Effects of varying sources of Cu, Zn, and Mn on mineral status and preferential intake of salt-based supplements by beef cows and calves and rainfall-induced metal loss

Abstract Three studies were completed to evaluate the effects of Cu, Zn, and Mn source on preferential intake, trace mineral status and rainfall-induced metal loss of salt-based mineral supplements. Mineral supplements were formulated to contain 2,500, 5,500, and 4,000 mg/kg of Cu, Zn, and Mn, respectively. Supplements differed only by source of Cu, Zn, and Mn, which were hydroxychloride, organic, or sulfate sources. In Exp. 1, the 3 formulations were offered simultaneously for 18 wk to pre-weaned beef calves (4 pastures; 17 calves/pasture) within separate containers inside covered cow-exclusion areas. Consumption averaged 21 ± 2.4 g/calf daily (sum of all 3 sources), with a greater (P < 0.001) percentage of the total intake coming from the hydroxychloride- vs. organic- or sulfate-sources of Cu, Zn, and Mn. In Exp. 2, the same sulfate and hydroxychloride formulations were randomly assigned to pastures (n = 4 pastures/treatment) containing 18 to 20 cow-calf pairs/pasture. Treatments were offered for 20 wk within covered areas designed to assess cow and calf intake separately. At weaning, liver biopsies were collected from 4 cow-calf pairs/pasture (n = 16 cows and calves/treatment). Source of Cu, Zn, and Mn had no effect on voluntary mineral intake among calves (P = 0.44) and cows (P = 0.14). Calves consuming mineral containing hydroxychloride-sources of Cu, Zn, and Mn tended (P = 0.06) to have greater ADG over the 20-wk period compared to calves consuming sulfate-sources of the same elements (1.09 vs. 1.06 kg/d; SEM = 0.013). Mineral status of cows and calves was not affected (P ≥ 0.17) by source of Cu, Zn, and Mn. In Exp. 3, each of the mineral formulations from Exp. 1, were exposed to a 10.2 cm precipitation event delivered in three equal 3.4 cm applications within a week. To accomplish this, 750 g of mineral was placed into Buchner funnels (177 cm 2) on 20 to 25 µm pore filter paper. Deionized water (pH adjusted to 5.6) was poured over the mineral. Total leaching losses of Cu, Zn, and Mn were less (P < 0.001) for formulations containing hydroxychloride- vs. organic- and sulfate-sources. These results imply that, when offered a choice, calves preferentially consume mineral supplements formulated with hydroxychloride vs. sulfate or organic sources of Cu, Zn, and Mn. In addition, hydroxychloride sources of Cu, Zn, and Mn are less susceptible to rainfall-induced leaching losses compared to sulfate and organic sources.

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PSXIII-16 Supplementing organic-complexed or inorganic Co, Cu, Mn, and Zn to beef cows during gestation: physiological and productive responses of cows and their offspring until weaning

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skab235.775 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 432-433

Author(s):

Kelsey Harvey ◽

Reinaldo F Cooke ◽

Eduardo Colombo ◽

Bruna Rett ◽

Osvaldo Sousa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Superoxide Dismutase ◽

