scholarly journals Effect of environmental enrichment devices on behavior of individually housed beef heifers

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelsey Bruno ◽  
Elizabeth DeSocio ◽  
Jason White ◽  
Blake K Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Enrichment ◽  
Observation Time ◽  
Physical Contact ◽  
Water Pipe ◽  
Beef Heifers ◽  
Individual Housing ◽  
Water Trough ◽  
Mixed Breed ◽  
Observation Times ◽  
Lying Down

Abstract In research settings, certain experimental designs may require cattle to be housed individually. Individual housing of cattle may make the animals more susceptible to boredom and result the development of undesirable behaviors. The objective of this trial was to investigate the effects of different environmental enrichment devices (EED) on the behavior and feed intake of heifers. Twenty mixed-breed single-sourced heifers were used in a completely random design. Heifers were housed individually (3.05 m × 3.66 m) with the ability to have physical contact with adjacent heifers. Heifers were randomly assigned to one of the four EED treatments, including a jolly ball (JLY), a broom head (SRCH), a 182 cm 5-knot rope (RP), or a Pas-a-Fier roller (RLR). Behavior was recorded using 8 h long daily instantaneous scan sampling in 30 min intervals over three periods: 7 d prior to EED addition (PR), 7 d with EED (EDP), and 7 d after removing EED (PST). Standing, laying, eating, drinking, and exploratory behaviors were evaluated. Exploratory behaviors included: interaction with water trough, feed bunk, water pipe, pen gate, pen wall, EED, grooming, or allogrooming. Rumination behavior was also recorded during each observation time. Time standing and standing bouts were greatest for RP (P < 0.05), while JLY and RLR spent the most time lying down (P < 0.05). All heifers spent the majority of observation times lying down, followed by solely standing (P < 0.05). Heifers on the RP treatment interacted the most with their EED, followed by SRCH (P < 0.001). Rumination increased during EDP compared to PR (P < 0.001). These results suggest that a RP suspended from the ceiling in the pen may be used most frequently by individually housed beef heifers.

Limiting infusion and observation times for infliximab and vedolizumab in the COVID-19 pandemic: a UK multicentre audit of practice and safety

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 30-36
Author(s):  
Pearl Avery ◽  
Lisa Younge ◽  
Anya St Clair-Jones ◽  
Rachel Campbell ◽  
Deirdre Braim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Current Practice ◽  
Observation Time ◽  
Supporting Evidence ◽  
Safety Signal ◽  
Time Burden ◽  
Post Infusion ◽  
Infusion Reactions ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Observation Times

Background: Infusions units in the UK are under increasing pressure, and this has been increased by the SARS-COV-2 pandemic. People with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are considered vulnerable, requiring enhanced social distancing or shielding, as defined in the UKz government's recommendations for COVID-19. Evidence that post-infusion observation time is unnecessary for infliximab (IFX) and vedolizumab (VDZ) exists in the literature, but the summary of product characteristics for both agents states that anywhere from 0.5 hours to 2 hours of observation post-infusion is required. Methods: A call was put out using the Royal College of Nursing's Facebook page, and IBD nurses from eight trusts in the UK took part. Data were gathered on trusts' current practice, infusion times for IFX and VDZ and reported infusion reactions. Results: Two (25%) trusts reported already having reduced post-infusion observation periods for people receiving IFX infusions 1–3; this increased to three units (37.5%) for infusions 4–9 and six (75%) for infusions >10. No infusion reactions were seen after the first 20 minutes of infusion time in 3934 IFX and 1265 VDZ infusions. Conclusions: The audit results suggested that there is no safety signal reduced post-infusion observation time, supporting evidence already present in the literature, and this can support increased capacity in infusion units. The time burden for people with Crohn's disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC) is reduced, which is increasingly important during the pandemic. The reduced length of time that people need to spend at hospital offers trusts an option to help shield those who need to be protected from COVID-19.

