302 Sleep, Sleepiness, and Performance Across Three In-Flight Bunk Rest Opportunities

SLEEP ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. A120-A121
Author(s):  
Cassie Hilditch ◽  
Lucia Arsintescu ◽  
Kevin Gregory ◽  
Erin Evans
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Duration ◽  
Equal Opportunity ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Vigilance Task ◽  
Performance Outcomes ◽  
Sleep Inertia ◽  
The Third ◽  
Rest Break ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Rest Breaks

Abstract Introduction Airline pilots are required to take a rest break in a bunk during long-haul flights in an effort to reduce sleepiness during critical phases of flight. It is unclear, however, whether each rest break affords equal opportunity for sleep. We aimed to characterize sleep, sleepiness, and performance outcomes across three in-flight rest breaks during long-haul flights. Methods Thirty-seven pilots wore actiwatches and completed sleep diaries for approximately two weeks while flying a variety of long-haul routes (n=126 flights). Self-reported in-flight bunk rest (BR) periods were used to set rest intervals and sleep was estimated within these intervals using actigraphy software (wake threshold set to medium). Pilots provided Karolinska Sleepiness Scale ratings (KSS) and performed a 5-minute psychomotor vigilance task (PVT) before landing. A linear mixed-effects model with participant included as a random effect and allowed to vary by intercept was used to assess differences between BR opportunities. Results The majority (97%, n=122) of BR periods contained sleep (as estimated by actigraphy). The mean (+/- standard deviation) sleep duration for the first, middle, and third BR opportunity was 152.8 (69.7), 149.2 (44.1), 125.2 (44.9) minutes, respectively. There was a significant effect of BR opportunity for sleep duration (F(2,54) = 3.747, p=.03) and KSS (F(2,44) = 7.869, p=.001). Bonferroni adjusted planned pairwise contrasts revealed that pilots using the third BR obtained significantly less sleep than in the first BR (p=.029). KSS ratings prior to landing were higher for the third BR compared to both the first (p=.001) and middle BR (p=.017). There were no significant differences for PVT speed or lapses (all p>05). Conclusion These results suggest that the last rest break is associated with shorter sleep, lower alertness, and no differences in performance relative to the other rest breaks. Further analysis is required to determine whether the higher KSS ratings following the third rest break are associated with sleep inertia, or whether other factors may be involved. Support (if any) NASA Airspace Operations and Safety Program, System-Wide Safety Project

Flight Crew Alertness and Sleep Relative to Timing of In-Flight Rest Periods in Long-Haul Flights

2021 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-91
Author(s):  
Kevin B. Gregory ◽  
Rhiannon N. Soriano-Smith ◽  
Amanda C. M. Lamp ◽  
Cassie J. Hilditch ◽  
Michael J. Rempe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Duration ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Federal Aviation Administration ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Flight Crew ◽  
Home Base ◽  
The Third ◽  
Rest Break ◽  
Rest Periods ◽  
Flight Operations

BACKGROUND: In-flight breaks are used during augmented long-haul flight operations, allowing pilots a sleep opportunity. The U.S. Federal Aviation Administration duty and rest regulations restrict the pilot flying the landing to using the third rest break. It is unclear how effective these restrictions are on pilots ability to obtain sleep. We hypothesized there would be no difference in self-reported sleep, alertness, and fatigue between pilots taking the second vs. third rest breaks.METHODS: Pilots flying augmented operations in two U.S.-based commercial airlines were eligible for the study. Volunteers completed a survey at top-of-descent (TOD), including self-reported in-flight sleep duration, and Samn-Perelli fatigue and Karolinska Sleepiness Scale ratings. We compared the second to third rest break using noninferiority analysis. The influence of time of day (home-base time; HBT) was evaluated in 4-h blocks using repeated measures ANOVA.RESULTS: From 787 flights 500 pilots provided complete data. The second rest break was noninferior to the third break for self-reported sleep duration (1.5 0.7 h vs. 1.4 0.7 h), fatigue (2.0 1.0 vs. 2.9 1.3), and sleepiness (2.6 1.4 vs. 3.8 1.8) at TOD for landing pilots. Measures of sleep duration, fatigue, and sleepiness were influenced by HBT circadian time of day.DISCUSSION: We conclude that self-reported in-flight sleep, fatigue, and sleepiness from landing pilots taking the second in-flight rest break are equivalent to or better than pilots taking the third break. Our findings support providing pilots with choice in taking the second or third in-flight rest break during augmented operations.Gregory KB, Soriano-Smith RN, Lamp ACM, Hilditch CJ, Rempe MJ, Flynn-Evans EE, Belenky GL. Flight crew alertness and sleep relative to timing of in-flight rest periods in long-haul flights. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2021; 92(2):8391.

