21 Long-Term Ophthalmologic Outcome of Young Adults Born Extremely Preterm

Abstract Primary Subject area Ophthalmology Background Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) remains the dominant cause of severe visual impairment in childhood in North America and Europe. With the salient improvement in neonatal care since the 1980s, more and more very/extremely premature infants survived and are now reaching adulthood. Premature birth interferes with the critical period of retinal maturation and foveal development. The development of ROP further damages the retina and its vasculature. So far, outcome studies on visual functions and ocular structure in adults born preterm remain scarce. Objectives The first aim of this study is to describe the visual function and retinal structure in a cohort of young adults who were born prematurely. With the recognition of the insidious nature of ROP, we also aimed to investigate if ROP could exert a “second hit” beyond prematurity. Design/Methods This cross-sectional observational study compared visual function of young adults (18-29 years old) born prematurely (< 30 weeks of gestational age [GA]) versus full-term controls. Participants were categorized into three groups: preterm without ROP, preterm with ROP, and term. Comprehensive ophthalmologic examination was performed with blinding to preterm and ROP status. Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was assessed with a standardized linear Snellen chart and contrast sensitivity (CS) with the Vistech system. When analyzing BCVA, refractive errors, and contrast sensitivities, we further grouped data based on the strong eyes (better BCVA) and the weak eyes (worse BCVA). Area-under-the-curve (AUC) analysis was performed to gauge the overall CS. Group comparisons were done using ANOVA. Results In this study, 88 individuals born prematurely and 86 individuals born full-term were recruited. Among the strong eyes of the 3 groups, there was no significant difference for BCVA or refractive errors (see image). Among the weak eyes, the preterm with ROP group had the worst BCVA and refractive outcomes, compared to the preterm without ROP and term groups. In the strong eyes, the CS AUC of the preterm with ROP group (16.22 ± 2.69 p<0.0001) was significantly lower than both the preterm without ROP (18.13 ± 2.01) and term (19.55 ± 2.48) groups. In the weak eyes, the AUC of the 3 groups showed a significant and progressive decline from the term group (18.9 ± 2.84) to the preterm without ROP group (18.29 ± 2.14), then to the preterm with ROP group (15.24 ± 2.21). Conclusion In our cohort of young adults born preterm, prematurity alone did not affect their BCVA and refractive errors. However, ROP was independently associated with a lower BCVA, higher refractive errors, and a reduced contrast sensitivity. Our data have shown that prematurity and ROP have independent effects on contrast sensitivity. This study highlights the necessity of long-term ophthalmologic follow-ups for adults who were born prematurely.

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Visual function is reduced in young adults formerly born prematurely: a population-based study

British Journal of Ophthalmology ◽

10.1136/bjophthalmol-2019-314429 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 104 (4) ◽

pp. 541-546 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dýrleif Pétursdóttir ◽

Gerd Holmström ◽

Eva Larsson

Keyword(s):

Visual Acuity ◽

Young Adults ◽

Contrast Sensitivity ◽

Visual Function ◽

Visual Fields ◽

Population Based ◽

Full Term ◽

Mean Deviation ◽

Population Based Study ◽

Distance Visual Acuity

AimsTo assess visual function in young adults born preterm and compare with full-term individuals of the same age.MethodsYoung adults, born preterm (birth weight ≤1500 g) in 1988–1990, previously included in a population-based study on the incidence of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in Stockholm County, Sweden were included. A control group of participants born at term, in the same area during the same time period, was used for comparison. Best-corrected visual acuities were assessed at distance and near with logMAR charts. Distance visual acuity was also measured with single symbols to calculate crowding. Visual fields were measured with Humphrey 24-2 and the mean deviation was noted. Contrast sensitivity was assessed with Vistech contrast sensitivity test and the area under the curve was calculated.ResultsFifty-nine preterm (females 37) and 44 full-term (females 18) individuals were included. All individuals were between 25 and 29 years of age. Preterm individuals had significantly lower distance visual acuity (mean −0.08 (SD 0.11) vs −0.14 (SD 0.07) logMAR, p=0.009), near visual acuity (mean −0.08 (SD 0.11) vs −0.13 (SD 0.06) logMAR, p=0.049), mean deviation (mean −1.09 (SD 1.13) vs −0.80 (SD 1.03) dB, p=0.05) and contrast sensitivity (mean 2.02 (SD 0.19) vs 2.16 (SD 0.14), p<0.001) in the better eye compared with full-term individuals. The differences in distance visual acuity and contrast sensitivity were also evident after excluding persons with previous ROP and neurological complications. In multivariable analyses, treated ROP was a risk factor for reduced near visual acuity and visual fields.ConclusionVisual function seems to be reduced in prematurely born individuals even in adulthood. The reason may be prematurity per se since individuals without previous ROP or neurological complications are also affected.SynopsisVisual function, assessed as visual acuity, visual fields and contrast sensitivity, was reduced in young adults born preterm and previously included in a population-based study on the incidence of retinopathy of prematurity, as compared with controls.