The use of infrared thermography to assess inflammation associated with hot-iron and freeze branding in cattle

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 577-583 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. S. Schwartzkopf-Genswein ◽  
J. M. Stookey
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Infrared Thermography ◽  
Tissue Damage ◽  
Control Site ◽  
The Other ◽  
Individual Animal ◽  
Beef Heifers ◽  
Mixed Breed

Infrared thermography was used to compare differences in extent and duration of inflammation observed on hot-iron and freeze brand sites as an indicator of tissue damage and the associated discomfort to the animals. Thirty beef heifers of mixed breed were assigned to either hot-iron (H) or freeze (F) branding treatments according to a predetermined randomized branding order. Ten animals were branded each day over a 3-d period. On the day prior to branding, animals were clipped to expose two patches of skin; one to be used for the branding treatment and the other for a control. Thermographic images of control and treatment sites were made at 0.08 h (5 min) prior to branding, immediately after the brand was completed (0 h), as well as 0.08, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144 and 168 h after branding. Control site temperatures were subtracted from treatment site temperatures for each individual animal. Both F and H brand sites were consistently warmer (1.9 ± 0.3 and 1.6 ± 0.3 °C, respectively) than their corresponding control sites between 2 and 168 h after branding. Treatment differences were obtained at 0, 0.08, 2, 8, and 144 h after branding (P < 0.001, 0.05, 0.005, 0.001, and 0.01, respectively). Freeze brand sites were warmer at 2 and 8 h after branding while H sites were warmer at 144 h after branding. The thermographic evaluation of hot-iron and freeze brand sites indicated that both methods caused tissue damage. However, H brand sites remained significantly warmer than F sites at 168 h after branding. In addition, H sites were significantly warmer than control sites while F sites were not warmer than control sites at 168 h. The prolonged inflammatory response observed in H animals indicates that more tissue damage and perhaps more discomfort are associated with H branding. Key words: Thermography, branding, cattle, animal welfare, pain.

scholarly journals A new global gridded sea surface temperature data product based on multisource data

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 2111-2134
Author(s):  
Mengmeng Cao ◽  
Kebiao Mao ◽  
Yibo Yan ◽  
Jiancheng Shi ◽  
Han Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Sea Surface Temperature ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Observation Time ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
In Situ Sensors ◽  
Time Correction ◽  
Accuracy Assessments ◽  
Observation Times

Abstract. Sea surface temperature (SST) is an important geophysical parameter that is essential for studying global climate change. Although sea surface temperature can currently be obtained through a variety of sensors (MODIS, AVHRR, AMSR-E, AMSR2, WindSat, in situ sensors), the temperature values obtained by different sensors come from different ocean depths and different observation times, so different temperature products lack consistency. In addition, different thermal infrared temperature products have many invalid values due to the influence of clouds, and passive microwave temperature products have very low resolutions. These factors greatly limit the applications of ocean temperature products in practice. To overcome these shortcomings, this paper first took MODIS SST products as a reference benchmark and constructed a temperature depth and observation time correction model to correct the influences of the different sampling depths and observation times obtained by different sensors. Then, we built a reconstructed spatial model to overcome the effects of clouds, rainfall, and land interference that makes full use of the complementarities and advantages of SST data from different sensors. We applied these two models to generate a unique global 0.041∘ gridded monthly SST product covering the years 2002–2019. In this dataset, approximately 25 % of the invalid pixels in the original MODIS monthly images were effectively removed, and the accuracies of these reconstructed pixels were improved by more than 0.65 ∘C compared to the accuracies of the original pixels. The accuracy assessments indicate that the reconstructed dataset exhibits significant improvements and can be used for mesoscale ocean phenomenon analyses. The product will be of great use in research related to global change, disaster prevention, and mitigation and is available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4419804 (Cao et al., 2021a).

scholarly journals P528 Reducing intravenous monoclonal antibody observation times without compromising patient safety; a single-centre observational study

