the mother's dietary habits can influence offspring physiology, dietary regimens started with the dams at pregnancy and throughout lactation and continued with the offspring for 6 months. The weight gain of group Lp was lower than that of groups C (control) and Ec (P = 0·086). More retroperitoneal adipose tissue (P = 0·030) and higher plasma leptin (P = 0·035) were observed in group Ec compared with group Lp. The viable count of Enterobacteriaceae was higher in group Ec than in group Lp (P = 0·019), and when all animals were compared, Enterobacteriaceae correlated positively with body weight (r 0·428, P = 0·029). Bacterial diversity was lower in group Ec than in groups C (P ≤ 0·05) and Lp (P ≤ 0·05). Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Verrucomicrobia dominated in all groups, but Bacteroidetes were more prevalent in group C than in groups Lp (P = 0·036) and Ec (P = 0·056). The same five bacterial families dominated the microbiota of groups Ec and C, and four of these were also present in group Lp. The other five families dominating in group Lp were not found in any of the other groups. Multivariate data analysis pointed in the same directions as the univariate statistics. The present results suggest that supplementation of L. plantarum or E. coli can have long-term effects on the composition of the intestinal microbiota, as well as on weight gain and fattening.

scholarly journals Ozone: A Review of Recent Experimental, Clinical and Epidemiological Evidence, with Notes on Causation—Part 1

1995 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
David V Bates
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Ozone Exposure ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Mechanisms Of Adaptation ◽  
Living Tissues ◽  
And Function ◽  
Theoretical Issues

Part 1 of this review is concerned with theoretical issues of ozone dosimetry, animal and cellular studies that illustrate the mechanism of action of ozone on living tissues, and with clinical studies. Animal studies have indicated that there are long term effects from low level long term ozone exposure. Clinical studies involve controlled ozone exposures on human subjects, both normals and asthmatics. Exercise concomitant with the ozone exposure increases the effect of the gas. It is concluded that the induction of an inflammatory response in the airway, both in the nose and in the lung, is the striking and earliest feature of ozone exposure. Current unexplained observations include: the dissociation between the inflammatory and function test response; the mechanisms of ‘adaptation’ and of airway hyperresponsiveness; and the phenomena that underlie the effect of ozone on maximal athletic performance.

scholarly journals Mit tudunk az e-cigaretta káros hatásairól?

2019 ◽  
Vol 160 (45) ◽  
pp. 1767-1773
Author(s):  
László Béla Nagy
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
New Public Health ◽  
New Public

Abstract: Electronic cigarettes are becoming increasingly popular with smokers worldwide. This has created an entirely new public health dilemma. The central issue in the debate is the disease risk imposed by e-cigarettes. It is generally acknowledged that e-cigarettes are unlikely to be as harmful as conventional cigarettes, but there are little data that quantify their relative harms. Experiments in cell cultures and animal studies show that e-cigarettes can have multiple negative effects. Scientific evidence regarding their human acute health effects is limited. The long term effects in humans are unknown, and there is no evidence that e-cigarettes are safer than tobacco in the long term. This review higlights the recent data regarding e-cigarettes toxicity impact on lung and cardiovascular system. Orv Hetil. 2019; 160(45): 1767–1773.

scholarly journals 25% oral dextrose as analgesia during neonatal immunisation with BCG

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 416
Author(s):  
Tania Habib Mundol ◽  
Anitha S. Prabhu ◽  
Prakash R. M. Saldanha
Keyword(s):  
Animal Studies ◽  
Optimal Dose ◽  
Pain Scale ◽  
Bcg Vaccine ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Dextrose Solution ◽  
Pain Scales ◽  
Infant Pain

Background: Various animal studies have shown that repeated painful exposures can have deleterious long-term effects on neonates. Sick newborns are exposed to multiple painful procedures such as venipunctures, suctioning even removal of plasters. There are various physiologic and behavioral indicators of pain used in various standardized pain scales such as NIPS, NFCS, FLACC scale and Wong-Baker Faces pain scale. Sucrose, as an analgesic, has been used and recommended for minor painful procedures in neonates. The optimal dose of oral sucrose has not been established. The objective of this study was to study the analgesic effect of oral administration of 2 ml of 25% oral dextrose during neonatal immunization with BCG vaccine using NIPS (Neonatal/Infant Pain Scale).Methods: 40 consecutively selected newborns were given 2 ml of 25% oral dextrose solution 2 minutes prior to receiving the routine intradermal BCG vaccination. 40 consecutively selected newborns served as controls. The pain response in both groups was assessed using the standardized Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS).Results: Of the total 80 neonates included in the study, 40 were included in the dextrose group and 40 served as controls. 77.5% of the dextrose group were term babies compared to 72.5% in the control group. 20% of the dextrose group showed a NIPS score ≥6 while 40% in the control group had a similar NIPS score. Conclusions: A total of 80 newborns were included in this study, of which 40 (22 males, 18 females) received 25% oral dextrose solution prior to the BCG vaccine. The group which received dextrose was found to have less indicators of pain such as change in breathing pattern, cry and facial expression.

scholarly journals Is It Time to Use Probiotics to Prevent or Treat Obesity?

