Small-scale Credit Institutions

2016 ◽  
pp. 190-214
Author(s):  
R. Daniel Wadhwani
Keyword(s):  
Institutional Arrangements ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Organizational Size ◽  
Cultural Narrative ◽  
Savings Banks ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Political Theories ◽  
Credit Cooperatives ◽  
Sources Of Variation ◽  
Credit Institutions

This chapter begins by examining the reasons for the growing historiographical and theoretical interest in small-scale credit institutions, and in understanding variations in the institutional arrangements of intermediaries more broadly. It then briefly surveys the literature on a selection of these institutions—ROSCAs, savings banks, credit cooperatives, and building associations—to identify patterns of organization and development over time and place. Finally, it examines a number of theoretical perspectives that have been used to account for variation in in the organizational size, form, and practices that such small credit institutions embody. Specifically it considers transaction cost theories, location-based theories, socio-political theories, and cultural/narrative theories, and assesses their contributions and limitations in understanding the sources of variation and change in institutional arrangements.

Cleaning up the Grunge

1999 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-165
Author(s):  
Jen Webb
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Pierre Bourdieu ◽  
Institutional Arrangements ◽  
Private Sphere ◽  
Cultural Industries ◽  
Career Trajectory ◽  
School Students ◽  
Cultural Products ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives

In 1996, Triple J's ‘Unearthed’ competition awarded the Central Queensland prize to Andalusion, a grunge band of four young high school students. Since winning this award, the band has been transformed from a group of musical amateur-enthusiasts to a semi-professional band with an industry manager, recording contracts, video and CD recordings, steady (paid) gigs in public venues and a clear career trajectory. The band's music is also changing from semi-heavy grunge, deeply inflected by teenage angst, to a more reflective and developed sound. In other words, it seems that they have been relocated from the private sphere to a position as one of the providers of public culture. This paper focuses on the conditions under which, and the institutional arrangements through which, relatively marginalised subjects can become legitimated as agents of the cultural industries and creators of authorised cultural products. By drawing on discussions with the band members and a reading of their audio and visual work, and through theoretical perspectives offered by Pierre Bourdieu, it investigates the logic of creative production and its agents, and identifies the capital necessary to enter the field. The paper also discusses the extent to which artists operating within the cultural industries are necessarily products of its discourses.

Establishing Social Justice Through Financial Inclusivity: Islamic Propagation by Islamic Savings and Credit Cooperatives in Indonesia

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minako Sakai
Keyword(s):  
Social Justice ◽  
Financial Services ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Islamic Finance ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Islamic Banks ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Credit Cooperatives

AbstractIslamic finance has been growing significantly across the globe. In Southeast Asia, interest in Islamic finance and its growth is significant in Malaysia. Compared with Malaysia, in Indonesia, however, the largest Muslim population country where an Islamic resurgence has been widely taking place, the growth of Islamic banks remains slower and on a smaller scale. Furthermore, recent research shows that Islamic piety does not systematically translate into the use of Islamic banks among middle-class Indonesians. Against these findings, this article highlights a relatively understudied Islamic finance institution, Islamic Savings and Credit Cooperatives, in Indonesia commonly known as Baitul Maal wat Tamwil (BMT). The BMT sector is separate from the banking sector and as such has received little scholarly attention as part of Islamic finance in Indonesia. The number of the BMTs in Indonesia has increased significantly since the 1990s and they are grass-roots Islamic financial institutions offering financial services to relatively small-scale traders in urban areas. Based on data from anthropological research in Central Java, this article argues that Islamic propagation is an important element among the BMT founders and workers. They perceive their economic activities as Islamic propagation by deeds (dakwah bil hal) to achieve social justice.

Altered States: Explaining Domestic Institutional Change

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 177-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANDREW P. CORTELL ◽  
SYSAN PETERSON
Keyword(s):  
Institutional Change ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Radical Change ◽  
Institutional Arrangements ◽  
Institutional Transformation ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Window Of Opportunity ◽  
Altered States ◽  
Incremental Change ◽  
Windows Of Opportunity