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S503-S505
Author(s):  
F Rees ◽  
A Packham ◽  
A Parmar ◽  
E Hills ◽  
M Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Patient Safety ◽  
Waiting Times ◽  
Outpatient Setting ◽  
Observation Time ◽  
University Hospitals ◽  
Single Centre ◽  
Observation Study ◽  
Post Infusion ◽  
Observation Times

Abstract Background Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) are integral to manage Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). At Brighton & Sussex University Hospitals, intravenous MAbs, infliximab and vedolizumab, are administered in an outpatient setting. Licensing specifies post-infusion observation times of 1 to 2 hours. This affects waiting lists and capacity, particularly pertinent during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods A single-centre observation study was conducted. Part 1 Retrospective data was collected for all infliximab and vedolizumab infusions from April to July 2019. Patients seen twice, were included once. For established infusion patients, historical reactions were recorded. Reaction incidence was established by observations, patient questioning and patient record review. To standardise the reactions, we used the cancer Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events; grade 3 is ‘severe’. Part 2 Observation time was removed from infusion 4 in April 2020. Prospective data was collected for all infliximab and vedolizumab infusions from April to December 2020. Multiple attendances were included. Results Part 1 130 infliximab patients (2607 infusions) and 69 vedolizumab patients (557 infusions) were reviewed. No severe reactions were recorded. All reactions occurred during induction dosing period. Analysis showed high levels of ‘no reactions observed’ after the first 4 infliximab infusions 97.7% (+1.6%, -4.7%), and the first 3 vedolizumab infusions 96.9% (+2.3%, -8.8%). 121 hours could be saved for infliximab and 64 hours for vedolizumab. Extrapolated this equates to 740 hours per year. Part 2 679 infliximab infusions were administered (including 12 new starters). 418 vedolizumab infusions were administered (16 new starters). No reactions were reported. Table key: Pt – patients, Inf – infusions, MAb – monoclonal antibody, Induct – Induction, Maint – maintenance, IV – intravenous, PO – oral, NC – not collected Conclusion All MAb infusion reactions occurred within 3 infusions, were non-severe and managed in clinic. By removing observation periods from infusion 4, capacity increased in concordance with COVID-19 social distancing, without affecting waiting times or patient safety. Patient experience was anecdotally improved. Further data from other centres are required to prove significance.

scholarly journals Time-dependence of the astrophysical stochastic gravitational wave background

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suvodip Mukherjee ◽  
Joseph Silk
Keyword(s):  
Gravitational Wave ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Observation Time ◽  
Time Translation ◽  
Translation Symmetry ◽  
Binary Mergers ◽  
Statistical Time ◽  
Event Rates ◽  
Observation Times ◽  
Gravitational Wave Background

Abstract The astrophysical stochastic gravitational wave background (SGWB) is mostly produced from unresolved stellar binary mergers, and the number of events at any moment of time is expected to be Poisson-distributed. The event rate is governed by several astrophysical processes. The Poisson nature leads to variation in the number of sources and this causes temporal variations in the SGWB. The intrinsic temporal fluctuations of the SGWB are a rich source of astrophysical information that can be explored via ongoing and future gravitational wave experiments to classify the sources of the SGWB signal. Along with several other methods to estimate the GW event rates from individual sources, the study of the temporal variations of the SGWB signal provides an independent method for estimating the event rates of the GW sources that contribute to the SGWB. Along with direct estimates of event rates, this approach can also distinguish between different sources contributing to the SGWB signal and will be a useful probe of its evolution over a vast cosmic volume. On averaging over observation times, the SGWB will be statistically invariant under time translation. Statistical time translation symmetry of the SGWB is expected due to the negligible evolution of the relevant cosmological and astrophysical phenomena over the observation time-scales over which the data is collected.

scholarly journals Longer observation time increases adenoma detection in the proximal colon – a prospective study

