Prevalence and risk factors for HIV-1 infection in people who use illicit drugs in northern Brazil

2019 ◽  
Vol 114 (3) ◽  
pp. 213-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aldemir B Oliveira-Filho ◽  
Fabricio Quaresma Silva ◽  
Francisco Junior A Santos ◽  
Yasmin Maria N Cardoso ◽  
Jeruza Ferraz F Di Miceli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Illicit Drugs ◽  
Crack Cocaine ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Unsafe Sex ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Number Of Sexual Partners ◽  
Northern Brazil ◽  
Hiv 1

Abstract Background People who use illicit drugs (PWUDs) have a high risk of viral infections. To date, there is a paucity of information on HIV infection among PWUDs in remote Brazilian regions. This study determined the prevalence and factors associated with HIV-1 infection among PWUDs in northern Brazil. Methods Sociodemographic, economic, drug use and health-related information were collected through interviews from a community-recruited, multi-site sample of 1753 PWUDs. The blood samples collected were tested for the presence of HIV-1 using chemiluminescence immunoassay and PCR or western blotting. Logistic regressions identified factors independently associated with HIV-1 infection. Results In total, 266 (15.2%) PWUDs were HIV-1 positive. Hepatitis B virus and/or hepatitis C virus nucleic acid was detected in 65 (3.7%) PWUDs infected by HIV-1. The factors associated with HIV-1 infection were male gender, older age, a lower educational level and a lower income, crack cocaine use, a longer drug use history and a history of drug injection and engagement in unsafe sex, sex work and a higher number of sexual partners. Conclusions The current study provides unique, initial insights into HIV and co-infection status and pertinent risk factors among PWUDs in northern Brazil, with clear and diverse implications for urgently improved prevention and treatment intervention needs.

scholarly journals Hepatitis E Virus in People Who Use Crack-Cocaine: A Cross-Sectional Study in a Remote Region of Northern Brazil

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 926
Author(s):  
Raquel Silva do Nascimento ◽  
Karen Lorena N. Baia ◽  
Samara Borges de Souza ◽  
Guilherme Martins G. Fontoura ◽  
Patrícia Ferreira Nunes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Crack Cocaine ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Northern Brazil

People who use crack-cocaine (PWUCC) have numerous vulnerabilities and pose a challenge to health and social assistance services. The exposure to pathogens and risk situations occur differently according to each individual, region and social group. This study identified the presence, genotypes and factors associated with hepatitis E virus (HEV) exposure among a community-recruited cohort of 437 PWUCC in northern Brazil. Epidemiological information was collected through community-based assessments and interviews. Thereafter, blood and fecal samples were collected and tested for HEV using an immunoenzymatic assay, and the genotype was identified by PCR. Logistic regressions were used to identify the risk factors independently associated with exposure to HEV. In total, 79 (18.1%) PWUCC were exposed to HEV: 73 (16.7%) for IgG and six for IgG + IgM. HEV RNA was detected in six fecal samples and in two blood samples from PWUCC with IgM + IgG. Subtype 3c was identified in all of the samples. The factors associated with exposure to HEV were low monthly income, unstable housing (e.g., homelessness), crack-cocaine use ≥40 months, and the shared use of crack-cocaine equipment. The current study provides unique initial insights into HEV status and risk factors among PWUCC in a remote area in Brazil, with diverse implications for urgently improved diagnosis, prevention, and treatment intervention needs.

scholarly journals Use of illicit drugs by adolescents and young adults of an urban settlement in Brazil

2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-118
Author(s):  
Rafael Alves Guimarães ◽  
Márcia Maria de Souza ◽  
Karlla Antonieta Amorim Caetano ◽  
Sheila Araujo Teles ◽  
Marcos André de Matos
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Illicit Drugs ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Illicit Drug Use ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Adolescents And Young Adults ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Urban Settlement ◽  
Factors Associated

Summary Objective: To estimate the prevalence and factors associated with illicit drug use by adolescents and young adults of a formal urban settlement. Method: Cross-sectional study including adolescents and young adults 12-24 years of an urban settlement in the Midwest Region of Brazil. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analyzed using Stata, version 12.0. We used Poisson regression model to estimate the factors associated with illicit drug use. Results: Of the total participants (n=105), 27.6% (95CI 20.0-36.9%) had used illicit drugs such as marijuana, cocaine, crack, LSD and inhalants. The consumption of these substances was associated with male gender, use of body piercing and/or tattoos, licit drug use and self-report of signs and/or symptoms of sexually transmitted infections. Conclusion: High prevalence of illicit drug use was found in the individuals investigated, ratifying the presence of risk factors to the vulnerability of the settlers to use these substances in the urban settlement population.

