scholarly journals Dietary Phytase and Lactic Acid-Treated Cereal Grains Differently Affected Calcium and Phosphorus Homeostasis from Intestinal Uptake to Systemic Metabolism in a Pig Model

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1542
Author(s):  
Julia C. Vötterl ◽  
Jutamat Klinsoda ◽  
Qendrim Zebeli ◽  
Isabel Hennig-Pauka ◽  
Wolfgang Kandler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Cereal Grains ◽  
Systemic Availability ◽  
Dietary Phosphorus ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Ca Homeostasis

High intestinal availability of dietary phosphorus (P) may impair calcium (Ca) homeostasis and bone integrity. In the present study, we investigated the effect of phytase supplementation in comparison to the soaking of cereal grains in 2.5% lactic acid (LA) on intestinal Ca and P absorption; intestinal, renal, and bone gene expression regarding Ca and P homeostasis; bone parameters; and serum levels of regulatory hormones in growing pigs. Thirty-two pigs were randomly assigned to one of four diets in a 2 × 2 factorial design in four replicate batches for 19 days. The diets comprised either untreated or LA-treated wheat and maize without and with phytase supplementation (500 phytase units/kg). Although both treatments improved the P balance, phytase and LA-treated cereals differently modulated gene expression related to intestinal absorption, and renal and bone metabolism of Ca and P, thereby altering homeostatic regulatory mechanisms as indicated by serum Ca, P, vitamin D, and fibroblast growth factor 23 levels. Moreover, phytase increased the gene expression related to reabsorption of Ca in the kidney, whereas LA-treated cereals decreased the expression of genes for osteoclastogenesis in bones, indicating an unbalanced systemic availability of minerals. In conclusion, high intestinal availability of dietary P may impair Ca homeostasis and bone integrity.

scholarly journals Interactions between calcium and phosphorus in the regulation of the production of fibroblast growth factor 23 in vivo

2013 ◽  
Vol 304 (3) ◽  
pp. E310-E320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen J. Quinn ◽  
Alex R. B. Thomsen ◽  
Jian L. Pang ◽  
Lakshmi Kantham ◽  
Hans Bräuner-Osborne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Serum Calcium ◽  
Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 ◽  
Threshold Level ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Serum Phosphorus ◽  
Dihydroxyvitamin D ◽  
Dietary Phosphorus ◽  
Calcium Phosphorus ◽  
Calcium And Phosphorus

Calcium and phosphorus homeostasis are highly interrelated and share common regulatory hormones, including FGF23. However, little is known about calcium's role in the regulation of FGF23. We sought to investigate the regulatory roles of calcium and phosphorus in FGF23 production using genetic mouse models with targeted inactivation of PTH (PTH KO) or both PTH and the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR; PTH-CaSR DKO). In wild-type, PTH KO, and PTH-CaSR DKO mice, elevation of either serum calcium or phosphorus by intraperitoneal injection increased serum FGF23 levels. In PTH KO and PTH-CaSR DKO mice, however, increases in serum phosphorus by dietary manipulation were accompanied by severe hypocalcemia, which appeared to blunt stimulation of FGF23 release. Increases in dietary phosphorus in PTH-CaSR DKO mice markedly decreased serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] despite no change in FGF23, suggesting direct regulation of 1,25(OH)2D3 synthesis by serum phosphorus. Calcium-mediated increases in serum FGF23 required a threshold level of serum phosphorus of about 5 mg/dl. Analogously, phosphorus-elicited increases in FGF23 were markedly blunted if serum calcium was less than 8 mg/dl. The best correlation between calcium and phosphorus and serum FGF23 was found between FGF23 and the calcium × phosphorus product. Since calcium stimulated FGF23 production in the PTH-CaSR DKO mice, this effect cannot be mediated by the full-length CaSR. Thus the regulation of FGF23 by both calcium and phosphorus appears to be fundamentally important in coordinating the serum levels of both mineral ions and ensuring that the calcium × phosphorus product remains within a physiological range.