2017 ◽  
Vol 05 (12) ◽  
pp. E1289-E1298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Klare ◽  
Henrik Phlipsen ◽  
Bernhard Haller ◽  
Henrik Einwächter ◽  
Andreas Weber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prospective Study ◽  
Distal Colon ◽  
Proximal Colon ◽  
Observation Time ◽  
Time Span ◽  
Minimum Time ◽  
Adenoma Detection ◽  
A Prospective Study ◽  
Observation Times ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background and study aims Longer observation times are associated with increased adenoma detection rates (ADR) in the entire colon. However, adenomas in the proximal colon are at risk of being missed during colonoscopy. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of observation time on detection of adenomatous polyps in the proximal colon. Patients and methods This was a prospective study at a university hospital in Germany. Colonoscopies were conducted using magnetic endoscope imaging (MEI) in order to determine the exact position of the scope. Exact observation times spent for the detection of polyps in the proximal and distal colon segments were assessed. The primary outcome was adenoma detection in the proximal colon. ROC curves were generated in order to test the correlation between observation time and adenoma detection. Logistic regression analysis was used to check for interfering factors. Results A total 480 procedures with 538 polyps were available for analysis. The overall adenoma detection rate was 38.5 %. ADR in the proximal colon was 28.0 %. There was a significant association between observation time in the proximal colon and the detection of proximal adenomas (P < 0.001). The impact of the time factor on ADR was stronger in the proximal compared to the distal colon (P = 0.030). A net period of 4 min 7 sec was found to be the minimum time span for sufficient adenoma detection in the proximal colon. Conclusion Observation time is significant in terms of adenoma detection in the proximal colon. The impact of observation time on ADR is stronger in the proximal compared to the distal colon. In the proximal colon a minimum time span of 4 minutes should be spent in order to ensure adequate adenoma detection.ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02819492

A Method to Estimate Missing Daily Maximum and Minimum Temperature Observations

1995 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 371-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur T. DeGaetano ◽  
Keith L. Eggleston ◽  
Warren W. Knapp
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Minimum Temperature ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Observation Time ◽  
Daily Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Northeastern United States ◽  
Maximum Temperatures ◽  
Observation Times ◽  
Station Density

Abstract A method to estimate missing daily maximum and minimum temperatures is presented. Temperature estimates are based on departures from daily temperature normals at the three closest stations with similar observation times. Although applied to Cooperative Observer Network stations in the northeastern United States, the approach can be used with any network of stations possessing an adequate station density and period of record. Generally, 75% of the estimates for both daily maximum and minimum temperature are within 1.7°C of the observed value. Median absolute differences between estimated and observed minimum temperatures, however, tend to be greater than those associated with maximum temperatures. For minimum temperatures, median absolute differences are approximately 1.0°C, whereas for maximum temperatures these differences are near 0.5°C. The accuracy of the estimates is independent of observation time, geographic location, and observed temperature but is influenced somewhat by station density.

scholarly journals Comportamento de Leitões na Fase de Creche Criados em Região de Clima Tropical

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 144-147
Author(s):  
Rebeca de Andrade Parente ◽  
Belise Maria Oliveira Bezerra ◽  
Tiago Silva Andrade ◽  
Lina Raquel Santos Araújo ◽  
Ricardo Toniolli
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Behavioral Problems ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Or Management ◽  
Commercial Farm ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Productive Potential ◽  
Observation Times ◽  
Lying Down

