Evaluation of serum parameters to predict the dietary intake of calcium and available phosphorus in growing pigs

Abstract Adequate provision of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) is essential for bone formation and high growth performance in pigs. Nevertheless, reliable serum biomarkers for pig’s Ca and P intake are still missing. Here, we used phytase supplementation to alter the dietary available P (aP) level in order to investigate the effect of differences in dietary aP levels on serum parameters related to the Ca and P homeostasis in pigs. Moreover, we assessed whether serum parameters can be used to predict the Ca, total P (tP) and aP intake in barrows and gilts throughout the fattening period. In total, 216 pigs (115 gilts and 101 barrows) were randomly allotted to 1 of 2 diets in 3 replicate batches, each lasting 56 days (n =108/diet). Pigs had free a, ccess to the diets without (Con) or with phytase (Phy; 650 phytase units/kg) via a transponder-based feeding system. Blood samples were collected on days 2, 23 and 52 and serum parameters were correlated to the daily Ca, tP, and aP intake. The intake of tP, aP, and Ca was overall 14.2, 13.8, and 14.2% higher in barrows compared to gilts, respectively (P < 0.001). Concurrently, phytase decreased the intake of tP and Ca by 8.4 and 6.7%, respectively, whereas it raised the intake of aP by 16.3% compared to Con diet (P < 0.001). Serum levels of fibroblast growth factor 23, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), vitamin D (VitD) and osteocalcin (OCN) decreased with age (P < 0.05). The higher aP intake of pigs fed Phy diet increased serum P on days 2 and 23 but decreased it on day 52 compared to Con diet (P = 0.004). Pigs fed Phy diet had higher serum ALP compared to pigs fed Con diet on days 23 and 52 (P < 0.05). Correlation analysis between serum parameters and Ca, tP and aP intake showed age- and sex-related associations. With 12 weeks of age serum P in both sexes, serum VitD in barrows and serum OCN and ALP in gilts correlated with aP intake (|r| > 0.38), whereas serum OCN correlated with Ca in both sexes’ intake (r > 0.50). At 20 weeks, serum Ca and ALP in gilts correlated with aP intake, whereas serum P, Ca and VitD correlated with Ca intake in both sexes (|r| > 0.39). In conclusion, present results showed that the daily Ca and aP intake could be most reliably estimated from serum parameters for an approximate age of 12 and 20 weeks. Serum P and the Ca:P ratio at 12 weeks of age and serum VitD at 20 weeks of age may be used to predict pig’s daily aP intake in both sexes.

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Supplementing corn or corn-barley diets with an E. coli derived phytase decreases total and soluble P output by weanling and growing pigs

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/cjas06032 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 87 (3) ◽

pp. 353-364 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

A. D. Beaulieu ◽

M. R. Bedford ◽

J. F. Patience

Keyword(s):

Key Words ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Similar Extent ◽

E Coli ◽

Soluble Phosphorus ◽

Soluble P ◽

To Receive ◽

Swine Diets ◽

Ca:P Ratio ◽

Total P

The efficacy of an E. coli derived phytase on phosphorus (P) digestibility and excretion, on the form of the P excreted, and the optimal dietary calcium (Ca):P ratio was examined. In exp. 1, 63 barrows (40.4 ± 1.9 kg) were assigned to receive one of 21 treatments arranged as a 3 × 7 factorial. Treatments consisted of three Ca levels (0.50, 0.60 and 0.70%) and seven phytase treatments [0, 250, 500, 1000 and 2000 FTU kg-1 of an E. coli-derived phytase and 500 FTU kg-1 of an A. niger phytase added to a P deficient (0.37% P) diet or 0 FTU phytase kg-1 added to a P adequate (0.53% P) diet]. In exp. 2, 144 pigs (6.52 ± 0.75 kg), received a P adequate (0.60% P) diet or a P deficient (0.44% P) diet supplemented with 0, 250, 500, 1000 or 2000 FTU phytase kg-1 for a 28-d trial. A subset of 36 barrows was then fed the same diets in a balance trial. In exp. 3, 36 barrows (7.1 ± 0.75 kg) were assigned to one of six treatments arranged as a 2 × 3 factorial (0 or 500 FTU of phytase kg-1; 1.0, 1.6 or 2.2 Ca:P ratio). In exp. 1, P digestibility improved from 21 to 54% with increasing phytase (quadratic; P < 0.05). Supplementing the diet with 500 FTU phytase kg-1 decreased the output of total and soluble P by 25% in exp. 2 and to a similar extent in exp. 3 at the lowest Ca:P ratio (P < 0.05). The effect of phytase on total P digestibility was mitigated as the dietary Ca:P ratio increased in exp. 3. Supplementation of swine diets with an E. coli derived phytase decreases output of total and soluble forms of P, but this effect is reduced at high dietary Ca:P ratios. Key words: Swine, E. coli phytase, phosphorus, soluble phosphorus

