Mediterranean History

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Abulafia
Keyword(s):  
Red Sea ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
World History ◽  
Physical Space ◽  
Suez Canal ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Mediterranean History ◽  
Commercial Networks ◽  
Natural Channel ◽  
Over Time

The first part of this article discusses the different approaches to Mediterranean history. People talk of the Mediterranean and refer to the waters that stretch eastward from the Straits of Gibraltar, linked to the Red Sea by the man-made channel of the Suez Canal and to the Black Sea by the natural channel of the Dardanelles and Bosphorus. The discussion insists that the study of Mediterranean history encapsulates many important aspects of world history: it involves the investigation of connections between societies separated by extensive physical space, focusing on commercial networks, the building of empires, and the movement of peoples, These phenomena can be traced across the surface of the sea across which Europe, Africa, and Asia meet one another and over which Christianity and Islam have vigorously competed for dominion. The second part of this article focuses on the development of the ‘classic Mediterranean’ over time.

Jason at Colchis: Technology and Human Progress in Valerius Flaccus

Ramus ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
P J. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
World History ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Major Event ◽  
Valerius Flaccus ◽  
The Mediterranean

For the Argonauts of Valerius Flaccus the Black Sea and its surrounding lands are an alien world. As Argo leaves the Mediterranean behind and enters the Propontis, we are told that the Minyans begin to gain ‘a view into another world’ (alium prospectus in orbem, 2.628). So too when the ship makes its way through the Bosporus, on the point of entering the Black Sea, we are told that the Greeks ‘see all things new’ (noua cuncta uident, 4.424). Clearly this voyage is presented by Valerius as a major event in world history.One question which must confront any reader of Valerius’ poem is whether the effects of this voyage should be viewed negatively or positively. Indeed the poem itself poses that question at the outset, through its inclusion of two versions of Argo's destiny: the negative prophecy of Mopsus (1.211-26) and the more reassuring prediction of Idmon (1.234-38). In this paper I propose to consider aspects of this problem through an examination not of Valerius' treatment of the voyage itself, but of its consequences as they are presented in the second half of the poem.

Russia and the Turkish Straits: A Revaluation of the Origins of the Problem

1962 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 605-632 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Hurewitz
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
International Agreement ◽  
Sea Of Marmara ◽  
Imminent Danger ◽  
Natural Channel

The USSR placed on the agenda of the Big Three wartime conference at Yalta in February 1945 the question of the Turkish Straits. Of this 200-mile natural channel, less than 60 miles—the Bosphorus coming from the Black Sea and the Dardanelles going to the Aegean—are true straits, joined by the inland sea of Marmara. Ever since 1841 the transit of naval vessels through the Straits has been regulated by international agreement. The latest regime was established by a convention signed at Montreux in July 1936, authorizing Turkey to remilitarize the strategic waterway and, if it were “threatened with imminent danger of war” or actually engaged in war (Articles 20 and 21), to permit or disallow at its discretion the passage of warships through the narrows.

General

2017 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-101
Author(s):  
Robert Shorrock
Keyword(s):  
Red Sea ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Ancient World ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
General Introduction ◽  
Silent Majority ◽  
Classical World ◽  
Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries ◽  
Greek World

For those readers seeking an engaging general introduction to the classical world, The Ancient World by Jeremy Toner would make an excellent first port of call. It is part of a new (though hardly original) series of ‘Small Introductions to Big Topics’ which thus far includes Politics, Art in History, and Shakespeare. The book chooses to focus not on toga-clad Romans and gleaming marbles temples but on that ‘other’ ancient world filled with noise, colour, death, and disease, populated not primarily by emperors and poets but by the ‘silent’ majority of slaves and the freeborn poor. Despite the catch-all title, this is a book which is more obviously about the Roman than the Greek world. This is, however, a small grumble and Toner's enthusiasm for his subject is infectious. Of particular interest is the discussion of watermills and the generation of energy (71–6), comparison between the empires of Rome and China (104–18), and the way in which a ‘Rome-coloured vision’ from the medieval period up to the high-classical watermark of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries informed the West's perspective of, and engagement with, Islam (122–30). Illustrations are not abundant (and it is a shame not to have included a picture of the Vietnam Memorial discussed on pages 135–7), but they are decent enough, with several helpful maps of the Hellenistic and Roman worlds (with the seas – the Black Sea and Red Sea included – coloured pink – neatly complementing the book's presentation of a less-familiar-looking ancient world).