O ambiente em que o animal habita está relacionado com o comportamento que esse vai expressar, portanto, problemas comportamentais podem ser indicativos de deficiências ambientais ou de manejo, alterando o bem-estar do animal. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o comportamento de leitões, na fase de creche, de acordo com variações de temperatura e umidade do ambiente em granja comercial localizada em Maranguape-Ceará. Foram utilizados 60 leitões de ambos os sexos desmamados aos 21 dias de idade com peso médio de 6,1±0,4 kg distribuídos em quatro baias de 15 animais cada, que foram observados em dois horários por dia. Foi instalada uma câmera, na parte superior da baia, para fazer a filmagem dos leitões, que filmava das 05:00 horas às 07:00 horas da manhã, e de 12:00 horas às 14:00 horas da tarde, além de serem registradas a temperatura e umidade, através de um termohigrômetro. Para analisar o comportamento dos animais foi utilizada uma ficha de etograma, calculando-se os percentuais de ocorrência de cada comportamento. As médias de temperatura registradas foram 25 e 28 °C e de umidade 84% e 73% para os horários 05:00 horas e 12:00 horas, respectivamente. Os animais passaram a maior parte do tempo dormindo ou deitados (69 e 70%) em ambos os horários de observação. O comportamento apresentado pelo animal pode ser um indicativo de conforto térmico, situação essencial para expressão de seu potencial produtivo. Palavras-chave: Bem-Estar Animal. Conforto Térmico. Etograma. Suinocultura. Abstract The environment in which the animal lives is related to the behavior it will express, so behavioral problems may be indicative of environmental or management deficiencies, altering the animal’s welfare. The objective of this work is to evaluate the piglets behavior in the nursery phase according to temperature and humidity variations in a commercial farm located in Maranguape-Ceará. Sixty piglets of both sexes weaned at 21 days of age with an average weight of 6.1±0.4 kg were used, distributed in four pens of 15 animals each, which were observed at two times per day. A camera was installed in the upper part of the pen for filming the piglets, which filmed from 5:00 am to 7:00 am, and from 12:00 pm to 2:00 pm, and was recorded at temperature and humidity through a hygrometer term. To analyze the animals behavior, an ethogram form was used. The average temperatures recorded were 25 and 28 °C and humidity 84% and 73% at 05:00 a.m. and 12:00 p.m. hours, respectively. The animals spent most of the time sleeping or lying down (69 and 70%) at both observation times. The behavior shown by the animal can be an indication of thermal comfort, an essential situation for the expression of its productive potential. Keywords: Animal Welfare. Thermal Comfort. Ethogram. Pig Breeding.

scholarly journals The effects of socializing and environmental enrichments on sow and piglet behavior and performance

2015 ◽  
Vol 115 (2) ◽  
pp. 40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karlie Ledergerber ◽  
Benjamin Bennett ◽  
Nicole Diefenbacher ◽  
Crystal Shilling ◽  
Brian D Whitaker
Keyword(s):  
Agonistic Behavior ◽  
Environmental Enrichment ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Lactating Sows ◽  
Nursery Pig ◽  
Barrier Removal ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Lying Down

This study was conducted to, 1) determine the effects of socializing piglets prior to weaning on piglet behavior and performance and sow behavior, and 2) determine the effects of socializing piglets prior to weaning and inclusion of pen enrichment on nursery pig behavior and performance. Socialized piglets spent a shorter amount of time lying down during the first 24 hours following barrier removal compared to all other times and exhibited an increase in agonistic behavior. Sows had higher levels of cortisol and spent less time lying down during the first 48 hours after piglet socialization compared to all other times. In the nursery, piglets that were socialized prior to weaning had higher average daily gain (ADG) (0.48 ± 0.02 kg) and lower occurrence of agonistic behavior (30.0 ± 2.5 percent) during the first six hours after weaning compared to those piglets that were not socialized prior to weaning (0.39 ± 0.03 kg and 85.0 ± 3.5 percent, respectively). Pens with environmental enrichment contained fewer piglets displaying agonistic behavior compared to pens without environmental enrichment during the first 12 hours after weaning. The results of this study suggest that socializing piglets from different litters prior to weaning leads to temporary stress in lactating sows and an increase in agonistic behavior in piglets, but improves their performance after weaning. Inclusion of environmental enrichment in the nursery is an effective means to reduce agonistic behavior between piglets.

scholarly journals PSIX-27 Effect of environmental enrichment devices on behavior of individually housed beef heifers.

2018 ◽  
Vol 96 (suppl_3) ◽  
pp. 13-14
Author(s):  
K Bruno ◽  
E DeSocio ◽  
J White ◽  
B Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Enrichment ◽  
Beef Heifers
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