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Dietary Phytase and Lactic Acid-Treated Cereal Grains Differently Affected Calcium and Phosphorus Homeostasis from Intestinal Uptake to Systemic Metabolism in a Pig Model

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12051542 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (5) ◽

pp. 1542

Author(s):

Julia C. Vötterl ◽

Jutamat Klinsoda ◽

Qendrim Zebeli ◽

Isabel Hennig-Pauka ◽

Wolfgang Kandler ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Lactic Acid ◽

Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Cereal Grains ◽

Systemic Availability ◽

Dietary Phosphorus ◽

Expression Of Genes ◽

Ca Homeostasis

High intestinal availability of dietary phosphorus (P) may impair calcium (Ca) homeostasis and bone integrity. In the present study, we investigated the effect of phytase supplementation in comparison to the soaking of cereal grains in 2.5% lactic acid (LA) on intestinal Ca and P absorption; intestinal, renal, and bone gene expression regarding Ca and P homeostasis; bone parameters; and serum levels of regulatory hormones in growing pigs. Thirty-two pigs were randomly assigned to one of four diets in a 2 × 2 factorial design in four replicate batches for 19 days. The diets comprised either untreated or LA-treated wheat and maize without and with phytase supplementation (500 phytase units/kg). Although both treatments improved the P balance, phytase and LA-treated cereals differently modulated gene expression related to intestinal absorption, and renal and bone metabolism of Ca and P, thereby altering homeostatic regulatory mechanisms as indicated by serum Ca, P, vitamin D, and fibroblast growth factor 23 levels. Moreover, phytase increased the gene expression related to reabsorption of Ca in the kidney, whereas LA-treated cereals decreased the expression of genes for osteoclastogenesis in bones, indicating an unbalanced systemic availability of minerals. In conclusion, high intestinal availability of dietary P may impair Ca homeostasis and bone integrity.

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Dietary Calcium-Phosphorus Ratios for Growing Pigs in Relation to Serum Levels and Bone Development

Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica ◽

10.1186/bf03547753 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 202-219 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

N.C. Nielsen ◽

S. Andersen ◽

A. Madsen ◽

H.P. Mortensen

Keyword(s):

Bone Development ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Dietary Calcium ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Calcium Phosphorus

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The influence of the phosphorus concentration in the diet on the performance of fast-growing pigs.

Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.18174/njas.v32i3.16905 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 32 (3) ◽

pp. 250-252

Author(s):

A.W. Jongbloed

Keyword(s):

Growing Pigs ◽

Phosphorus Concentration ◽

Inorganic P ◽

Fast Growing ◽

Ca:P Ratio

In 6 experiments with 359 pigs weighing 30 to 110 kg different amounts of phosphorus were added to the diet as CaHPO4 in 3 or 4 steps of 0.75 g P/kg. All diets had a Ca:P ratio of +or- 1.3:1. Optimum results were obtained by addition of 0.75 g inorganic P with digestible P 1.6 to 1.8 g/kg DM. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

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281 Young Scholar Presentation: Digestibility of calcium and phosphorus in feed ingredients fed to gestating sows and growing pigs

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa054.188 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 111-111

Author(s):

Su A Lee ◽

Hans H Stein

Keyword(s):

Serum Biomarkers ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Hormonal Control ◽