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1613 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Brusaferro ◽  
Rita Cozzali ◽  
Ciriana Orabona ◽  
Anna Biscarini ◽  
Edoardo Farinelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Obesity Control ◽  
Treatment Of Obesity ◽  
Faecal Bacteria ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

In recent years, attention has been given to the role potentially played by gut microbiota in the development of obesity. Several studies have shown that in individuals with obesity, the gut microbiota composition can be significantly different from that of lean individuals, that faecal bacteria can exert a fundamental role in modulating energy metabolism, and that modifications of gut microbiota composition can be associated with increases or reductions of body weight and body mass index. Based on this evidence, manipulation of the gut microbiota with probiotics has been considered a possible method to prevent and treat obesity. However, despite a great amount of data, the use of probiotics to prevent and treat obesity and related problems remains debated. Studies have found that the probiotic effect on body weight and metabolism is strain specific and that only some of the species included in the Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium genera are effective, whereas the use of other strains can be deleterious. However, the dosage, duration of administration, and long-term effects of probiotics administration to prevent overweight and obesity are not known. Further studies are needed before probiotics can be rationally prescribed for the prevention or treatment of obesity. Control of the diet and environmental and life-style factors that favour obesity development remain the best solution to problems related to weight gain.

scholarly journals Long-Term Effects of Early-Life Antibiotic Exposure on Resistance to Subsequent Bacterial Infection

mBio ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Roubaud-Baudron ◽  
Victoria E. Ruiz ◽  
Alexander M. Swan ◽  
Bruce A. Vallance ◽  
Ceren Ozkul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Bacterial Infection ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Disease Susceptibility ◽  
Antibiotic Exposure ◽  
Citrobacter Rodentium ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Gastrointestinal Microbiota ◽  
Content Type

ABSTRACT Early-life antibiotic exposure may provoke long-lasting microbiota perturbation. Since a healthy gut microbiota confers resistance to enteric pathogens, we hypothesized that early-life antibiotic exposure would worsen the effects of a bacterial infection encountered as an adult. To test this hypothesis, C57BL/6 mice received a 5-day course of tylosin (macrolide), amoxicillin (β-lactam), or neither (control) early in life and were challenged with Citrobacter rodentium up to 80 days thereafter. The early-life antibiotic course led to persistent alterations in the intestinal microbiota and even with pathogen challenge 80 days later worsened the subsequent colitis. Compared to exposure to amoxicillin, exposure to tylosin led to greater disease severity and microbiota perturbation. Transferring the antibiotic-perturbed microbiota to germfree animals led to worsened colitis, indicating that the perturbed microbiota was sufficient for the increased disease susceptibility. These experiments highlight the long-term effects of early-life antibiotic exposure on susceptibility to acquired pathogens. IMPORTANCE The gastrointestinal microbiota protects hosts from enteric infections; while antibiotics, by altering the microbiota, may diminish this protection. We show that after early-life exposure to antibiotics host susceptibility to enhanced Citrobacter rodentium-induced colitis is persistent and that this enhanced disease susceptibility is transferable by the antibiotic-altered microbiota. These results strongly suggest that early-life antibiotics have long-term consequences on the gut microbiota and enteropathogen infection susceptibility.

scholarly journals Antenatal Corticosteroids: A Risk Factor for the Development of Chronic Disease

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Asztalos
Keyword(s):  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Fetal Lung ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Antenatal Corticosteroids ◽  
Fetal Maturity ◽  
Hpa Axis Activity

Preterm birth remains a major health issue worldwide. Since the 1990s, women at risk for preterm birth received a single course of exogenous antenatal corticosteroids (ACSs) to facilitate fetal lung maturity. More recently, repeated or multiple courses of ACS have been supported to provide continued fetal maturity support for women with continued risk of preterm birth. However, exogenous ACS reduces birth weight which, in turn, is associated with adverse adult outcomes such as coronary heart disease, stroke, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes. The long-term effects of ACS exposure on HPA axis activity and neurological function are well documented in animal studies, and it appears that ACS, regardless of dose exposure, is capable of affecting fetal HPA axis development causing permanent changes in the HPA axis that persists through life and is manifested by chronic illness and behavioral changes. The challenge in human studies is to demonstrate whether an intervention such as ACS administration in pregnancy contributes to developmental programming and how this is manifested in later life.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document