Existing explanations of domestic structural change focus on the role crises play in precipitating radical or episodic change. They largely ignore the sources and consequences of incremental change, even though this type of change also can have significant effects for policy processes and outcomes. We outline a framework for studying institutional transformation that accounts for both forms of change. The argument is a three part one. First, international and domestic events, including both crises and gradual pressures, open windows of opportunity that provide policy officials with the potential to transform existing institutions. Large-scale, system-wide changes open large windows, which allow radical change, while small-scale, issue-specific problems and changes create more limited opportunities for change. Secondly, whether an institutional change follows a window of opportunity depends on the actions and interests of state officials. Thirdly, state officials' ability to capitalize on a window of opportunity depends on their institutional position or capacity; the prevailing institutional arrangements create opportunities for, or place limits on, officials' ability to make change. Two case studies illustrate and probe the plausibility of the argument.

scholarly journals Releasing the grip of managerial domination

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 287-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Clark ◽  
Michelle Cornes ◽  
Jill Manthorpe ◽  
Catherine Hennessy ◽  
Sarah Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Systems Of Care ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
System Transformation ◽  
Traditional Management ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Collaborative Working ◽  
Management Techniques ◽  
Integrated Or

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to discuss “system transformation” in the context of different workforces and organisations seeking to support people experiencing multiple exclusion homelessness (MEH). From a relational and integrated care perspective it aims to identify barriers to achieving more effective ways of working in the prevailing context of “managerial domination”. Communities of practice (COPs) are evaluated to identify their potential to overcome some of these barriers. Design/methodology/approach – The paper presents a theoretical and conceptual discussion of a project in which a number of COPs were established and evaluated to ascertain their value in developing more relational ways of working in the context of MEH. Case studies of COPs operating in the context of MEH are explored and discussed. Findings – It is concluded that COPs have the potential to deliver small-scale changes (“little miracles”) which are characteristically more subversive than transformative. Nevertheless, the authors still see these small gains as significant when compared to the inertia that is often found in local systems of care where more traditional management techniques (such as “payment by results”) prevail. The authors also draw attention to the scope for much improved service quality which flows from moving beyond the “tick box” and into the realms of what it really takes to tackle homelessness and multiple exclusion. In other words, although often requiring considerable amounts of “craft and graft” to deliver seemingly very small amounts of change, these “little miracles” may actually be more conducive in the long run to delivering the kind of tangible “real” change that is often aspired to by both workers and service users and their carers. Research limitations/implications – The COPs project was limited in terms of time and scale and, hence, further research would be needed to, for example, ascertain their longer-term potential. Practical implications – There is merit in the theoretical perspectives discussed and, from these, of understanding how best to establish and operate COPs as a vehicle for achieving better outcomes through integrated or collaborative working. Social implications – There is much scope for better integrated or more collaborative working in the context of MEH and this paper draws attention to how COPs could be one means of achieving better outcomes for people experiencing MEH. Originality/value – This is the first paper to set out the theoretical analysis of COPs as a means of achieving better integrated or collaborative working.

scholarly journals Individual Differences in Language Learning and Teaching: a Complex/Dynamic/Socio-Ecological/Holistic View

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol Griffiths ◽  
Adem Soruç
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Language Learning ◽  
Individual Difference ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Complex Dynamic ◽  
Holistic View ◽  
Learning And Teaching ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Teachers Perspectives

AbstractThis article begins by outlining the development of the individual difference concept, considering what should be included as an individual difference, and suggesting a definition. The authors then suggest 11 individual differences which occur regularly in the literature and which they have found to be salient features in their own classrooms. A brief overview of these 11 factors is provided, along with theoretical perspectives relevant to the individual differences issue. The article concludes with a small-scale investigation of teachers’ perspectives of the importance of individual differences in language learning. According to the results, teachers consider motivation and strategy use the most important variables, but that all 11 factors are at least somewhat important. This conclusion emphasizes the need for a holistic view of these complex/dynamic, socio-ecologically influenced phenomena.

scholarly journals OWNERSHIP STABILIZATION OF SAVINGS BANKS BY FOUNDATIONS

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 088-091
Author(s):  
Holger Blisse
Keyword(s):  
Banking Industry ◽  
Specific Role ◽  
Risk Awareness ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Savings Banks ◽  
Current Discussion ◽  
Savings Bank ◽  
Risk Sensitive ◽  
Credit Institutions

Foundations have recently played a specific role in the transformation of savings banks to joint stock companies (corporations) in Europe. The current discussion about the recovery and resolution of credit institutions and the growing responsibility of depositors in the event of bankruptcy, shifts the risk from the banking industry to a group that traditionally was never affected. As a support, and also as security for depositors of risk-sensitive and risk-responsible credit institutions, the group of owners becomes even more relevant. Within groups that are possible, a foundation, as owner, can intensify stability and signalize risk awareness and responsibility. This paper analyzes the innovative aspects and positive effects of a savings bank’s foundation as well as the problems of retaining typical features of a savings bank.