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Self perceived oro-facial behaviour and malocclusion among young adults in Hyderabad city

International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health ◽

10.1515/ijamh-2018-0297 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Dasari Tejaswini ◽

Suhas Kulkarni ◽

Dolar Doshi ◽

Adepu Srilatha

Keyword(s):

Gender Differences ◽

Young Adults ◽

Health Knowledge ◽

Simple Random Sampling ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Sampling Procedure ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Face ◽

The Impact

AbstractBackgroundAesthetic alterations in the face can be self-perceived and can affect quality of life in young adults.ObjectiveTo assess the impact of malocclusion on self- perceived oro-facial behaviour among young adults.MethodsA Cross sectional study was conducted among 638 young adults (aged 18–21 years) of Hyderabad city. One college from each of the five zones of the Hyderabad city (five colleges) were selected by simple random sampling procedure. A 21-item Oro-facial investment scale (OFIS) questionnaire assessing self-perceived oral health knowledge, attitude, practice and Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) assessing the severity of malocclusion was used. Data were analysed with standard statistical software (SPSS, Statistical package for the social sciences, version 20.0). p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsMales had higher mean scores for knowledge (2.90 ± 0.49) than females (2.73 ± 0.82) and was statistically significant (p = 0.002*). No statistically significant gender differences were found in relation to attitude and practice. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that there was a significant difference in all the three scores (knowledge, attitude, practice) with respect to age, with significantly high score for knowledge and practice among 18 year old subjects (p = 0.0001*; p = 0.0003* respectively) and attitude among 21 year old subjects (p = 0.0049*). No statistically significant age, gender differences were found in relation to DAI scores. Upon correlation, DAI significantly and positively correlated with knowledge (p = 0.03*) and attitude (p = 0.0001*).ConclusionThis study has shown significant impact of malocclusion on the self-perceived oro-facial behaviour.

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The Long-Term Effect of Preterm Birth on Renal Function: A Meta-Analysis

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18062951 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (6) ◽

pp. 2951

Author(s):

Ju Sun Heo ◽

Jiwon M. Lee

Keyword(s):

Renal Function ◽

Preterm Birth ◽

Glomerular Filtration ◽

Renal Plasma Flow ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Full Term ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Preterm Group ◽

Preterm Born

The preterm-born adult population is ever increasing following improved survival rates of premature births. We conducted a meta-analysis to investigate long-term effects of preterm birth on renal function in preterm-born survivors. We searched PubMed and EMBASE to identify studies that compared renal function in preterm-born survivors and full-term-born controls, published until 2 February 2019. A random effects model with standardized mean difference (SMD) was used for meta-analyses. Heterogeneity of the studies was evaluated using Higgin’s I2 statistics. Risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa quality assessment scale. Of a total of 24,388 articles screened, 27 articles were finally included. Compared to full-term-born controls, glomerular filtration rate and effective renal plasma flow were significantly decreased in preterm survivors (SMD −0.54, 95% confidence interval (CI), −0.85 to −0.22, p = 0.0008; SMD −0.39, 95% CI, −0.74 to −0.04, p = 0.03, respectively). Length and volume of the kidneys were significantly decreased in the preterm group compared to the full-term controls (SMD −0.73, 95% CI, −1.04 to −0.41, p < 0.001; SMD −0.82, 95% CI, −1.05 to −0.60, p < 0.001, respectively). However, serum levels of blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and cystatin C showed no significant difference. The urine microalbumin to creatinine ratio was significantly increased in the preterm group. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressures were also significantly elevated in the preterm group, although the plasma renin level did not differ. This meta-analysis demonstrates that preterm-born survivors may be subject to decreased glomerular filtration, increased albuminuria, decreased kidney size and volume, and hypertension even though their laboratory results may not yet deteriorate.