scholarly journals 091 The Feasibility of At-home Sleep Extension in Adolescents and Young adults: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review

SLEEP ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. A38-A38
Author(s):  
Xinran Niu ◽  
Shijing Zhou ◽  
Melynda Casement
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Sleep Quality ◽  
Sleep Duration ◽  
Daytime Sleepiness ◽  
Performance Outcomes ◽  
Adolescents And Young Adults ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Sleep Extension ◽  
And Performance ◽  
At Home

Abstract Introduction Insufficient sleep duration has negative consequences for health and performance and is alarmingly common in adolescents and young adults. The primary aim of the meta-analysis and systematic review was to assess whether at-home sleep extension is a feasible means to improve sleep duration and daytime sleepiness without negative consequences for sleep quality or efficiency in adolescents and young adults. An additional aim of the review was to provide a qualitative summary of the health and performance outcomes associated with at-home sleep extension. Methods Peer-reviewed journal articles and doctoral dissertations available in English were searched and screened. Eligible studies had at least five consecutive days of at-home sleep extension, measurement of sleep duration during baseline/habitual sleep and extension of sleep opportunity, and participants 13–30 years of age. Information on primary sleep outcome (i.e., sleep duration), available secondary sleep outcomes (i.e., sleep opportunity, sleep efficiency, sleep quality, daytime sleepiness), and health and performance outcomes were extracted for quantitative synthesis and qualitative review. Results Of the 2254 articles assessed for eligibility, 17 studies (seven in adolescents and ten in young adults) met the eligibility criteria for this review. The average number of days of sleep manipulation was 14.29 (range: 5 to 49 nights). At-home extension of sleep opportunity reliably increased objective (ES = 0.97) and subjective sleep duration (ES = 2.19) and sleep quality (ES = 0.24), and decreased daytime sleepiness (ES = -0.39), when compared to unmanipulated sleep opportunity. Sleep extension was also found to have additional health (e.g., lower psychological stress) and performance benefits (e.g., better athletic performance) across ages and populations. A potential upward publication bias was found based on the distribution of within-subject effect sizes of actigraphic sleep duration. Conclusion The review indicates that at-home sleep extension is feasible in adolescents and young adults to improve sleep duration and daytime sleepiness, and maintain or improve sleep quality. However, the degree of improvement in sleep duration, sleep quality, and daytime sleepiness varied by study population and sleep extension method. Future research should investigate how variations in population and methods of sleep extension impact health and performance outcomes. Support (if any):

scholarly journals Are Individuals with Low Trait Anxiety Better Suited to On-Call Work?

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 473-486
Author(s):  
Madeline Sprajcer ◽  
Sarah M Jay ◽  
Grace E Vincent ◽  
Xuan Zhou ◽  
Andrew Vakulin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Trait Anxiety ◽  
State Anxiety ◽  
Vigilance Task ◽  
Performance Outcomes ◽  
State Trait Anxiety Inventory ◽  
Psychomotor Vigilance Task ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Psychomotor Vigilance ◽  
The Impact

Research has indicated that individuals with certain traits may be better suited to shiftwork and non-standard working arrangements. However, no research has investigated how individual differences impact on-call outcomes. As such, this study investigated the impact of trait anxiety on sleep and performance outcomes on-call. Seventy male participants (20–35 years) completed an adaptation night, a control night, and two on-call nights in a laboratory. Trait anxiety was determined using the State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) X-2, and participants completed the STAI X-1 prior to bed each night to assess state anxiety. Sleep was measured using polysomnography and quantitative electroencephalographic analysis. Performance was assessed using a 10-min psychomotor vigilance task (PVT) performed each day at 0930, 1200, 1430 and 1700 h. Data pooled from three separate but inter-related studies was used for these analyses. Results indicated that the effects of trait anxiety on state anxiety, sleep and performance outcomes on-call were generally limited. These findings suggest that on-call outcomes are not negatively affected by higher levels of trait anxiety.

