scholarly journals Stipe Canker Caused by Trichothecium roseum on the Edible Shaggy Mane Coprinus comatus in China

Plant Disease ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 97 (11) ◽  
pp. 1507-1507 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Dong ◽  
Y. B. Bian
Keyword(s):  
Fruiting Body ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
The Other ◽  
Postharvest Disease ◽  
Its2 Region ◽  
Wound Treatment ◽  
Fruiting Bodies ◽  
Coprinus Comatus ◽  
Trichothecium Roseum

Coprinus comatus, the shaggy mane, is one of the most popular and widely cultivated edible mushrooms in China. Its young fruiting body has good nutritional and medicinal value as well as a special flavor. In July 2010, an unusual stipe rot symptom was observed in cultivation tunnels in Pingyin county of Shandong Province. The lower part of the stipe was infected and water soaked scab occurred. The scab then expanded, a few mycelia and pink spores emerged on the scab surface, and finally, the stipe decayed and the fruiting body became wilted. The pathogen was isolated from infected tissues of C. comatus and the colonies on CYM were whitish at first, then pink sorus emerged, later forming concentric rings of sporulation. Mycelia were floccose, colorless, slender, and septate. Conidiophores bore upright, nonbranched, and colorless sporogenous cells, and slightly rounded spores were borne on the top and aggregated in pink cephaloid. Conidia were obovoid or obpyriform. Almost all spores were two-celled and one septate, while one was nearly round and the other bore an apex (1). The size of spores ranged from 10 to 21 μm long and 5 to 7 μm wide, which was consistent with the characteristics of Trichothecium roseum (1). The species identification was confirmed by sequencing the ribosomal ITS sequences. The ribosomal ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region was amplified from the isolated strain using primers ITS1 and ITS4. A BLAST search in GenBank revealed the highest similarity (99%) to T. roseum (JQ434580). Pathogenicity was tested on different parts of 20 fruiting bodies of C. comatus with or without the wound treatment. One inoculum was prepared by flooding the agar surface with sterilized double distilled water for spore suspension (6.5 × 103 conidia/ml), and the other was by 0.2 × 0.2 cm mycelial plugs without spore production on CYM at 25°C for 5 days. After 1 to 2 days, only inoculated stipes showed water soaked and slight decay on the injured surface of all 20 fruiting bodies, while control fruiting bodies remained healthy. The symptoms were similar to those observed in the cultivation tunnels. No symptom was observed on the pileus, either with or without wound treatment. Pathogens reisolated from the inoculated stipes were confirmed to be T. roseum based on morphological characteristics. Because T. roseum is generally regarded as a postharvest disease of fruits and vegetables such as apple, pear, and muskmelon (2), apples and pears were inoculated with this fungus as well using the same methods. The parts inoculated were sunken, wettish, and decayed with brown stain at 25°C and 90% relative humidity after 5 days. Thus, it was confirmed that the T. roseum from the C. comatus stipe canker could infect the fruits of apple and pear. To our knowledge, this is the first report that T. roseum can cause disease on agaric. References: (1) G. Dal Bello. Australas. Plant Dis. Notes 3:103, 2008. (2) J.-H. Kwon et al. Plant Pathol. J. 26:296, 2010.

scholarly journals First Report of Cladobotryum protrusum causing Cobweb Disease on the Edible Mushroom Coprinus comatus

Plant Disease ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 99 (2) ◽  
pp. 287-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Z. Wang ◽  
M. P. Guo ◽  
Y. B. Bian
Keyword(s):  
Fruiting Body ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Edible Mushroom ◽  
Its2 Region ◽  
Pathogenicity Test ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Fruiting Bodies ◽  
Coprinus Comatus ◽  
First Report ◽  
Medicinal Value