Short-, medium-, and long-chain fatty acid profiles and signaling is responsive to dietary phytase and lactic acid treatment of cereals along the gastrointestinal tract of growing pigs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara U Metzler-Zebeli ◽  
Jutamat Klinsoda ◽  
Julia Vötterl ◽  
Suchitra Sharma ◽  
Simone Koger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Hepatic Expression ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Long Chain

Abstract Dietary and microbially derived fatty acids (FA) play important roles in gut mucosal inflammatory signaling, barrier function and oxidative stress response. Nevertheless, little information is available about gastrointestinal FA profiles and receptor distribution in pigs, especially for long-chain FA (LCFA). Therefore, the present pilot study aimed to 1) investigate the gastrointestinal FA profiles; 2) link the luminal FA profiles to the mucosal expression of genes related to FA sensing and signaling; and 3) assess potential dietary effects on gut and systemic lipid metabolism in pigs. Gut, liver and serum samples were obtained from barrows (13.1 ± 2.3 kg) fed diets containing either phytase (500 phytase units/kg diet) or cereals treated with 2.5% lactic acid (LA) (n = 8/diet) for 18 days. Results showed gut regional and diet-related differences in luminal FA profiles and mucosal receptor expression, whereas diet little affected hepatic expression levels and serum lipids. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) increased from stomach, jejunum and ileum to the cecum (P < 0.05), whereas LCFA were higher in stomach, cecum and colon than in jejunum and ileum (P < 0.05). LA-treated cereals enhanced cecal acetate and butyrate, whereas phytase and LA treated cereals decreased the LCFA by 35.9 and 14.4%, respectively (P < 0.05). Gut regional differences suggested stronger signaling via FFAR1 expression in the ileum, and via FFAR2, FFAR4 and HCAR1 expression in cecum and colon (P < 0.05). Expression of AMPK, FASN, PPARG, SREBP1 and SREBP2 was higher in the cecum and colon compared to the small intestine (P < 0.05), with stronger sensing via FASN and SREBP2. Phytase decreased expression of FFAR2 and FFAR4, whereas it increased that of FFAR3 and MCT1 in the cecum (P < 0.05). LA-treated cereals raised cecal expression of FFAR3 and HCAR1 (P < 0.05). Pearson’s correlations (|r| > 0.35; P < 0.05) supported that FA receptor- and nuclear transcription factor-dependent pathways were involved in the mucosal regulation of gut incretin expression but differed across gut regions. In conclusion, results support regional differences in SCFA, lactate and LCFA sensing and absorption capacities in the small and large intestines of pigs. Effects of phytase and the LA-treated cereals on intestinal FA levels and signaling can be explained by differences in nutrient flows (e.g. phosphorus and carbohydrate fractions). This overview provides a solid basis for future intestinal FA sensing in pigs.

scholarly journals Putative Association between Low Baseline Gene Expression in the Peripheral Blood and Clinical Remission in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients Treated with Tofacitinib

Life ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1385
Author(s):  
Elena V. Tchetina ◽  
Azamat M. Satybaldyev ◽  
Galina A. Markova ◽  
Elena Yu. Samarkina ◽  
Aleksandr M. Lila
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Gene Expression ◽  
Disease Activity ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Clinical Remission ◽  
Energy Generation ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Das28 Score ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Before And After

We investigated the importance of the baseline expression of genes involved in energy generation, as prognostic biomarkers of the treatment response to tofacitinib in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Peripheral blood samples were obtained from 28 patients with RA who received 3 months of tofacitinib therapy from 26 healthy controls. Clinical response was evaluated based on the disease activity score, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (DAS28-ESR), and the serum levels of ACPA, RF, CRP, and ESR. Clinical remission was assessed based on DAS28 score <2.6. Protein concentrations were measured using ELISA. Total RNA isolated from whole blood was used for gene expression analysis using quantitative RT-PCR. All patients were diagnosed with Steinbrocker’s radiographic stage II-III at baseline, and most showed erosive arthritis with ACPA and RF positivity. Tofacitinib treatment significantly decreased the disease activity. Upon study completion, seven patients showed remission. Before and after TOFA therapy, a significantly higher expression of succinate dehydrogenase and pyruvate kinase genes was observed in all the examined patients compared to healthy subjects. However, the pre-therapy expression of these genes and corresponding proteins was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) lower in patients who showed remission than in other patients with RA. Moreover, we observed that, during follow-up, patients who developed remission showed an increasing trend in the expression of the examined genes, whereas the others showed some decreases in gene expression, although this was not statistically significant. We concluded that, compared with RA patients maintaining persistent moderate or high disease activity, those with clinical remission following tofacitinib treatment showed a significantly lower baseline expression of genes involved in energy generation.

scholarly journals CD177, a specific marker of neutrophil activation, is a hallmark of COVID-19 severity and death

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yves Lévy ◽  
Aurélie Wiedemann ◽  
Boris P. Hejblum ◽  
Mélany Durand ◽  
Cécile Lefebvre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Differentially Expressed Gene ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Routine Care ◽  
Neutrophil Activation ◽  
Cell Populations ◽  
Specific Marker ◽  
Longitudinal Measurements ◽  
Expression Of Genes

AbstractCOVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 infection exhibits wide inter-individual clinical variability, from silent infection to severe disease and death. The identification of high-risk patients is a continuing challenge in routine care. We aimed to identify factors that influence clinical worsening. We analyzed 52 cell populations, 71 analytes, and RNA-seq gene expression in the blood of severe patients from the French COVID cohort upon hospitalization (n = 61). COVID-19 patients showed severe abnormalities of 27 cell populations relative to healthy donors (HDs). Forty-two cytokines, neutrophil chemo-attractants, and inflammatory components were elevated in COVID-19 patients. Supervised gene expression analyses showed differential expression of genes for neutrophil activation, interferon signaling, T- and B-cell receptors, EIF2 signaling, and ICOS-ICOSL pathways in COVID-19 patients. Unsupervised analysis confirmed the prominent role of neutrophil activation, with a high abundance of CD177, a specific neutrophil activation marker. CD177 was the most highly differentially-expressed gene contributing to the clustering of severe patients and its abundance correlated with CD177 protein serum levels. CD177 levels were higher in COVID-19 patients from both the French and “confirmatory” Swiss cohort (n = 203) than in HDs (P< 0.01) and in ICU than non-ICU patients (P< 0.001), correlating with the time to symptoms onset (P = 0.002). Longitudinal measurements showed sustained levels of serum CD177 to discriminate between patients with the worst prognosis, leading to death, and those who recovered (P = 0.01). These results highlight neutrophil activation as a hallmark of severe disease and CD177 assessment as a reliable prognostic marker for routine care.

scholarly journals Evaluation of serum parameters to predict the dietary intake of calcium and available phosphorus in growing pigs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia C Vötterl ◽  
Jutamat Klinsoda ◽  
Isabel Hennig-Pauka ◽  
Doris Verhovsek ◽  
Barbara U Metzler-Zebeli
Keyword(s):  
Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Feeding System ◽  
Serum Parameters ◽  
Adequate Provision ◽  
Ca:P Ratio ◽  
Total P

Abstract Adequate provision of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) is essential for bone formation and high growth performance in pigs. Nevertheless, reliable serum biomarkers for pig’s Ca and P intake are still missing. Here, we used phytase supplementation to alter the dietary available P (aP) level in order to investigate the effect of differences in dietary aP levels on serum parameters related to the Ca and P homeostasis in pigs. Moreover, we assessed whether serum parameters can be used to predict the Ca, total P (tP) and aP intake in barrows and gilts throughout the fattening period. In total, 216 pigs (115 gilts and 101 barrows) were randomly allotted to 1 of 2 diets in 3 replicate batches, each lasting 56 days (n =108/diet). Pigs had free a, ccess to the diets without (Con) or with phytase (Phy; 650 phytase units/kg) via a transponder-based feeding system. Blood samples were collected on days 2, 23 and 52 and serum parameters were correlated to the daily Ca, tP, and aP intake. The intake of tP, aP, and Ca was overall 14.2, 13.8, and 14.2% higher in barrows compared to gilts, respectively (P &lt; 0.001). Concurrently, phytase decreased the intake of tP and Ca by 8.4 and 6.7%, respectively, whereas it raised the intake of aP by 16.3% compared to Con diet (P &lt; 0.001). Serum levels of fibroblast growth factor 23, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), vitamin D (VitD) and osteocalcin (OCN) decreased with age (P &lt; 0.05). The higher aP intake of pigs fed Phy diet increased serum P on days 2 and 23 but decreased it on day 52 compared to Con diet (P = 0.004). Pigs fed Phy diet had higher serum ALP compared to pigs fed Con diet on days 23 and 52 (P &lt; 0.05). Correlation analysis between serum parameters and Ca, tP and aP intake showed age- and sex-related associations. With 12 weeks of age serum P in both sexes, serum VitD in barrows and serum OCN and ALP in gilts correlated with aP intake (|r| &gt; 0.38), whereas serum OCN correlated with Ca in both sexes’ intake (r &gt; 0.50). At 20 weeks, serum Ca and ALP in gilts correlated with aP intake, whereas serum P, Ca and VitD correlated with Ca intake in both sexes (|r| &gt; 0.39). In conclusion, present results showed that the daily Ca and aP intake could be most reliably estimated from serum parameters for an approximate age of 12 and 20 weeks. Serum P and the Ca:P ratio at 12 weeks of age and serum VitD at 20 weeks of age may be used to predict pig’s daily aP intake in both sexes.

scholarly journals Impact of Environmental Stressors on Gene Expression in the Embryo of the Italian Wall Lizard