scholarly journals Informality and firm performance in Myanmar

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanna Berkel ◽  
Finn Tarp
Keyword(s):  
Firm Performance ◽  
Performance Outcomes ◽  
Manufacturing Firms ◽  
Business Practices ◽  
Panel Survey ◽  
Performance Variables ◽  
The Third ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Education Business

Using a novel panel survey of enterprises in Myanmar, we compare the performance of manufacturing firms by three different informality definitions. The first is binary, based on whether firms pay taxes. The second captures five categories of registration with the authorities, and the third definition relates to three groupings of the informality status of a firm’s workers. Depending on the informality concept used, formalization has positive, insignificant, and negative performance outcomes. However, our analysis shows that independent of the informality definition, differences between formalizers and non-formalizers are mostly because of disparities in the number of employees, capital, and use of power-driven machinery. Education, business practices, gender, location, and sector only play a role for some of the definitions and performance variables.

The school competency contingency of worth as a mediator between performance-oriented achievement goals and performance outcomes

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Buck ◽  
Noelle Liwski ◽  
Connie Wolfe ◽  
Maxx Somers ◽  
Kati Knight ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Achievement Goals ◽  
Performance Outcomes ◽  
And Performance

https://imsciences.edu.pk/files/journals/vol12_2/New%201%20MA.864.pdf

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 19-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Siddique ◽  
Shandana Shoaib ◽  
Zahoor Jan
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Performance ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
Performance Outcomes ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Relational Coordination ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
And Performance ◽  
High Level

A key aspect of work processes in service sector firms is the interconnection between tasks and performance. Relational coordination can play an important role in addressing the issues of coordinating organizational activities due to high level of interdependence complexity in service sector firms. Research has primarily supported the aspect that well devised high performance work systems (HPWS) can intensify organizational performance. There is a growing debate, however, with regard to understanding the “mechanism” linking HPWS and performance outcomes. Using relational coordination theory, this study examines a model that examine the effects of subsets of HPWS, such as motivation, skills and opportunity enhancing HR practices on relational coordination among employees working in reciprocal interdependent job settings. Data were gathered from multiple sources including managers and employees at individual, functional and unit levels to know their understanding in relation to HPWS and relational coordination (RC) in 218 bank branches in Pakistan. Data analysis via structural equation modelling, results suggest that HPWS predicted RC among officers at the unit level. The findings of the study have contributions to both, theory and practice.

scholarly journals Sleep and Performance during a Preseason in Elite Rugby Union Athletes

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 4612
Author(s):  
Angus R. Teece ◽  
Christos K. Argus ◽  
Nicholas Gill ◽  
Martyn Beaven ◽  
Ian C. Dunican ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Sleep Duration ◽  
Aerobic Capacity ◽  
Rugby Union ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Sleep Quantity ◽  
Time Interaction ◽  
Wrist Actigraphy ◽  
And Performance ◽  
H 30

Background: Preseason training optimises adaptations in the physical qualities required in rugby union athletes. Sleep can be compromised during periods of intensified training. Therefore, we investigated the relationship between sleep quantity and changes in physical performance over a preseason phase in professional rugby union athletes. Methods: Twenty-nine professional rugby union athletes (Mean ± SD, age: 23 ± 3 years) had their sleep duration monitored for 3 weeks using wrist actigraphy. Strength and speed were assessed at baseline and at week 3. Aerobic capacity and body composition were assessed at baseline, at week 3 and at week 5. Participants were stratified into 2 groups for analysis: <7 h 30 min sleep per night (LOW, n = 15) and >7 h 30 min sleep per night (HIGH, n = 14). Results: A significant group x time interaction was determined for aerobic capacity (p = 0.02, d = 1.25) at week 3 and for skinfolds at week 3 (p < 0.01, d = 0.58) and at week 5 (p = 0.02, d = 0.92), in favour of the HIGH sleep group. No differences were evident between groups for strength or speed measures (p ≥ 0.05). Conclusion: This study highlights that longer sleep duration during the preseason may assist in enhancing physical qualities including aerobic capacity and body composition in elite rugby union athletes.

