Postmedieval Ships and Seafaring in the West

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred Hocker
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Atlantic Coast ◽  
Maritime Archaeology ◽  
The West ◽  
Ship Construction ◽  
Construction Methods ◽  
Merchant Ship ◽  
The World ◽  
Cultural Interest

Postmedieval maritime archaeology is focused more on naval ships than classical or medieval maritime archaeology. Merchant ship archaeology lived for many years in the shadow of naval ships. Ships and seafaring were an essential part of that growth and expansion, connecting remote parts of the world in a global economy. The period after 1400 is characterized by growth and bureaucratization in most of Europe. There were major developments in ship construction after 1400. In the Mediterranean, frame-based design and construction methods reached a stage of sophisticated geometrical precision. Mediterranean techniques began to be adopted along the Atlantic coast. The demographic and economic recovery of the fifteenth century and the globalization of seafaring lead to the use of a wider range of ship sizes. Privateering was a profitable enterprise in wartime. The growth of maritime archaeology was tied directly to popular cultural interest in perceived high points in national histories.

Introduction: There Was a Moment

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Luke Patey
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Strong Influence ◽  
The United States ◽  
The West ◽  
Norms And Values ◽  
Technology Leaders ◽  
The World ◽  
Economic Engagement ◽  
Political Economic

China views the decline of the United States and the West as signal to advance its interests, norms, and values on the world stage. But sentiments that one superpower will replace another miss the bigger picture. China’s rise to the commanding heights of the global economy and world affairs is not preordained. Its potential evolution into a global superpower, with a deep presence and strong influence over economic, political, military, and culture abroad, will rather be conditioned by how China behaves toward the rest of the world, and how the world responds. The world’s other large economies, major militaries, technology leaders, and cultural hubs will be significant in shaping the future world. For developed and developing countries alike, there is recognition that economic engagement with China produces strategic vulnerabilities to their own competitiveness and foreign policy and defense autonomy. China will struggle to realize its political, economic, and military global ambitions.

Conclusion: Future Directions

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Martin
Keyword(s):  
Maritime Archaeology ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Underwater Archaeology ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Regional Variations ◽  
Construction Methods ◽  
Maritime Culture ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future

This article demonstrates the extent to which underwater and maritime archaeology have developed and expanded over centuries. This article summarizes the study of shipwrecks and wider maritime culture in geographical areas throughout the world. Wrecked vessels reveal the technological achievements of their day. Warships demonstrate developments in aggressive and defensive technologies. Merchant vessels carry evidence of the range of cargoes traded. Underwater archaeology has gained wider acceptance and validity. The development of maritime archaeology targets future research to use resources efficiently. Maritime archaeologists center their work on understanding ships of all periods and all regions, from small vernacular craft to large naval vessels. This is leading to greater appreciation of the subtleties of design, regional variations, and complexity of construction methods. Progress in computing has made it possible to disseminate data. Deepwater archaeology has great potential in the future. Underwater archaeology will spread to more countries.

scholarly journals The Role of Pakistan in the Organization of Islamic Conference

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 51-78
Author(s):  
Sulayman S. Nyang
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
Colonial Power ◽  
The West ◽  
Naval Power ◽  
Muslim People ◽  
The World ◽  
The Creation

The rise of Western naval power in the world was the consequence ofthe earlier Iberian discovery of peoples, societies and cultures beyond theseas known to the Europeans of the early fifteenth century. It was indeedthese forays and adventures that gradually led to the imposition ofWestern colonial and imperial rule over what were previouslyindependent societies and cultures in Asia and Africa. The Muslimsocieties, along with Buddhist, Hindu, Eastern Christian and traditionalAfrican peoples, were all brought under one European imperial roof,and their societies exposed to the transforming powers of Westernindustrial might.It was of course this rise of the West and the decline of the East that ledto the parcelling out of Muslim lands and to the alteration in the directionand flow of cultural and intellectual exchanges between the Muslims ofthe Indian subcontinent and their brethren elsewhere in Dam1 Islam.With such a division of the Muslim lands, each Muslim people livingunder a given colonial power tried to maintain its Islamic identityagainst whatever odds there were in that colonial system. Pakistaniswere part of this global phenomenon and the creation of their country in1947 dramatized the Muslim feeling of loss of unity and the urgent needto recover the universal feeling of Islamic solidarity which colonial ruleseemingly derailed from the tracks of human history.In this paper I intend to examine and analyze the role of Pakistan inthe Organization of Islamic Conference (OIC). Working on theunderstanding that Pakistan at the time of the formation of the OIC in1969, was the most populous Islamic state in the world and that its verycreation was occasioned by the Islamic sentiments of the Muslim ...

