Afro-Asiatic Overview

2020 ◽  
pp. 268-274
Author(s):  
Victor Porkhomovsky
Keyword(s):  
Present State ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Language Family ◽  
Binary Composition ◽  
Ancient Egyptian ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
Independent Branch

The chapter presents a short sketch of the history of the Afro-Asiatic language family (often labeled a macro-family or language phylum), beginning with the history of the names Semitic and Hamitic. Changes in the composition of Afro-Asiatic are examined with a special focus on the correlation between Semitic and Hamitic. The place of Hamitic theory in Hamito-Semitic studies and its theoretical premises are discussed, as well as the reasons to reject the concept of original binary composition of the family and the very notion of Hamitic. All this led to changing the name of the family from Hamito-Semitic to Afro-Asiatic, which comprises five or six independent branches: Semitic, Ancient Egyptian, Berber, Chadic, Cushitic, and Omotic (as an independent branch or part of Cushitic). The present state of the art in comparative Afro-Asiatic and possible external links of Afro-Asiatic are also discussed.

History of Mathematics in the Islamic World: The Present State of the Art

1985 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Berggren
Keyword(s):  
Present State ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
History Of Mathematics ◽  
Islamic Culture ◽  
Islamic World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Mathematical Sciences ◽  
Islamic Mathematics

In Recent Years, many discoveries in the history of Islamic mathematics have not been reported outside the specialist literature, even though they raise issues of interest to a larger audience. Thus, our aim in writing this survey is to provide to scholars of Islamic culture an account of the major themes and discoveries of the last decade of research on the history of mathematics in the Islamic world. However, the subject of mathematics comprised much more than what a modern mathematician might think of as belonging to mathematics, so our survey is an overview of what may best be called the “mathematical sciences” in Islam; that is, in addition to such topics as arithmetic, algebra, and geometry we will also be interested in mechanics, optics, and mathematical instruments.

The Northwest Caucasian Languages

2021 ◽  
pp. 367-446
Author(s):  
Peter Arkadiev ◽  
Yury Lander
Keyword(s):  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Linguistic Theory ◽  
Language Family ◽  
Linguistic Research ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
Adequate Representation ◽  
Clause Combining

This chapter describes the major features of the Northwest Caucasian (Abkhaz-Adyghe) language family, comprising Abkhaz, Abaza, West Circassian (Adyghe), East Circassian (Kabardian), and the now extinct Ubykh. Starting with the sociolinguistic setting of the Northwest Caucasian varieties and the history of linguistic research on them, the discussion then proceeds to a description of the most important features of their phonology, morphology, and syntax, concluding with a brief discussion of a number of typologically outstanding features. The chapter, based both on published sources and the authors’ fieldwork data, covers issues such as exuberant consonantism, lexical category underspecification, polysynthetic morphology, expression of spatial meanings in the verb, rich systems of tense, aspect and mood categories, finite and non-finite verbal forms, non-trivial noun phrase syntax, relativization, and complexities of clause-combining. Besides describing the features common for all the languages of the family, we focus on important points of variation among the Northwest Caucasian languages and their dialects, aiming at an adequate representation of the wealth of phenomena they present and highlighting the challenges they offer for typology and linguistic theory.

scholarly journals State of the Art of “Amphibian” Localities of the Letovice Subbasin (Boskovice Basin, Czech Republic)

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-24
Author(s):  
Martina Krejčí ◽  
Martin Mazuch
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Dominant Type ◽  
Earth History ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Sites ◽  
The Village

AbstractThis paper provides a summary of localization of Permian historical sites in the Boskovice Basin, which yielded amphibians of the family Discosauriscidae. Most of these sites have not been previously precisely localized. Our investigation is focused mainly on so-called “Špinar’s localities” named after Prof. Z. Špinar and described in his work. Several sites were also described by A. Stehlík, J. Zajíc & S. Štamberg and J. Augusta. The reason for the localization of these locations is that more than 3,000 samples from these sites are stored at the Chlupáč’s Museum of Earth History of the Charles University in Prague. Most localities are situated around the village of Bačov, where carbonization is the dominant type of preservation of Palaeozoic amphibian skeletons.

Forty Years of Quantitative Diffraction Analysis

1976 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leroy E. Alexander
Keyword(s):  
Diffraction Analysis ◽  
Present State ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Absorption Factor ◽  
Historical Events ◽  
Broad Perspective ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of

In this paper an attempt is made to review in rather broad perspective the origins and history of quantitative methods in diffraction analysis, at the same time leaving an in-depth examination of the present state of the art to other better qualified contributors to this conference. Space limitations preclude mention of many significant contributions, for which I am very sorry. It will be possible to review only a number of pivotal historical events, while also taking note of certain other researches that seem representative of historical and present-day trends.The birth of quantitatively meaningful analysis in the mid-1930s depended upon a realisation of, and allowance for, the alteration of the diffracted intensities resulting from absorption of x-rays by the specimen. Furthermore, advances in the art achieved during the past forty years have been closely related to improvements in the treatment of the absorption factor.