Epistemic self-esteem of philosophers in the face of philosophical disagreement

Human Affairs ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 328-342
Author(s):  
László Bernáth ◽  
János Tőzsér
Keyword(s):  
Self Esteem ◽  
Moderate Level ◽  
Significant Extent ◽  
Fourth Section ◽  
Philosophical Beliefs ◽  
Low Level ◽  
The Third ◽  
Epistemic Peers ◽  
The Face ◽  
And Performance

AbstractOur paper consists of four parts. In the first part, we describe the challenge of the pervasive and permanent philosophical disagreement over philosophers’ epistemic self-esteem. In the second part, we investigate the attitude of philosophers who have high epistemic self-esteem even in the face of philosophical disagreement and who believe they have well-grounded philosophical knowledge. In the third section, we focus on the attitude of philosophers who maintain a moderate level of epistemic self-esteem because they do not attribute substantive philosophical knowledge to themselves but still believe that they have epistemic right to defend substantive philosophical beliefs. In the fourth section, we analyse the attitude of philosophers who have a low level of epistemic self-esteem in relation to substantive philosophical beliefs and make no attempt to defend those beliefs. We argue that when faced with philosophical disagreement philosophers either have to deny that the dissenting philosophers are their epistemic peers or have to admit that doing philosophy is less meaningful than it seemed before. In this second case, philosophical activity and performance should not contribute to the philosophers’ overall epistemic self-esteem to any significant extent.

scholarly journals Relating Competitive Golfers’ Perceived Emotions and Performance

2021 ◽  
pp. 003151252110059
Author(s):  
Erik Lundkvist ◽  
Henrik Gustafsson ◽  
Gunilla Björklund ◽  
Paul Davis ◽  
Andreas Ivarsson
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Control ◽  
Performance Outcomes ◽  
Skill Level ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Moderating Effects ◽  
Dynamic Relationship ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Player Skill ◽  
Task Oriented ◽  
The Relationship

The present study examined relationships between golfers’ self-perceived emotions (e.g., irritability, nervousness, tension), task-oriented coping, perceived control, and performance during a golf competition. We implemented a process-oriented golf analysis in which competitors rated these variables hole-by-hole in a competitive golf round. Within a two-level Bayesian multivariate autoregressive model, we showed that (a) within persons, emotions and task-oriented coping were reactions that stemmed from performance on the previous hole; and (b) between persons, player skill level predicted both better scores and the ability to limit the influence of negative affect on performance. These findings highlight the complex nature of the relationship between emotions and performance. Future studies might use a similarly ecologically valid research design to more precisely measure aspects of time and potentially moderating effects of player skill level and personality. An increased understanding of the dynamic relationship between emotions and performance can promote the development of effective psychological interventions for optimal performance outcomes.

scholarly journals Effects of Feeding Time on Markers of Muscle Metabolic Flexibility Following Acute Aerobic Exercise in Trained Mice Undergoing Time Restricted Feeding

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1717
Author(s):  
Aaron Persinger ◽  
Matthew Butawan ◽  
Martina Faietti ◽  
Ashley Pryke ◽  
Kyley Rose ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Training ◽  
Performance Outcomes ◽  
Metabolic Flexibility ◽  
Feeding Time ◽  
Restricted Feeding ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Impact Performance ◽  
Before And After ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Access To Food

Time-restricted feeding (TRF) is becoming a popular way of eating in physically active populations, despite a lack of research on metabolic and performance outcomes as they relate to the timing of food consumption in relation to the time of exercise. The purpose of this study was to determine if the timing of feeding/fasting after exercise training differently affects muscle metabolic flexibility and response to an acute bout of exercise. Male C57BL/6 mice were randomized to one of three groups for 8 weeks. The control had ad libitum access to food before and after exercise training. TRF-immediate had immediate access to food for 6 h following exercise training and the TRF-delayed group had access to food 5-h post exercise for 6 h. The timing of fasting did not impact performance in a run to fatigue despite TRF groups having lower hindlimb muscle mass. TRF-delayed had lower levels of muscle HSL mRNA expression and lower levels of PGC-1α expression but displayed no changes in electron transport chain enzymes. These results suggest that in young populations consuming a healthy diet and exercising, the timing of fasting may not substantially impact metabolic flexibility and running performance.

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