The Interest Rate Pass-Through in German Banking Groups

2006 ◽  
Vol 226 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiltrud Nehls
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rate ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Common Knowledge ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Savings Banks ◽  
Time Deposits ◽  
Credit Cooperatives ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
The Interest Rate ◽  
Interest Rate Change

SummaryThe pass-through of market rates to retail interest rates is generally found to be particularly slow in Germany compared to other countries. One popular explanation is the organisation of the banking system in three strictly segregated “pillars”: savings banks, credit cooperatives and private banks, and the low competitiveness of the first two of them. In this paper we analyse the differences of the interest rate pass-through between these banking groups. We employ a dataset covering (roughly) 30 banks’ retail interest rates of four standard banking products (mortgages, consumer credit, savings accounts and time deposits). In a panel ECM we first estimate reference models of the interest pass-through for the four products. In a second step they are augmented by dummies representing the respective banking group. We find remarkable differences in the interest rate pass-through: in general it is the big banks and savings banks reacting significantly quicker to changes in the market than regional banks and credit cooperatives. Hence, in contrast to the “common knowledge” of sluggish reactions of state banks, the savings banks take full part in competition. The credit cooperatives however, smoothing their retail rates, shield their customers from interest rate change risks.

scholarly journals Governing Transitions towards Sustainable Agriculture—Taking Stock of an Emerging Field of Research

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 528
Author(s):  
Inga C. Melchior ◽  
Jens Newig
Keyword(s):  
Small Scale ◽  
Agricultural Systems ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Local Case ◽  
Management Technology ◽  
The Status ◽  
Consumer Habits ◽  
Agricultural Transitions ◽  
Lock In

The need for fundamental changes in the way humans interact with nature is now widely acknowledged in order to achieve sustainable development. Agriculture figures prominently in this quest, being both a major driver and a major threat to global sustainability. Agricultural systems typically have co-evolved with other societal structures—retailers, land management, technology, consumer habits, and environmental and agricultural law—and can therefore well be described as socio-technical regimes in the sense of the sustainability transitions literature. This paper aims to give an overview of the emerging field of governing transitions to sustainability agriculture and the topics and trends covered, focusing on how agricultural transitions are being governed through a variety of actors and at a variety of levels. We conduct a systematic review of 153 articles published before the year 2019. We identify two main perspectives: papers that analyse the status quo in farming practices and reasons for lock-in, and papers that explore potential transition pathways and their governance. Predominantly, papers study (local) niche developments and discuss governance options for upscaling, rather than actual regime change. Seven distinct perspectives emerge from our reading of the selected articles: application of theoretical perspectives from the literature on socio-technical transitions; governance and regulation; knowledge and learning; concrete approaches to reduce the environmental impact of agricultural systems; urbanisation, urban agriculture, and local food networks; the role of agri-food businesses; as well as the role of gender. While a variety of local case studies shows potential for small-scale changes that might be transferable to other regions and higher levels of governance, it generally appears that more integrative, comparative work and perhaps more coherence in conceptual approaches would benefit the currently highly fragmented field.

Written corrective feedback from sociocultural theoretical perspectives: A research agenda

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 262-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neomy Storch
Keyword(s):  
Corrective Feedback ◽  
Zone Of Proximal Development ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Individual Factors ◽  
Proximal Development ◽  
The Third ◽  
Written Corrective Feedback ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Automated Feedback

Using key constructs from sociocultural theory and activity theory, this paper outlines three broad areas of future research on written corrective feedback (WCF) that may be of interest to second language (L2) researchers and practitioners. The first area uses the constructs of the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) and scaffolding to assess the nature and appropriateness of the feedback provided. The second area uses the construct of tools and considers learners’ responses to the means used to provide WCF, including automated feedback. The third, and perhaps most important area, views WCF as an activity, and examines context-related and individual factors that impact on the provision and response to WCF. The paper provides concrete examples of small-scale longitudinal studies in each of these areas, including recommendations as to the kind of data and measures to employ.

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