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Pengaruh Trait Kepribadian terhadap Aktivitas Fisik

Jurnal Psikologi Malahayati ◽

10.33024/jpm.v2i1.2424 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Welan Mauli Angguna

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Young Adults ◽

Personality Traits ◽

Analytical Study ◽

Degenerative Disease ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Exercise Routine ◽

Cross Sectional Design

ABSTRACT: THE EFFECTS OF PERSONALITY TRAITS ON PHYSICAL ACTIVITY Indonesia was considered as a country who has low physical activity. Hence, it was necessary to promote physical activity in order preventing degenerative disease and death in young adults. Personality traits were good predictors of physical activity. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of personality traits on physical activity. This is a survey analytical study cross-sectional design on 33 samples aged 18-26 years old. The study found that personalities traits influenced physical activity with contribution 32% (p≤0,05), especially of extraversion, agreeableness, and openness. There was significant difference of physical activity based on gender and exercise routine, this should be a consideration for further research. Keywords: Personality Traits, Physical Activity, Gender. Indonesia dianggap sebagai negara dengan aktivitas fisik yang cukup rendah, sehingga diperlukan promosi aktivitas fisik untuk pencegahan terhadap penyakit degeneratif dan kematian di usia muda. Trait kepribadian dianggap sebagai faktor psikologis kuat dalam identifikasi aktivitas fisik. Penelitian ini adalah survei analitik dengan rancangan cross-sectional pada 33 sampel usia 18-26 tahun yang rutin dan tidak rutin berolahraga. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa trait kepribadian berkontribusi sebesar 32% (p≤0,05) terhadap aktivitas fisik, khususnya trait ekstraversi, agreeableness, dan openness. Adanya perbedaan signifikan aktivitas fisik dan trait kepribadian antar gender dan rutinitas berolahraga, hal ini disarankan menjadi pertimbangan untuk penelitian lanjutan. Kata Kunci: Trait Kepribadian, Aktivitas Fisik, Gender.

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High Blood Ammonia Levels Associated with Long-term Valproic Acids Therapy in Epileptic Children

Molecular and Cellular Biomedical Sciences ◽

10.21705/mcbs.v4i2.105 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 83

Author(s):

I Gusti Lanang Sidiartha ◽

I Gusti Ngurah Made Suwarba ◽

Dyah Kanya Wati ◽

Ida Bagus Subanada

Keyword(s):

Valproic Acid ◽

Combination Therapy ◽

Ammonia Level ◽

Blood Ammonia ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Acid Therapy ◽

Blood Ammonia Level ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Epileptic Children

Background: Valproic acid is an effective drug for controlling seizure in children with epilepsy and it is usually used for treatment as long as two years or more. Blood ammonia level often increased in epileptic children who were treated with long-term valproic acid. The study was conducted to determine the relationship between blood ammonia level with valproic acid therapy in epileptic children.Materials and Methods: This is an observational study with cross-sectional approach. The subjects were 64 children with epilepsy, average age of 6.2 years old. Subjects were 33 boys and 31 girls. Blood ammonia level was examined using enzymatic glutamate dehydrogenase. Subjects were divided into 2 therapeutic groups based on the duration, doses and combination therapy of valproic acid. Subjects were recruited from Pediatric Neurology Clinic, Sanglah General Hospital, Bali, Indonesia, from May to December 2017. Comparison of blood ammonia level between groups were analyzed using an Independent t-test with significances if the p<0.05. Results: A significant difference of blood ammonia level was found between subjects who were treated with valproic acid less than 2 years and more than 2 years (45.7±16.4 mmol/L vs. 70.9±43.6 mmol/L; p=0.032). However, significant difference was not found between the groups according to the doses and combination therapy (p=0.450 and p=0.647, respectively).Conclusion: Blood ammonia level was significantly higher in epileptic children who used long-term valproic acid, hence it was recommended to check the blood ammonia level routinely.Keywords: ammonia, epilepsy, valproic, children

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Risk factors and analysis of long-term headache in sporadic vestibular schwannoma: a multicenter cross-sectional study

Journal of Neurosurgery ◽

10.3171/2014.12.jns142109 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 123 (5) ◽

pp. 1276-1286 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Matthew L. Carlson ◽

Øystein Vesterli Tveiten ◽

Colin L. Driscoll ◽

Christopher J. Boes ◽

Molly J. Sullan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vestibular Schwannoma ◽

Tumor Size ◽

Treatment Modality ◽

Severe Headache ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Control Subjects ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Headache Disability