Protective and Risk Factors Associated with Drug Use Among Hispanic Youth

1993 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Gfroerer ◽  
Mario De la Rosa
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Hispanic Youth ◽  
Factors Associated

scholarly journals 393. Changing Trends, Risk Factors, and Treatment Challenges in Staphylococcus aureus Septic Arthritis

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. S202-S202
Author(s):  
Valerie Gobao ◽  
Mostafa Alfishawy ◽  
Neel Shah ◽  
Karin Byers ◽  
Mohamed Yassin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Positive Result ◽  
Septic Arthritis ◽  
Intravenous Drug ◽  
Intravenous Drug Use ◽  
Retrospective Case ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Rule Out

Abstract Background Staphylococcus aureus is a common organism in native septic arthritis. It is traditionally believed to be self-limited with rapid and aggressive debridement and appropriate antibiotic selection. The incidence of S. aureus septic arthritis is increasing, and further characterization is needed to improve diagnosis and treatment. For patients presenting with native S. aureus septic arthritis, we evaluated the reliability of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) screening as a predictor to rule out MRSA septic arthritis, the risk factors associated with this disease, and the treatment and surgical outcomes. Methods A retrospective case–control study of patients diagnosed with septic arthritis in the UPMC health system (Pittsburgh, PA) between 2012 and 2016 was completed. The primary outcomes of interest were surgical intervention and the need to alter antibiotic treatment. Patient demographics, characteristics, and outcomes were recorded. Results A total of 215 cases of septic arthritis were identified, and 64% (n = 138) had S. aureus cultured. In this set, 36% (50/138) of these patients were identified with MRSA. Of the patients diagnosed with MRSA septic arthritis, 50% screened prior to admission had a positive result (8/16) and 48% screened during admission had a positive result (14/29). Compared with septic arthritis with other organisms, risk factors associated with S. aureus included history of intravenous drug use (OR: 4.3, CI: 1.7 to 10.8, P = 0.002) and being immunocompetent (OR: 0.3, CI: 0.1 to 0.6, P = 0.002). These infections were associated with concurrent infections of the spine (OR: 5.7, CI: 2.1 to 15.1, P = 0.0005). As compared with other organisms, there was a high probability of switching antibiotics during treatment (OR: 3.7, CI: 1.1 to 13.0, P = 0.04) and relapse of infection (OR: 4.2, CI: 1.2 to 14.6, P = 0.02). Conclusion S. aureus septic arthritis is associated with intravenous drug use, and not with immunosuppression. A negative MRSA screen does not rule out this organism. Concurrent spine infections are common. There is a high likelihood of infection relapse and that antibiotics will need to be altered during treatment. With the opioid epidemic, the incidence is likely to increase further. More work is needed to improve diagnosis and overcome treatment challenges. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

Risk Factors Associated with Prevalent HIV-1 Infection among Pregnant Women in Rwanda

1994 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 371-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANN CHAO ◽  
MARC BULTERYS ◽  
FÉLICITÉ MUSANGANIRE ◽  
PHOCAS ABIMANA ◽  
PAULA NAWROCKI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Hiv 1

Illicit Drug use and Dependence in a New Zealand Birth Cohort

2006 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 156-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph M. Boden ◽  
David M. Fergusson ◽  
L. John Horwood
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Drug Dependence ◽  
Illicit Drugs ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Illicit Drug Use ◽  
Urban Region ◽  
Adolescent Risk

Objective: To describe the patterns of illicit drug use in a birth cohort studied to the age of 25 years. Method: The data were gathered during the Christchurch Health and Development Study. In this study a cohort of 1265 children born in the Christchurch, New Zealand urban region in mid-1977 have been studied to the age of 25 years. Information was gathered on patterns of illicit drug use and dependence during the period 15–25 years. Results: By age 25 years, 76.7% of the cohort had used cannabis, while 43.5% had used other illicit drugs on at least one occasion. In addition, 12.5% of the cohort met DSM-IV criteria for dependence on cannabis, and 3.6% of the cohortmet criteria for dependence on other illicit drugs at some time by age 25. There was also evidence of substantial poly-drug use among the cohort, with hallucinogens and amphetamines being the most commonly used illicit drugs (excluding cannabis). Illicit drug use and dependence was higher in males, in Māori, and in those leaving school without qualifications. Key risk factors for illicit drug use and dependence included adolescent risk-taking behaviours including cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption, affiliation with substance-using peers, novelty-seeking, and conduct problems in adolescence. Other key risk factors included parental history of illicit drug use and childhood sexual abuse. Conclusions: Levels of cumulative illicit drug use in this cohort were relatively high, with the majority of respondents having tried illicit drugs by age 25. For the majority of illicit drug users, drug use did not lead to problems of dependence. Nonetheless, nearly 15% of the cohort showed symptoms of illicit drug dependence by the age of 25 years, with cannabis dependence accounting for the majority of illicit drug dependence.

scholarly journals Risk factors associated with Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) among children under 10-years in Rohingya refugee camp

2020 ◽  
pp. 32-35
Author(s):  
Shafiqua Nawrin Oishi ◽  
Nazmul Alam
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Respiratory Infection ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infection ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Nasal Discharge ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Aged People

Acute respiratory infections are cause by bacterial, fungal or viral infections of the respiratory tract. Very young and older aged people are most vulnerable of these infections lead to difficulties from fever, cough, nasal discharge, sputum production, fatigue, wheezing, pain on swallowing, at times ear infections and meningitis. With huge number of Rohingya influx in Bangladesh, camps are overly crowded allowing many infectious diseases to transmit easily. Although there are researches that have been conducted in this area, there remains a huge gap of research in these camps where children being vulnerable are mostly suffering from respiratory disease such as Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI). This cross-sectional study investigated the risk factors associated with ARI among children less than 10 years in Rohingya refugee camps. After collecting information based on their demographic, anthropometric, history of respiratory problem, accommodation and nutritional status, it was found that about 21.6% of 259 children under this study had symptoms of ARI. Living in congested housing and with lack of nutritious food children were found negatively associated with ARI.

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