Mrna Expression ◽

Milk Production ◽

Treatment Effects ◽

Beef Cows ◽

Longissimus Muscle ◽

Liver Biopsies ◽

Cow Calf ◽

To Receive ◽

Cu And Zn

Abstract Pregnant, non-lactating beef cows (n = 190; 117 ± 2.2 d of gestation; d 0) were assigned to receive: 1) sulfate sources of Cu, Co, Mn, and Zn (INR; n = 95) or 2) an organic complexed source of Cu, Mn, Co, and Zn (AAC; Availa®4, Zinpro; n = 95). From d 0 to calving, cows were maintained in a single pasture and individually offered treatments three times weekly. Cow BW and BCS were recorded on d -30, d 97, upon calving, and at weaning and liver biopsies performed in 30 cows/treatment. Milk production was estimated at 42 ± 0.5 d postpartum via weigh-suckle-weigh (WSW). Liver and longissimus muscle (LM) biopsies were performed in 30 calves/treatment upon calving and 24 h later, at WSW, and at weaning. No treatment effects were detected (P ≥ 0.49) for cow BCS, despite AAC cows having greater (P = 0.04) BW on d 97. Liver Co (P < 0.01) concentrations were greater for AAC compared to INR cows, and liver concentrations of Cu were greater (P = 0.02) for INR compared to AAC cows on d 97. Upon calving, INR cows had greater (P ≤ 0.01) liver Cu and Zn concentrations compared to AAC cows. Cows receiving AAC had greater (P = 0.04) hepatic mRNA expression of metallothionein 1A at calving, and their calves had greater (P = 0.04) hepatic mRNA expression of superoxide dismutase at weaning. Milk production did not differ between AAC and INR cows (P = 0.70). No treatment effects were detected (P ≥ 0.29) for mRNA expression of LM genes in calves at birth and weaning. Calf birth and weaning BW were similar (P ≥ 0.19) between treatments. Hence, supplementing AAC or INR to beef cows during the last 5 mo of gestation yielded similar cow-calf productive responses until weaning.

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Mineral Status of Beef Cows and Sheep on Spring Pasture Fertilized with Kieserite2

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.2527/jas1981.525969x ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 52 (5) ◽

pp. 969-976 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

J. K. Thompson ◽

R. L. Reid

Keyword(s):

Beef Cows ◽

Mineral Status

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PSVII-13 Performance and environmental benefits from biochar supplementation in beef cattle grazing systems

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skab235.799 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 448-449

Author(s):

Emily Conlin ◽

Herbert Lardner ◽

Jennifer L Ellis ◽

Ira B Mandell ◽

Katharine M Wood

Keyword(s):

Beef Cattle ◽

Production Systems ◽

Beef Cows ◽

Environmental Benefits ◽

Stable Form ◽

Primary Concern ◽

Ch4 Emissions ◽

Body Weights ◽

Cow Calf ◽

Rapid City

Abstract Worldwide, beef production systems represent a significant source of greenhouse gas (GHG), and enteric methane (CH4) emissions are the primary concern. The objective of this experiment was to determine whether biochar (Oregon Biochar Solution, White City, OR) supplementation can reduce CH4 emissions from grazing beef cows. Biochar is a stable form of carbon produced through the pyrolysis of organic matter (typically forestry waste). Sixty-four cows and their calves were blocked by cow body weight and calf age, and randomly allocated to 8 paddocks, each with 8 cow-calf pairs. Using a crossover design, each paddock was assigned to one of two treatments: (1) biochar supplemented at approximately 3% of estimated dry matter intake (DMI) or (2) control (no biochar). Biochar was incorporated into a pellet containing 45% biochar, 42.5% wheat midds, 10% canola oil, and 2.5% dry molasses and fed in a portable trough once daily. Each period consisted of 28 days: 21 days for biochar adaptation and 7 days for data collection. Enteric gas emissions from each paddock were measured using C-Lock GreenFeed trailers (C-Lock Inc., Rapid City, SD, USA) with pasture DMI estimated using paddock entry/exit quadrats during each sampling week. Enteric CH4 emissions expressed as g CH4/d were 249 and 260 ± 50.3 g (P ≥ 0.37) for control and biochar, respectively. Similarly, g CH4/kg DM and g CH4/kg BW were not affected (P ≥ 0.44) by biochar supplementation on pasture. Biochar supplementation did not affect estimated DMI or cow/calf body weights (P ≥ 0.15). Results suggest that biochar was ineffective for reducing methane emissions from grazing beef cows; however, measures of animal performance were not affected by biochar consumption. Further work is required to determine if type or higher inclusions of biochar can reduce CH4 emissions from beef cattle.

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Antagonism in the carbon footprint between beef and dairy production systems

South African Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4314/sajas.v44i5.4 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 44 (5) ◽

pp. 17-20

Author(s):