scholarly journals How ‘making the world in its own liberal image’ made the West less liberal

2021 ◽  
Vol 97 (5) ◽  
pp. 1353-1375
Author(s):  
Benjamin Miller
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Democracy Promotion ◽  
Economic Success ◽  
The West ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
The Cold War

Abstract How did the attempt to make the world more liberal end up making the West less liberal? Following the end of the Cold War the US tried to promote liberalism in various parts of the world. This promotion took place under the liberal belief in its universality. A few of these attempts succeeded, most notably the integration of China into the global economy. Many other liberalizing endeavours failed, notably democracy-promotion in China, Russia and the Middle East. Yet, both the successes and the failures resulted in the rise of illiberal elements in the West as reflected in Brexit and Trumpism. The article shows how the outcomes of the attempts at liberalization—both the failures and the successes—generated these populist forces. The Chinese economic success took place at least partly because of the US-led integration of China into the international order. Yet, this success produced adverse economic effects in the West. Such outcomes led to the rise of economic populism. The American liberal interventions in the Middle East affected the rise of terrorism and of Muslim migration to the West. These developments influenced the rise of cultural populism in the West, which advances resentment of foreigners, migrants and minorities.

scholarly journals The fabric of Post-Western sociology: ecologies of knowledge beyond the “East” and the “West”

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurence Roulleau-Berger
Keyword(s):  
Global Economy ◽  
Common Knowledge ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Epistemic Injustice ◽  
Scientific Practices ◽  
The West ◽  
Knowledge Spaces ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of

AbstractFor several centuries, the history of the West has merged with the history of the world. The global economy of knowledge is structured around epistemic inequalities, hegemonies, and dominations. A clear division of scientific practices has developed among academic “peripheries,” “semi-peripheries,” and “core.” The question of epistemic injustice, which includes the indigenization of knowledge, was posed very early in the twentieth century in China, Japan, and Korea without being linked to coloniality, which was the case in Indian sociology. Based on the production of an epistemology shared with Chinese sociologists, we proposed a Post-Western sociology to enable a dialogue—on a level footing—addressing common concepts. This sociology also addresses concepts situated in European and Asian theories that consider the modes of creating continuities and discontinuities as well as the conjunctions and disjunctions between the knowledge spaces situated in different social contexts. We aim to fill the gaps between these social contexts. We will describe an ecology of knowledge in the Western-West, the non-Western-West, the semi-Western West, the Western East, the Eastern East, and the re-Easternized East situated on an epistemological continuum. While Chinese sociology has constantly oscillated between indigenization and universalism, and while epistemic autonomies are diverse, Chinese sociologists agree that Western sociologies should not be considered hostile to Chinese sociology. We will offer a definition of Post-Western sociology and demonstrate how it can be theoretically and methodologically applied. We will then identify some transnational theories, theoretical discontinuities and continuities, and common knowledge situated in Western and non-Western contexts.

The Muslim Discovery of Europe

1957 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 409-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
World History ◽  
European History ◽  
The West ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
The World ◽  
West European

I suppose that most textbooks of European history or of world history—which in European textbooks is much the same thing—contain a chapter called ‘The Age of the Discoveries’, or something of the kind, which deals with the period from the fifteenth century onwards when Western Europe set about discovering the rest of the world. My subject to-day is another and earlier discovery, in which the West European was not the explorer going forth to discover the barbarian, but the barbarian discovered by the explorer—the Muslim explorer. My purpose is to outline, very briefly, the sources, nature, and stages of growth of Muslim knowledge concerning Western Europe, first in the obscure centuries before the Crusades, then during that great offensive of Western Christendom against Islam, of which the expeditions to Palestine were the easternmost expression.