OBJECT The primary goals of this study were: 1) to examine the influence of disease and treatment on headache in patients with sporadic vestibular schwannoma (VS); and 2) to identify clinical predictors of long-term headache disability. METHODS This was a cross-sectional observational study with international multicenter enrollment. Patients included those with primary sporadic < 3-cm VS and a separate group of general population control subjects without tumors. Interventions included a postal survey incorporating the Headache Disability Inventory (HDI), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and a VS symptom questionnaire. The main outcome measures were univariate and multivariable associations with HDI total score. RESULTS The overall survey response rate was 79%. Data from 538 patients with VS were analyzed. The mean age at time of survey was 64 years, 56% of patients were female, and the average duration between treatment and survey was 7.7 years. Twenty-seven percent of patients received microsurgery, 46% stereotactic radiosurgery, and 28% observation. Patients with VS who were managed with observation were more than twice as likely to have severe headache disability compared with 103 control subjects without VS. When accounting for baseline differences, there was no statistically significant difference in HDI outcome between treatment modalities at time of survey. Similarly, among the microsurgery cohort, the long-term risk of severe headache disability was not different between surgical approaches. Multivariable regression demonstrated that younger age, greater anxiety and depression, and a preexisting diagnosis of headache were the primary predictors of severe long-term headache disability, while tumor size and treatment modality had little influence. CONCLUSIONS At a mean of almost 8 years following treatment, approximately half of patients with VS experience headaches of varying frequency and severity. Patient-driven factors including age, sex, mental health, and preexisting headache syndrome are the strongest predictors of long-term severe headache disability. Tumor size and treatment modality have less impact. These data may assist with patient counseling regarding long-term expectations following diagnosis and treatment.

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Energy metabolism in sedentary and active 49- to 70-yr-old women

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1998.84.4.1333 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 84 (4) ◽

pp. 1333-1340 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

R. T. Withers ◽

D. A. Smith ◽

R. C. Tucker ◽

M. Brinkman ◽

D. G. Clark

Keyword(s):

Energy Expenditure ◽

Resting Metabolic Rate ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Analysis Of Covariance ◽

Statistical Control ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Energy Expenditures ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Living State

This study examined differences between long-term exercising (LE) and long-term nonexercising (LNE) women [ n = 24; age 56.4 ± 6.2 (SD) yr] for resting metabolic rate (RMR) and energy expenditure in the free-living state by using doubly labeled water (DLW). There was a statistically significant difference ( P = 0.0002) between the 12 LE (94.85 ± 8.44 kJ ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ day−1) and 12 LNE (81.16 ± 6.62 kJ ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ day−1) for RMR, but this difference was only marginally significant ( P = 0.06) when the data (MJ/day) were subjected to an analysis of covariance with fat-free mass as the covariate. The DLW data indicated that the eight most active LE (12.99 ± 3.58 MJ/day) expended significantly ( P = 0.01) more energy than did the eight least active LNE (9.30 ± 1.15 MJ/day). Energy expenditures ranged from 7.64 to 18.15 MJ/day, but there was no difference ( P = 0.96) between the LE and LNE in energy expenditure during activity that was not designed to either improve or maintain fitness. These cross-sectional data on 49- to 70-yr-old women therefore suggest that 1) aerobic-type training results in a greater RMR per unit of body mass and also when statistical control is exerted for the effect of the metabolically active fat-free mass, 2) there is a large range in the energy intake necessary to maintain energy balance, and 3) aerobic training does not result in a compensatory reduction in energy expenditure during the remainder of the day.

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The Role of Ischemia-modified Albumin as a Biomarker in Preeclampsia

Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia / RBGO Gynecology and Obstetrics ◽

10.1055/s-0040-1709662 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 42 (03) ◽

pp. 133-139

Author(s):

Süleyman Serkan Karaşin ◽

Tayfur Çift

Keyword(s):

Pregnant Women ◽

Laboratory Data ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Ischemia Modified Albumin ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Gestational Week ◽