MM Scholtz ◽

J Du Toit ◽

FWC Neser

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cows ◽

Carbon Footprint ◽

Production Systems ◽

Beef Cows ◽

Dairy Farming ◽

Feed Water ◽

Dairy Production ◽

Pasture Production ◽

Total Mixed Ration ◽

Cow Calf

Primary beef cattle farming in South Africa is largely extensive, whereas dairy farming is based on both total mixed ration and pasture production systems. Under natural rangeland conditions, decomposition of manure is aerobic, which produces carbon dioxide (CO2), part of which is absorbed by the regrowth of vegetation rather than released into the atmosphere, and water (H2O) as end products. Thus the cow releases methane (CH4) and the manure CO2. This is in contrast to intensive cow-calf systems in large parts of Europe and North America, where large quantities of manure are stockpiled and undergo anaerobic decomposition and produce CH4. Thus both the cow and the manure release CH4, which result in a higher carbon footprint than the extensive cow-calf systems. In dairy farming, increasing cow efficiency through intensive feeding (same kg milk output by fewer animals) can reduce farm CH4 production by up to 15%. In addition, when differences in productivity are accounted for, pasture systems require more resources (land, feed, water, etc.) per unit of milk produced and the carbon footprint is greater than that of intensive systems. This raises the question as to why the carbon footprint of intensive dairy cow production systems is less, but the carbon footprint of intensive beef cow-calf production systems is higher. The explanation lies in the differences in production levels. In the case of beef cows the weight of the intensive cows will be ± 30% higher than that of the extensive cows, and the weaning weight of their calves will also differ by ± 30%. In the case of dairy cows the weight of the intensive cows will be ± 20% higher, but their milk production will be ± 60% higher. The higher increase in production (milk) of intensive dairy cows, compared to the increase in production (calf weight) of intensive beef cows, explains the antagonism in the carbon footprint between different beef and dairy production systems. Unfortunately, carbon sequestration estimates have been neglected and thus the quantitative effects of these differences are not known.Keywords: Cow-calf production, methane, pasture production, production levels, total mixed ration

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Survey of Salmonella Serotypes Shed in Feces of Beef Cows and Their Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x-63.12.1648 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 63 (12) ◽

pp. 1648-1653 ◽

Cited By ~ 48

Author(s):

D. A. DARGATZ ◽

P. J. FEDORKA-CRAY ◽

S. R. LADELY ◽

K. E. FERRIS

Keyword(s):

Animal Health ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Beef Cows ◽

Herd Size ◽

National Study ◽

Salmonella Spp ◽

Fecal Samples ◽

Beef Cow ◽

Common Serotypes ◽

Cow Calf

Salmonella prevalence on cow-calf operations was studied as a part of a national study of health and management of the U.S. beef cow-calf industry and was conducted as part of the National Animal Health Monitoring System. Within this study, the prevalence of Salmonella spp. shed in feces was determined. A total of 5,049 fecal samples were collected from 187 beef cow-calf operations each visited on a single occasion. The number of fecal samples collected per operation was predetermined based on herd size. Salmonellae were recovered from 1 or more fecal samples collected on 11.2% (21 of 187) of the operations. Overall 78 salmonellae representing 22 serotypes were recovered from 1.4% (70 of 5,049) of samples. Multiple serotypes were recovered from eight samples from a single operation. The five most common serotypes were Salmonella Oranienburg (21.8% of isolates), and Salmonella Cerro (21.8%), followed by Salmonella Anatum (10.3%), Salmonella Bredeney (9.0%), and Salmonella Mbandaka (5.1%). The most common serogroups identified were C1 (33.3%), K (21.8%), B (16.7%), and E (15.4%). Even though the recovery rate of salmonellae from fecal samples was very low, 43.6% (34 of 78) and 38.5% (30 of 78) of the isolates were among the 10 most common serotypes from cattle with clinical signs of disease or isolated from humans, respectively. The majority of the isolates (50 of 78; 64.1%) were recovered from fecal samples from two operations. All isolates were screened for resistance to a panel of 17 antimicrobics, and 87.2% (68 of 78) were susceptible to all of the antimicrobics. The resistant isolates were most commonly resistant to streptomycin (n = 9) and/or sulfamethoxazole (n = 9). Nine isolates showed multiple (≥2 antimicrobics) resistance most commonly to streptomycin and sulfamethoxazole (n = 6).