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 4723
Author(s):  
Rosaria Scudiero ◽  
Chiara Maria Motta ◽  
Palma Simoniello
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Protein Interactions ◽  
Membrane Trafficking ◽  
Translational Regulation ◽  
Cellular Protection ◽  
Terrestrial Vertebrate ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Stress Changes ◽  
Probable Consequence ◽  
The Impact

The cleidoic eggs of oviparous reptiles are protected from the external environment by membranes and a parchment shell permeable to water and dissolved molecules. As a consequence, not only physical but also chemical insults can reach the developing embryos, interfering with gene expression. This review provides information on the impact of the exposure to cadmium contamination or thermal stress on gene expression during the development of Italian wall lizards of the genus Podarcis. The results obtained by transcriptomic analysis, although not exhaustive, allowed to identify some stress-reactive genes and, consequently, the molecular pathways in which these genes are involved. Cadmium-responsive genes encode proteins involved in cellular protection, metabolism and proliferation, membrane trafficking, protein interactions, neuronal transmission and plasticity, immune response, and transcription regulatory factors. Cold stress changes the expression of genes involved in transcriptional/translational regulation and chromatin remodeling and inhibits the transcription of a histone methyltransferase with the probable consequence of modifying the epigenetic control of DNA. These findings provide transcriptome-level evidence of how terrestrial vertebrate embryos cope with stress, giving a key to use in population survival and environmental change studies. A better understanding of the genes contributing to stress tolerance in vertebrates would facilitate methodologies and applications aimed at improving resistance to unfavourable environments.

scholarly journals Transversal gene expression panel to evaluate intestinal health in broiler chickens in different challenging conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Criado-Mesas ◽  
N. Abdelli ◽  
A. Noce ◽  
M. Farré ◽  
J. F. Pérez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Barrier Function ◽  
Nutrient Transport ◽  
Gene Expression Pattern ◽  
Vaccine Dose ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Intestinal Health ◽  
Barrier Failure ◽  
Expression Of Genes

AbstractThere is a high interest on gut health in poultry with special focus on consequences of the intestinal diseases, such as coccidiosis and C. perfringens-induced necrotic enteritis (NE). We developed a custom gene expression panel, which could provide a snapshot of gene expression variation under challenging conditions. Ileum gene expression studies were performed through high throughput reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. A deep review on the bibliography was done and genes related to intestinal health were selected for barrier function, immune response, oxidation, digestive hormones, nutrient transport, and metabolism. The panel was firstly tested by using a nutritional/Clostridium perfringens model of intestinal barrier failure (induced using commercial reused litter and wheat-based diets without exogenous supplementation of enzymes) and the consistency of results was evaluated by another experiment under a coccidiosis challenge (orally gavaged with a commercial coccidiosis vaccine, 90× vaccine dose). Growth traits and intestinal morphological analysis were performed to check the gut barrier failure occurrence. Results of ileum gene expression showed a higher expression in genes involved in barrier function and nutrient transport in chickens raised in healthy conditions, while genes involved in immune response presented higher expression in C.perfringens-challenged birds. On the other hand, the Eimeria challenge also altered the expression of genes related to barrier function and metabolism, and increased the expression of genes related to immune response and oxidative stress. The panel developed in the current study gives us an overview of genes and pathways involved in broiler response to pathogen challenge. It also allows us to deep into the study of differences in gene expression pattern and magnitude of responses under either a coccidial vaccine or a NE.

scholarly journals Selection of reference genes for gene expression analysis in Liriodendron hybrids’ somatic embryogenesis and germinative tissues

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tingting Li ◽  
Weigao Yuan ◽  
Shuai Qiu ◽  
Jisen Shi
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Reference Genes ◽  
Gene Selection ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Reverse Transcription Pcr ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Suitable Reference ◽  
Functional Analyses ◽  
Elongation Factor 1

AbstractThe differential expression of genes is crucial for plant somatic embryogenesis (SE), and the accurate quantification of gene expression levels relies on choosing appropriate reference genes. To select the most suitable reference genes for SE studies, 10 commonly used reference genes were examined in synchronized somatic embryogenic and subsequent germinative cultures of Liriodendron hybrids by using quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR. Four popular normalization algorithms: geNorm, NormFinder, Bestkeeper and Delta-Ct were used to select and validate the suitable reference genes. The results showed that elongation factor 1-gamma, histone H1 linker protein, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and α-tubulin were suitable for SE tissues, while elongation factor 1-gamma and actin were best for the germinative organ tissues. Our work will benefit future studies of gene expression and functional analyses of SE in Liriodendron hybrids. It is also serves as a guide of reference gene selection in early embryonic gene expression analyses for other woody plant species.

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