Severity Of The Disease

Abstract Objective Ischemia-modified albumin (IMA)is a modified type of albumin protein that is formed under oxidative stress. This study aims to compare the levels of serum IMA between normotensive and preeclamptic pregnancies and to evaluate the relationship between the severity of the disease. Methods A total of 90 pregnant women aged between 18 and 45 years participated in this cross-sectional study. The levels of serum IMA were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 30 preeclamptic pregnant women with the severe signs of the disease, 30 preeclamptic pregnant women, and 30 normotensive pregnant women.. The study was designed as a cross-sectional clinical study. Results When the demographic characteristics were examined, statistically significant differences were found between the groups in terms of age, gestational week at birth and blood pressure. Age was higher in the preeclampsia with signs of severity group than in the normotensive group (p = 0.033). Pregnancy week was significantly the lowest in the preeclampsia with the severity signs group (p = 0.004). In normotensive patients, IMA levels were lower than in the preeclampsia groups (p < 0.001) but there was no significant difference in terms of severity of disease (p = 0.191). According to laboratory data; only the creatinine level was significantly different between the groups. Conclusion The levels of serum IMA were higher in patients with preeclampsia than in healthy pregnancies. However, there was no significant correlation in terms of preeclampsia severity; more extensive, prospective and long-term studies are needed.

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A Cross-Sectional Study on Smart-Phone Addiction among Late Adolescents and Young Adults (Aged 15 to 24 Years) of Ahmedabad City, Gujarat, India

Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare ◽

10.18410/jebmh/2021/96 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (9) ◽

pp. 491-496

Author(s):

Chirayu N. Pandya ◽

Donald S. Christian ◽

Mansi M. Patel

Keyword(s):

Young Adults ◽

Statistical Tests ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Adolescents And Young Adults ◽

Smartphone Addiction ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Future Health ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Significant Difference

BACKGROUND Smartphone use has gone tremendously up throughout the world during the past decade and addiction potential is well documented among the users. Smartphone addiction among adolescents and young adults should be seen with caution as they lay the foundations not only for their healthy lives but also of the country’s future and its economy, they live in. METHODS Both school and college students aged between 15 - 24 years were enrolled in this cross sectional study, using systematic random sampling technique to determine smartphone addiction potential through Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS). The possible factors contributing to SAS scores were also determined through statistical tests (Chi-square test, Kruskal-Wallis H test and Mann Whitney U test). RESULTS Among a total of 239 respondents of age 15 to 24 years (mean age 18.5 ± 2.35 years), there were 124 (51.9 %) females and 231 (96.7 %) belonged to the urban area. Most of the participants were studying in high school (40.6 %) followed by medical field (40.2 %). A total of 110 (46 %), students had used their smartphone commonly for social media purpose, followed by entertainment purpose (29.3 %), education (36 %), web surfing (20 %). The median daily usage of smartphone was found to be 4 hours among participants. The mean score of SAS was found to be 103.59 ± 25.08. There was statistically significant difference in SAS score according to age group, according to their smartphone usage per day, according to common purpose of usage of smartphone and also according to their streams, and monthly expenses the student spends to recharge their smartphone. CONCLUSIONS Smartphone addiction potential was determined according to various social and demographic characteristics. Factors causing smartphone addiction should be tackled by multiple stakeholders to reduce the chances of addiction due to smartphone and to protect them from future health consequences. KEYWORDS Adolescent, Smartphone Addiction, Smartphone Addiction Scale, Young Adults

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A cross sectional study of hearing thresholds in medical students

International Journal of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery ◽

10.18203/issn.2454-5929.ijohns20190776 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 434

Author(s):

V. M. Hemlata Katiyar ◽

D. Elango ◽

Vincent Prasanna

Keyword(s):

Young Adults ◽

Medical Students ◽

Noise Exposure ◽

Bone Conduction ◽

Normal Hearing ◽

Early Screening ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Hearing Thresholds ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Right

Background: The hearing thresholds of young adults with no known hearing loss or noise exposure is expected to be closer to 0 dB HL, though with the increasing usage of recreational noise through personal amplification devices there is shift in thresholds noted. Some studies have highlighted the effect of these devices on the hearing thresholds and a general shift of thresholds towards 25 dB. Objective was to determine the audiometric thresholds of a screened sample of medical students with presumed normal hearing.Methods: A total of 103 medical students in the age group of 20 to 23 years were screened and subjected to PTA. The Pure tone average was calculated for air conduction (AC) and bone conduction (BC) separately and also for high frequencies (HF). The average for the female students was compared with that of male students. The right ear average was compared with that of left ear. Results: There was a statistically significant difference with higher thresholds for males in BC and HF, however the difference in AC was not significant. Between the right and left ears, there was statistically significant elevation observed in BC average in the right ear, but no significant difference was found in the HF and AC thresholds.Conclusions: There is evidence of thresholds especially BC, shifting more towards 25 dB HL in young adults considered to have normal hearing. Early screening will help in identifying this and prevent further elevation by judicious use of mobile phones, personal music players and personal listening devices.

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