Late Gestation ◽

Young Scholar ◽

Diet Formulation ◽

Microbial Phytase ◽

The Impact ◽

Ca:P Ratio

Abstract In practical diet formulation, values for standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of Ca and P obtained in growing pigs are also applied to sows. However, gestating sows have reduced digestibility and retention of Ca and P compared with growing pigs, and the impact of microbial phytase on the digestibility of P and Ca is much less in sows than in growing pigs. Applying STTD values for Ca and P obtained in growing pigs to diets for gestating sows, therefore, results in an overestimation of the absorbed Ca and P in sows (Table 1). Further research, however, indicated that the digestibility of Ca and P in late gestating sows is greater than in sows in early or mid-gestation and retention of Ca and P was greater in late-gestation compared with earlier gestation periods, which indicates that digestion and absorption of Ca and P may be under hormonal control in sows (Table 2). It was also demonstrated that a wide Ca:P ratio decreased P digestibility in both growing pigs and sows in late-gestation, which demonstrates the need for not overfeeding STTD Ca. In follow-up research, it was demonstrated that several serum biomarkers may be used to predict if a sow is in a positive or a negative Ca and P state, but more research is needed to quantify this effect and to determine if biomarkers can be used in Ca and P requirement experiments. In conclusion, gestating sows have much lower digestibility of Ca and P than growing pigs, which demonstrates that digestibility values obtained in growing pigs cannot be used to accurately formulate diets for gestating sows. Likewise, effects of microbial phytase on digestibility of Ca and P are much less predictable in gestating sows than in growing pigs and phytase effects in sows are much smaller than in growing pigs.

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Cardiac hypertrophy elevates serum levels of fibroblast growth factor 23

Kidney International ◽

10.1016/j.kint.2018.02.018 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 94 (1) ◽

pp. 60-71 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Isao Matsui ◽

Tatsufumi Oka ◽

Yasuo Kusunoki ◽

Daisuke Mori ◽

Nobuhiro Hashimoto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Factor ◽

Cardiac Hypertrophy ◽

Fibroblast Growth Factor ◽

Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Fibroblast Growth

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MO566THE BONE EXPRESSION OF WNT INHIBITORS IN THE EXPERIMENTAL MODEL OF EARLY CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE

Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation ◽

10.1093/ndt/gfab086.004 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 36 (Supplement_1) ◽

Author(s):

Evdokia Bogdanova ◽

Natalia Semenova ◽

Olga Galkina ◽

Irina Zubina ◽

Olga Beresneva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chronic Kidney Disease ◽

Kidney Disease ◽

Experimental Model ◽

Inorganic Phosphate ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 ◽

Bone Matrix ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Chow Diet ◽

Dickkopf 1

Abstract Background and Aims Molecular mechanisms implicated in the initial stages of inorganic phosphate (Pi) imbalance in chronic kidney disease (CKD) remain poorly understood.The aim of the study was to evaluate whether canonical Wnt pathway inhibitors (iWnt) involved in early response to Pi retention in CKD. Methods Mild CKD was induced by 3/4 nephrectomy (NE) in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) fed rat chow diet containing 0.6 % phosphate. Controls were sham operated SHR (SO). Duration of experimental exposure (NE or SO) was 2 and 6 months. Serum levels of creatinine (Cr), inorganic phosphate (Pi), fractional Pi excretion (FEPi), intact parathyroid hormone (PTH), fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), alfa-Klotho (KL), sclerostin (SOST) and Dickkopf-1 (DKK1) were measured. The following morphological characteristics by light microscopy of bone metaphysis and kidney tissues: the area of renal interstitial fibrosis (RF) (Masson's trichrome), bone matrix volume (MV), the active osteoblasts to trabecular cells number ratio (aOB/cells), eroded surface to bone surface ratio (ES/BS) (hematoxylin & eosin), and bone SOST and DKK1 proteins expression (by IHC) were analyzed and calculated quantitatively. Statistical comparisons among groups were performed using Mann–Whitney U-test and Kruskal-Wallis H-test. Results Serum Cr, RF and indices of Pi exchange in the experimental model corresponded to early CKD (Table). Pi elevated in NE6 suggestive for its renal retention. KL level decreased (Table) in all experimental groups vs control. No differences were observed in serum levels FGF23 (p=0.62) and PTH (p=0.63). Serum SOST and DKK1 levels were significantly higher in NE6 group compared to SO6 (Table). The bone SOST and DKK1 expression increased in NE6 compared to SO6 (Figure). aOB/cells were lower in NE2, SO6 and NE6 vs SO2 (all p-values<=0.041). ES/BS increased in NE2 (vs SO2) while being lowest in NE6 and SO6 animals (Table). SOST and DKK1 metaphyseal expression increased in NE6 compared to SO2, SO6, NE2 (Figure). Osteocyte SOST expression increased in SO6 compared to SO2 and NE2 without differences in later groups. Osteoblast SOST expression was also higher in SO6 vs SO2 (Figure). Conclusion Increased serum levels of sclerostin and Dickkopf-1 and their bone expression are apparent in early stages of experimental CKD associating with hyperphosphatemia. Alterations of bone resorption and osteoblast depopulation occurred before the increase of serum Pi likely reflecting incipient stages of renal Pi retention. These molecular and cellular events seem to be independent of systemic FGF23 and PTH response.