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Cryptosporidium occurrence in ruminants from the North Pioneer mesoregion of Paraná, Brazil

Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária ◽

10.1590/s1984-296120180037 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 27 (2) ◽

pp. 248-253 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Luciane Holsback ◽

Heloísa Eid Lima ◽

Odilon Vidotto ◽

Marcelo Alves da Silva ◽

Thaís Helena Constantino Patelli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Beef Cows ◽

18S Rrna Gene ◽

Dairy Calves ◽

P Value ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Beef Calves ◽

The North ◽

Stool Samples ◽

Pcr Techniques ◽

Cattle And Sheep

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of Cryptosporidium in cattle and sheep from the North Pioneer mesoregion of the state of Paraná. For this, 317 stool samples were collected from cattle and sheep on 16 properties in six municipalities in the North Pioneer mesoregion of Paraná. For detection of Cryptosporidium species, molecular analysis was performed using nested-PCR techniques targeting the 18S rRNA gene. Of the 37 beef cows and 115 calves analyzed, four (10.8%) and 14 (12.2%), respectively, were positive for Cryptosporidium. Of the 12 cows and 52 calves, one (8.3%) and 14 (26.9%), respectively, were positive for Cryptosporidium; and of the 42 ewes and 59 lambs, six (14.3%) and 12 (20.3%), respectively were positive for Cryptosporidium. Cattle (15.3%) and sheep (17.8%) were both susceptible to infection. All the properties of the municipalities of Assaí, Ibaiti and, Leópolis presented infected animals. The study showed that Cryptosporidium occurs in most municipalities assessed, that dairy calves had a higher risk (Odds Ratio=2,66, p-value=0,018) for infection than beef calves, and that sheep are just as susceptible to infection as are cattle, and that further Cryptosporidium studies are developed.

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Two-step weaning in beef calves: permanence of nose flaps for 7 or 21 days does not influence the behaviour response

Animal Production Science ◽

10.1071/an14643 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 56 (5) ◽

pp. 866 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

P. Alvez ◽

G. Quintans ◽

M. J. Hötzel ◽

R. Ungerfeld

Keyword(s):

Behavioural Response ◽

Beef Calves ◽

Cow Calf

Two-step weaning with nose flaps is used to minimise the stress of weaning in beef calves. Farmers leave the nose flaps for 7–30 days, basing the period on practical considerations. Thus, the objective of this study was to compare the behavioural response of 6-month-old beef calves fitted with nose flaps during 7 or 21 days before permanent separation from the dam, or abruptly weaned. Angus × Hereford cow-calf pairs were assigned to: (1) calves fitted with nose flaps on Day –7 and permanently separated from their mothers on Day 0 (NF7), (2) calves fitted with nose flaps on Day –21 and permanently separated from their mothers on Day 0 (NF21), and (3) calves abruptly weaned on Day 0 (CON). Behaviours (standing, lying, walking pacing, grazing, ruminating and vocalisations) were recorded during 3 days before and 5 days after permanent separation from the dam. On Days 1–3, standing and grazing behaviours decreased, whereas walking, pacing and vocalising increased in CON calves but not in NF7 or NF21 calves. Control calves differed from NF7 and NF21 calves for all these behaviours. The two nose flap treatments differed only on Day 1, when the changes in the frequency of walking, lying and standing were smaller in NF7 than NF21 calves. In conclusion, nose flaps can be used for periods from 7 to 21 days before permanent separation from the dam, diminishing the behavioural indicators of distress provoked by weaning.

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156 Injectable trace mineral supplementation on grazing beef cows: effect on overall mineral status and fertility

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa278.213 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽

pp. 117-117

Author(s):

Stefania Pancini ◽

John Currin ◽

Jamie L Stewart ◽

Sherrie Clark ◽

Tracey Redifer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pregnancy Rate ◽

