Fluctuations in Arousal Correlate with Neural Activity in the Human Thalamus
Abstract The neural basis of consciousness has been explored in humans and animals; however, the exact nature of consciousness remains elusive. In this study, we aimed to elucidate which brain regions are relevant to arousal in humans. Simultaneous recordings of brain activity and eye-tracking were conducted in 20 healthy human participants. Brain activity was measured by resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging with a multiband acquisition protocol. The subjective levels of arousal were investigated based on the degree of eyelid closure recorded using a near-infrared eye camera within the scanner. The results showed that the participants were in an aroused state for 79% of the scan time, and the bilateral thalami were significantly associated with the arousal condition. Among the major thalamic subnuclei, the mediodorsal nucleus showed greater involvement in arousal, compared with other subnuclei. A receiver operating characteristic analysis with leave-one-out cross validation conducted using template-based brain activity and arousal level data from eye-tracking showed that in most participants, thalamic activity significantly predicted the subjective levels of arousal. These results indicate a significant role of the thalamus, and in particular, the mediodorsal nucleus, which has rich connectivity with the prefrontal cortices and the limbic system in human consciousness.