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A Pilot Randomized Crossover Trial Assessing the Safety and Short-Term Effects of Walnut Consumption by Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12010063 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 63 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Pilar Sanchis ◽

Marilisa Molina ◽

Francisco Berga ◽

Elena Muñoz ◽

Regina Fortuny ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Chronic Kidney Disease ◽

Kidney Disease ◽

Inositol Phosphates ◽

Control Diet ◽

Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Short Term ◽

Daily Consumption ◽

Randomized Crossover Trial

The aim of this study of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is to assess the safety of daily consumption of walnuts on the physiological levels of phosphorous, potassium, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), and to assess the short-term benefits of this intervention on risk factors associated with cardiovascular events. This led us to perform a prospective, randomized, crossover, pilot clinical trial examined 13 patients with CKD. Subjects were randomly assigned to a diet of 30 g of walnuts per day or the control diet. After 30 days, each group was given a 30-day washout period, and then switched to the alternate diet for 30 days. Urinary and serum levels of phosphorous and potassium, multiple vascular risk factors, and urinary inositol phosphates (InsPs) were measured at baseline and at the end of the intervention period. Our results showed that the walnut dietary supplement led to reduced blood pressure, LDL cholesterol, and albumin excretion, but had no effect on the physiological levels of phosphorous, potassium, PTH, and FGF23. This is the first report to show that daily consumption of walnuts by patients with CKD does not alter their physiological levels of phosphorous, potassium, PTH, and FGF23 when included in a sodium-, protein-, phosphate-, and potassium-controlled diet, and it could be an effective strategy for reducing cardiovascular risk in patients with CKD.

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Regulation of serum 1,25(OH)2Vitamin D3 levels by fibroblast growth factor 23 is mediated by FGF receptors 3 and 4

AJP Renal Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajprenal.00740.2010 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 301 (2) ◽

pp. F371-F377 ◽

Cited By ~ 62

Author(s):

Jyothsna Gattineni ◽

Katherine Twombley ◽

Regina Goetz ◽

Moosa Mohammadi ◽

Michel Baum

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Growth Factor ◽

Fibroblast Growth Factor ◽

Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Phosphate Transport ◽

Fibroblast Growth ◽

Wild Type ◽

Baseline Serum ◽

Renal Phosphate Reabsorption

Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is a phosphaturic hormone implicated in the pathogenesis of several hypophosphatemic disorders. FGF23 causes hypophosphatemia by decreasing the expression of sodium phosphate cotransporters (NaPi-2a and NaPi-2c) and decreasing serum 1,25(OH)2Vitamin D3 levels. We previously showed that FGFR1 is the predominant receptor for the hypophosphatemic actions of FGF23 by decreasing renal NaPi-2a and 2c expression while the receptors regulating 1,25(OH)2Vitamin D3 levels remained elusive. To determine the FGFRs regulating 1,25(OH)2Vitamin D3 levels, we studied FGFR3−/−FGFR4−/− mice as these mice have shortened life span and are growth retarded similar to FGF23−/− and Klotho−/− mice. Baseline serum 1,25(OH)2Vitamin D3 levels were elevated in the FGFR3−/−FGFR4−/− mice compared with wild-type mice (102.2 ± 14.8 vs. 266.0 ± 34.0 pmol/l; P = 0.001) as were the serum levels of FGF23. Administration of recombinant FGF23 had no effect on serum 1,25(OH)2Vitamin D3 in the FGFR3−/−FGFR4−/− mice (173.4 ± 32.7 vs. 219.7 ± 56.5 pmol/l; vehicle vs. FGF23) while it reduced serum 1,25(OH)2Vitamin D3 levels in wild-type mice. Administration of FGF23 to FGFR3−/−FGFR4−/− mice resulted in a decrease in serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels and an increase in serum phosphorus levels mediated by increased renal phosphate reabsorption. These data indicate that FGFR3 and 4 are the receptors that regulate serum 1,25(OH)2Vitamin D3 levels in response to FGF23. In addition, when 1,25(OH)2Vitamin D3 levels are not affected by FGF23, as in FGFR3−/−FGFR4−/− mice, a reduction in PTH can override the effects of FGF23 on renal phosphate transport.

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