scholarly journals LOCAL ASPECTS OF REGIONAL DIVERSITY AND DYNAMICS OF MACROPHYTOBENTOS IN THE BLACK SEA (BLUEBAY)

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-28
Author(s):  
I.K. Evstigneeva ◽  
I.N. Tankovskaya
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Species Composition ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Relative Number ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Ecological Structure ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
Functional Features ◽  
Over Time

The species composition, ecological structure, features of phytomass formation and their variability over time are described. The phytocenosis includes 46 macroalgae species of Chlorophyta, Ochrophyta and Rhodophyta phylums. Among the phylums, the highest diversity of species and genera was noted for Rhodophyta. The ecological structure of the phytocenosis is formed by algae from 12 ecogroups, among which marine, leading, annual, and oligosaprobic species dominate. Species of Ochrophyta phylum, and especially representatives of the genus Cystoseira , are most involved in the production process. A peculiarity of the temporal dynamics of the characteristics of the studied phytocenosis is high variability of the species diversity and phytomass of Chlorophyta, as well as the absolute number of species in ecogroups. The biological “norm” is not exceeded for intra-annual changes in the species diversity and phytomass of Ochrophyta, and the relative number of species in phylums and ecogroups. Rhodophyta in this respect is intermediate. Interannual fluctuations in the species composition, in contrast to intra-annual fluctuations, occur with lower intensity. The species proportion of phylums remains constant over time. It was shown that cystosiric phytocenosis, despite the anthropogenic press, retains the basic structural and functional features of macrophytobenthos of the Black Sea.

Olbian–Scythian Trade: Exchange Issues in the Sixth to Fourth Centuries bc

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. LEYPUNSKAYA
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Fourth Century ◽  
Sixth Century ◽  
Market Development ◽  
North Coast ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Exchange Relationships ◽  
The North ◽  
Over Time

This chapter focuses on the trade between the Greek and the Scythian worlds on the north coast of the Black Sea. The majority of previous articles and topics on this subject tended to revolve around the issue of the significance for the Scythian society of exchange with Greek cities, ignoring the significance of such exchange and trade for the Greek cities particularly for Olbia. Furthermore, little work has been devoted to the change of such significance for Olbia over time. Hence, this chapter sheds a new and fresh look at the Olbian-Scythian relationships, their beginnings and their developments. Exchange relationships between Olbia and Scythia began in the early sixth century BC and persisted through the fifth and the fourth centuries BC. These trade exchanges resulted in significant economic development and a great deal of exchanges were made during the fourth century. This slowly waned towards the end of the fourth century. The diminished trade exchanges between Olbia and Scythia were caused by a number of complex factors. Although Olbia's economical and market development depended on trade exchanges, its whole economy was not truly defined by the city's exchange, rather it was based on agriculture.

Port Cities, Diaspora Communities and Emerging Nationalism in the Ottoman Empire: Balkan Merchants in Odessa and Their Network in the Early Nineteenth Century

2008 ◽  
pp. 127-148
Author(s):  
Oliver Schulz
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Political History ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Port Cities ◽  
Business Statistics ◽  
History Of ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Methodological Difficulties

This chapter examines the complicated political history of the merchant trade community of Odessa, which includes the Russian expansion into the Black Sea; the Greek settlement in Odessa; the role of Bulgarian merchants in Odessa; the establishment of Novorossiya; and the rise of Greek nationalism in the area. It examines the methodological difficulties in studying this period due to a lack of population and business statistics. It concludes that the port of Odessa became Greek-dominated over time, and maritime mercantile activity in Odessa became a factor that symbolised Greek Nationalism and ‘Greekness’.