Kartvelian (South Caucasian) Languages

2021 ◽  
pp. 489-528
Author(s):  
Yakov G. Testelets
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Noun Phrases ◽  
Language Family ◽  
Complex Sentence ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
Basic Characteristics ◽  
Causative Structure ◽  
Information History

The chapter contains a description of the small Kartvelian, or South Caucasian, language family spoken in the Western part of Transcaucasia and consisting of four languages of which Georgian is the most known and culturally significant. It outlines the structure of the family and the problem of its further genetic affiliation and contains sociolinguistic information, history of its research, basic characteristics of phonology, including a rich consonantal system with unusual consonant clusters, lexical classes, morphology of nominals and verbs, with special emphasis on complexity of the verb and the syntactically motivated morphological classes and processes like valency-changing derivation (benefactive, causative), structure of noun phrases and the role of case marking, simple clause, word order, anaphora, complex sentence, and the role of the three major grammatical relations: Subject, Direct Object, and Indirect Object that dominate in the morphology and syntax; the areal and typological profile of the Kartvelian languages; and issues for further research.

scholarly journals Topical problems in the theory of planet formation: formation of planetesimals

2019 ◽  
pp. 104-121
Author(s):  
A. B. Makalkin ◽  
I. N. Ziglina ◽  
M. E. Artyushkova
Keyword(s):  
Planet Formation ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Formation Theory ◽  
History Of Development ◽  
The Earth ◽  
History Of ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Schmidt Institute

The development of the Earth’s and planets formation theory over 70 years is considered with a special focus on the history of development of this theory at the Schmidt Institute of Physics of the Earth of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IPE RAS) where this direction of research was founded by Otto Schmidt. The state of the art of the theory is outlined. In particular, the planetesimals formation problem currently belonging to the key unsolved issues in the theory of planet formation is discussed. Recent results of the studies aimed at solving this problem at IPE RAS are presented.

Family–, Court–, and State–Archives (Haus–, Hof–, Und Staats–Archiv) at Vienna

1921 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 49-61
Keyword(s):  
Present State ◽  
Family Court ◽  
Historical Study ◽  
Peace Treaty ◽  
Short History ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
State Archives ◽  
The University ◽  
Mutual Agreement

On October 26 Professor Dr. Joseph Redlich, on behalf of the University of Vienna, delivered an address to the Fellows of the Royal Historical Society on the present state of the Family-, Court-, and State-Archives (Haus-, Hof-, und Staats-archiv) at Vienna. Professor Redlich gave a short history of these famous Archives, with a general survey of the astounding wealth of historical documents and State Papers which they contain. He explained the great dangers with which the dismemberment of the old Empire of the Habsburg Dynasty and the formation of several new sovereign states out of the ancient Austrian territories threatened the very existence of these early sources of historical study. He was happy to be able to report that most of these dangers had been averted—at least for the time being—by mutual agreement of the representatives of several Governments concerned. The unanimously accepted thesis that in execution of the respective clauses of the Peace Treaty, the so-called principle of “provenience” should be rigorously observed, gives a guarantee that the Viennese Central Archives of the Dynasty, the State and the Empire will on the whole remain in their present state.

Omotic

2020 ◽  
pp. 330-340
Author(s):  
Bernhard Köhler
Keyword(s):  
Language Family ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
History Of ◽  
Salient Features ◽  
Independent Branch

The Omotic language family belongs to those entities within the Afro-Asiatic phylum which are controversially debated. With regard to external classification some authors maintain that Omotic should be subsumed under the western branch of Cushitic, whereas others place it directly under Afro-Asiatic—besides Cushitic, Chadic, Semitic, Egyptian, and Berber. There are even hypotheses that at least parts of Omotic, if not the whole family, are not Afro-Asiatic at all. The present chapter reviews the various approaches and arguments which have emerged during the history of research. In the course of the discussion, some of the most salient features of Omotic languages will be outlined. It will become clear that Omotic can indeed be established as a relatively independent branch of Afro-Asiatic.

scholarly journals ANCIENT BELIEFS AND THEIR RELIGIOUS AND MYSTICAL SYMBOLS

2020 ◽  
pp. 96-107
Author(s):  
ELYOR ALIMKULOV
Keyword(s):  
Ancient Greece ◽  
Ancient Egypt ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Religious Symbol ◽  
Religious Symbols ◽  
Ancient Egyptian ◽  
Religious Worldview ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of

The article examines the concept of religious symbols, the history of the origin of religious-mystical symbols in ancient Egypt, Greece and Rome, their essence and content and meaning today. Also, the author’s views on the introduction of the concepts of symbol and religious symbols into scientifc circulation are expressed, various defnitions of these concepts by Western scientists are given, the role of symbols in society is determined. It is noted that in ancient Egyptian beliefs, each tribe worshiped and revered not only its own god, but also a certain animal that was somehow connected with this god, regardless of whether they were both in separate forms or zoo-anthropomorphic, that is, presented in the form religious symbol «man-animal». In particular, from the article you can learn a lot about such popular symbols as the Ankh Amenti, Ba, Shenu, Jed, The pen Maat, Urey, Ujat. Also, the work contains information about the symbols represented in the religious beliefs of Ancient Greece from various sources that have come down to us, ancient Greek epics, the works of Greek philosophers. Since the ancient Greeks and Romans often deifed several animals and birds, the moon and the sun, gods in human forms, based on the mythologies of these peoples, a comparative analysis of some religious and mystical symbols was carried out, such as Ares - Mars, Asclepius, harpies, Hermes - Mercury, Zeus - Jupiter, Nika - Victoria, Pegasus, Themis. Besides, this scientifc study reflects the scientifc views that the religious worldview of the ancient Romans was associated with agriculture, rituals deifying nature, mysticalreligious images and ancestral spirits, which were usually carried out by the head of the family. Shows the essence and content of attributes and symbols that appeared later in ancient Roman beliefs as a result of rituals of animal and plant sacrifces, worship and special rituals

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