Byzantine philosophy

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phil Linos Benakis
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Arithmetic Geometry ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Church Fathers ◽  
The West ◽  
Institutional Practice ◽  
Theological Schools ◽  
The World ◽  
Political Conditions ◽  
The Church

In Byzantium from the ninth century through to the fifteenth century, philosophy as a discipline remained the science of fundamental truths concerning human beings and the world. Philosophy, the ‘wisdom from without’, was invariably contrasted with the ‘philosophy from within’, namely theology. The view that philosophy is ‘the handmaiden of theology’, which the Greek Church Fathers derived from Philo and the Alexandrian school of theology, was not the dominant position in Byzantium as it was in the West; philosophy, and logic in particular, was never treated as a mere background to, or tool of, theology. By the same token, theology in Byzantium never developed into a systematic method of dialectical inquiry into Christian truths, or a science. Thus the initial distinction between philosophy and theology remained intact. In terms of institutional practice, theological schools and studies did not exist in Byzantium and the main purpose of higher studies was to train state functionaries. This instruction, based on philosophy and the quadrivium, was mainly private, but it received support from the emperor and the church and we do hear of occasional interference by the secular or ecclesiastical authorities, perhaps because of professional or personal rivalries among the philosophy teachers. Furthermore, Byzantium had no independent universities or centers of study instituted by monastic orders as there were in the West, where social and political conditions were different. Philosophy in Byzantium also steered clear of involvement in the theological controversies that arose from time to time. The prevalent model of the thinker in Byzantium was a sort of encyclopedic teacher of philosophy, an erudite scholar who kept in touch with the sciences of the quadrivium (arithmetic, geometry, astronomy and music) and other disciplines and set the philosophical tone of the scientific curricula. The development of philosophy in Byzantium was thus very different from that of Western scholasticism.

Will China’s entrepreneurial migrant managers awaken Africa’s dream of becoming the next factory of the world?

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Leavy
Keyword(s):  
Global Economy ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Chinese People ◽  
The West ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Chinese Investment ◽  
Chinese Migrants ◽  
The World ◽  
To Come ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose China’s biggest contribution to Africa’s modernization is more likely to come from the rapidly expanding number of Chinese migrants determined to seek their fortunes by setting up manufacturing businesses across the continent, according to Irene Yuan Sun in her new book The Next Factory of the World: How Chinese Investment is Reshaping Africa. She is interviewed by S&L contributing editor Brian Leavy. Design/methodology/approach Irene Sun, a senior McKinsey consultant has spent years researching infrastructure modernization and manufacturing expansion in Africa for her new book. Findings China is the fastest-growing source of foreign investment in Africa, and this has enormous consequences for Africa and for the global economy. Practical implications Nowadays, a lot of the managers with the needed skills and resilience are Chinese people who worked their way up in factories in China in conditions that not so long ago were very similar to what’s in Africa today. Originality/value Sun’s big insight: “I’d like Westerners to understand that China’s activities in Africa don’t represent a threat, either to Africa or to the West.” For Western observers who are alarmed by China’s strategy of investing in African infrastructure to gain favorable access to its natural resources she offers a new context: China’s experience at industrialization under primitive conditions can transform Africa into the next Factory of the World.

scholarly journals Causes and Consequences of the World Financial Crisis 2008: A Historical Perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adis Maksic ◽  
◽  
Selma Delalic ◽  
Adem Olovčić
Keyword(s):  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Financial Policies ◽  
The West ◽  
The World ◽  
Economic Ideology

Abstract: This paper situates the 2008 Global Financial Crisis into the wider historical context to argue that the roots of the crisis can be traced back to the dominant economic ideology in the West during the 1970s. It shows that the corresponding financial policies, implemented by the powerful western economies during the four decades that preceded the crisis, created an institutional framework that fostered financial irresponsibility and made the crisis all but inevitable. The paper also explores the ideas that led to the stabilization of the global market as well as the role of China in charting the way ahead. Ultimately, the discussion highlights the inherent tendency of neoliberal economic ideology to create market instabilities whose consequences for the global economy can be devastating.

Religion and the rise of capitalism

1985 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
The West ◽  
Economic Behaviour ◽  
The World ◽  
German Sociologist

Max Weber's Problemattk still retains its power: why did only Christian Europe amongst the world civilisations autonomously create an economic dynamism, broadly capitalist in character? This essay gives an answer to this question, but it is one, for the most part, not in the spirit of the great German sociologist. There is, of course, a major academic industry devoted to the interpretation of Weber's work, but it still remains safe to say that Weber's own explanation for the fortuitous rise of the West had to do with ideological options concerning rational economic behaviour which gained particular salience in the fifteenth century despite having been present in embryo for a much longer period.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document