International and Domestic Maritime Trade in the Ottoman Empire during the 18th Century

1992 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Panzac
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Red Sea ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Major Part ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Western Mediterranean ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Old World

A glance at a map shows what an important role the sea played in the vast empire of the Ottomans in the 18th century, linking as it did the three continents of Europe, Asia, and Africa that made up the Old World. The Ottoman Empire dominated not only the eastern Mediterranean but also the major part of the southern shore of the western Mediterranean, the Black Sea—a “Turkish lake” until the 1780s—the Red Sea, and part of the Arab/Persian Gulf.Geography gave the sea a decisive role in the trade that took place in the Ottoman Empire both internationally and domestically.

scholarly journals Combined Use of Graphical and Statistical Approaches for Analyzing Historical Precipitation Changes in the Black Sea Region of Turkey

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 705 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taner Mustafa Cengiz ◽  
Hossein Tabari ◽  
Charles Onyutha ◽  
Ozgur Kisi
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Statistical Methods ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
Combined Use ◽  
Statistical Approaches ◽  
Precipitation Changes ◽  
Over Time

Many statistical methods have been developed and used over time to analyze historical changes in hydrological time series, given the socioeconomic consequences of the changes in the water cycle components. The classical statistical methods, however, rely on many assumptions on the time series to be examined such as the normality, temporal and spatial independency and the constancy of the data distribution over time. When the assumptions are not fulfilled by the data, test results are not reliable. One way to relax these cumbersome assumptions and credibilize the results of statistical approaches is to make a combined use of graphical and statistical methods. To this end, two graphical methods of the refined cumulative sum of the difference between exceedance and non-exceedance counts of data points (CSD) and innovative trend analyses (ITA)-change boxes alongside the classical statistical Mann–Kendall (MK) method are used to analyze historical precipitation changes at 16 stations during 1960–2015 in the Black Sea region of Turkey. The results show a good match between the results of the graphical and statistical methods. The graphical CSD and ITA methods, however, are able to identify the hidden trends in the precipitation time series that cannot be detected using the statistical MK method.

Aspects on the History of Observations and Measurements in the Black Sea Coastal Zone, Rehabilitation Projects and Marine Modeling Issues

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-42
Author(s):  
Constantin Borcia
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Zone ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Technology Development ◽  
Hydrological Regime ◽  
Complex Model ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Development Technology ◽  
History Of ◽  
Coastal And Transitional Waters ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Over time, the content, scope and objectives of hydrological research in the Romanian Black Sea coastal area varied according to the state of society development, technology development and financial resources. Along with the activities of capitalizing on natural resources, water use, river and sea navigation, there have been demands for knowledge of the water regime and the interaction between the resource potential and the characteristics of the hydrological regime. As a result, hydrographic and hydrological research was started and developed in the Black Sea coastal zone. These researches developed in the first half of the nineteenth century, and then continued throughout this century and later in the twentieth century, with interruptions caused by the two world wars. Among the important activities that have taken place over time, there have been hydro-technical works. The design and elaboration of the projects of these works were based on the knowledge of the hydrographic and hydrological characteristics of the Black Sea coastal zone. This knowledge has evolved over time so that there is currently an important pool of data and information related to the hydrological, morphological, hydrochemical, hydrobiological characteristics of the water bodies mentioned. The paper presents briefly the most important moments of the history of the monitoring activity carried out over time in the Black Sea coastal zone, the types of coastal and transitional waters in Romania, coastal rehabilitation projects of the Black Sea, hydrological features, the structure of the marine complex model pom / ersem III) BREG / BSHELF.

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