Body Condition Score ◽

Post Partum ◽

Fixed Time ◽

Beef Cows ◽

Negative Control ◽

Trace Mineral ◽

Mineral Status ◽

Beef Cow ◽

Estrus Detection

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of two doses of an injectable multi-mineral complex supplementation on beef cow fertility and overall mineral status. A total of 986 Angus crossbred multiparous cows at 8 locations in Virginia were enrolled in a 7-day CO-Synch+CIDR fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) protocol, followed by natural service for an approximately 70 d breeding season. All cows had ad libitum access to water, mineral blocks, and diet composed of hay, grass, sudangrass, sorghum grain and commodity pellets, depending on location. Approximately 30 days before calving (d -120, day of AI is d 0) cows were randomly assigned to one of two treatments: 1) Two doses (6 mL) of Multimin® 90 (Multimin USA, Ft. Collins, CO) at d -120 and d -10 (MIN; n = 494); or 2) a negative control with no trace mineral injection (CTRL; n = 492). Body condition score was recorded on d -10, 60 and 120. Estrus detection was recorded at d 0 using estrus detection patches. Pregnancy was diagnosed on d 60 and 120 by ultrasonography. Liver biopsies were collected on d -10 and 60 in a subgroup of 60 cows equally distributed between treatments and among all locations. No differences between treatments were detected in days post-partum (P = 0.66), BCS (P = 0.24) and estrus expression (P = 0.11). Mineral status of copper, manganese, selenium or zinc was similar between treatments before (P = 0.20) and after treatment (P = 0.17). No effect of treatment was detected in FTAI pregnancy rate (50.8%, P = 0.52) or overall pregnancy rate (89.6%, P = 0.64). Two doses of injectable trace mineral administrated approximately 30 days before calving and 10 days before FTAI did not improve pregnancy rate or overall mineral status in multiparous beef cows in Virginia.

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Concentration and heritability of immunoglobulin G and natural antibody immunoglobulin M in dairy and beef colostrum along with serum total protein in their calves

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skac006 ◽

2022 ◽

Author(s):

Tess E Altvater-Hughes ◽

Douglas C Hodgins ◽

Lauraine Wagter-Lesperance ◽

Shannon C Beard ◽

Shannon L Cartwright ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Total Protein ◽

Beef Cows ◽

Passive Transfer ◽

Immunoglobulin M ◽

Natural Antibody ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Antibody Concentration ◽

Serum Total Protein ◽

Beef Breed ◽

Beef Calves

Abstract Immunoglobulin (Ig) G and natural antibody (NAb) IgM are passively transferred to the neonatal calf through bovine colostrum. Maternal IgG provides pathogen- or vaccine-specific protection and comprises about 85 percent of colostral Ig. Natural antibody IgM is less abundant but provides broad and non-specific reactivity, potentially contributing to protection against the dissemination of pathogens in the blood (septicemia) in a calf’s first days of life. In the dairy and beef industries, failure of passive transfer (FPT) of colostral Ig (serum total protein (STP) <5.2 g/dL) is still a common concern. The objectives of this study were to, i) compare colostral IgG concentrations and NAb-IgM titers between dairy and beef cows; ii) assess the effect of beef breed on colostral IgG; iii) compare passive transfer of colostral Ig in dairy and beef calves; and iv) estimate the heritability of colostral IgG and NAb-IgM. Colostrum was collected from Holstein dairy (n=282) and crossbred beef (n=168) cows at the University of Guelph dairy and beef research centres. Colostral IgG was quantified by radial immunodiffusion and NAb-IgM was quantified by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In dairy (n=308) and beef (n=169) calves, STP was estimated by digital refractometry. Beef cows had significantly greater colostral IgG (146.5 ± 9.5 SEM g/L) than dairy cows (92.4 ± 5.2 g/L, p <0.01). Beef cows with a higher proportion of Angus ancestry had significantly lower colostral IgG (125.5 ± 5.8 g/L) than cows grouped as “Other” (142.5 ± 4.9 g/L, p= 0.02). Using the FPT cut-off, 13% of dairy and 16% of beef calves had FPT; still, beef calves had a significantly larger proportion with excellent passive transfer (STP ≥6.2 g/dL, p <0.01). The heritability of colostral IgG was 0.04 (± 0.14) in dairy and 0.14 (± 0.32) in beef. Colostral NAb-IgM titers in dairy (12.12 ± 0.22, log2 (reciprocal of titer)) and beef cows (12.03 ± 0.19) did not differ significantly (p=0.71). The range of NAb-IgM titers was 9.18 to 14.60, equivalent to a 42-fold range in antibody concentration. The heritability of colostral NAb was 0.24 (± 0.16) in dairy and 0.11 (± 0.19) in beef cows. This study is the first to compare colostral NAb-IgM between dairy and beef cows. Based on the range in NAb-IgM titers and the heritability, selective breeding may improve colostrum quality and protection for neonatal calves in the early days of life.

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