Coprinus comatus is one of the most commercially important mushrooms in China. Its fruiting body possesses rich nutritional and medicinal value. In November 2013, unusual symptoms were observed on C. comatus on a mushroom farm in Wuhan, Hubei, China. At first, fruiting bodies were covered by white and cobweb-like mycelia. Later, the cap and stipe turned brown or dark before rotting and cracking. The pathogen was isolated from infected tissue of C. comatus. Colonies of the pathogen on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium first appeared yellowish, followed by an obvious ochraceous or pinkish color. Aerial mycelia grew along the plate wall, cottony, 1 to 4 mm high. Conidiophores were borne on the tops of hyphae, had two to four branches, and were cylindrical, long clavate, or fusiform. Conidia were borne on the tops of the branches of conidiophores, had one to two separates, and were long and clavate. The spores ranged from 15.3 to 22.1 μm long and were 5.1 to 8.3 μm wide, which was consistent with the characteristics of Cladobotryum protrusum (1). The species was identified by ribosomal internal transcribed spacer sequencing. The ribosomal ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region was amplified from the isolated strain using primers ITS1 and ITS4. A BLAST search in GenBank revealed the highest similarity (99%) to C. protrusum (GenBank Accession Nos. FN859408.1 and FN859413.1). The pathogen was grown on PDA at 25°C for 3 days, and the inoculation suspension was prepared by flooding the agar surface with sterilized double-distilled water for spore suspension (1 × 105 conidia/ml). In one treatment, the suspension was sprayed on casing soil (106 conidia/m2) and mixed thoroughly with it, then cased with treated soil for 2 to 3 cm thickness on the surface of compost in cultivation pots (35 × 25× 12 cm), with sterile distilled water as a control (2). Eight biological replicates were included in this treatment. In the second treatment, mycelia plugs (0.3 × 0.3 cm) without spore production were added to 20 fruiting bodies. Mushrooms treated with blank agar plugs (0.3 × 0.3 cm) were used as a control. The plugs were covered with sterilized cotton balls to avoid loss of moisture. Tested cultivation pots were maintained at 18°C and 85 to 95% relative humidity. In the samples where casing soil was sprayed with conidia suspension, white mildew developed on the pileus, and a young fruiting body grew out from the casing soil. Eventually, the surface of the mushroom was overwhelmed by the mycelia of the pathogen and the pileus turned brown or black. For the other group inoculated with mycelia plugs, only the stipe and pileus inoculated with mycelia turned brown or dark; it rotted and cracked 2 to 3 days later. The symptoms were similar to those observed on the C. comatus cultivation farm. Pathogens re-isolated from pathogenic fruiting bodies were confirmed to be C. protrusum based on morphological characteristics and ITS sequence. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the occurrence of C. protrusum on the edible mushroom C. comatus (3). Based on the pathogenicity test results, C. protrusum has the ability to severely infect the fruiting body of C. comatus. References: (1) K. Põldmaa. Stud. Mycol. 68:1, 2011. (2) F. J. Gea et al. Plant Dis. 96:1067, 2012. (3) W. H. Dong et al. Plant Dis. 97:1507, 2013.

scholarly journals Mucor Rot—An Emerging Postharvest Disease of Mandarin Fruit Caused by Mucor piriformis and other Mucor spp. in California

Plant Disease ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 100 (6) ◽  
pp. 1054-1063 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Saito ◽  
T. J. Michailides ◽  
C. L. Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Internal Transcribed Spacer ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Central Valley ◽  
Lesion Size ◽  
The Other ◽  
Postharvest Disease ◽  
First Report ◽  
Mucor Piriformis

In recent years, an emerging, undescribed postharvest disease was observed on mandarin fruit after extended storage in California. We collected decayed mandarin fruit from three citrus packinghouses in the Central Valley of California in 2015 and identified this disease as Mucor rot caused by Mucor spp. Mucor rot occurred in 11 of the 15 grower lots sampled, and the percentage of Mucor rot in the total decayed fruit varied among affected grower lots, ranging from 3.3 to 93.1% with an average of 49.2%. In total, 197 isolates of Mucor spp. were obtained from decayed mandarin fruit and identified based on internal transcribed spacer sequence and morphological characteristics. Of the 197 isolates, 182 (92.4%) were identified as Mucor piriformis, 7 (3.6%) were M. circinelloides (6 M. circinelloides f. lusitanicus and 1 M. circinelloides f. circinelloides), 4 (2%) were M. racemosus f. racemosus, 3 (1.5%) were M. hiemalis, and 1 (0.5%) was M. mucedo. All species grew at 0 and 5°C, except M. circinelloides, which did not grow at 0°C. Mycelial growth was arrested at 27°C for M. piriformis; 35°C for M. racemosus f. racemosus, M. circinelloides f. lusitanicus, M. hiemalis and M. mucedo; and 37°C for M. circinelloides f. circinelloides. Optimal mycelial growth occurred at 20°C for M. piriformis and M. mucedo, 25°C for M. racemosus f. racemosus and M. hiemalis, 27°C for M. circinelloides f. lusitanicus, and 30°C for M. circinelloides f. circinelloides. M. piriformis grew significantly faster than the other four species at 5 and 20°C, and M. mucedo was the slowest in growth among the five species. Sporangiospores of M. piriformis, M. racemosus f. racemosus, and M. hiemalis germinated at both 5 and 20°C. M. circinelloides germinated at 20°C but did not germinate at 5°C after incubation for 48 h. All five Mucor spp. caused decay on mandarin fruit inoculated with the fungi, and the lesion size caused by M. piriformis was significantly larger than that caused by other species at both 5 and 20°C. Our results indicated that Mucor rot in mandarin fruit in California is caused by Mucor spp. consisting of M. piriformis, M. circinelloides, M. racemosus f. racemosus, M. hiemalis, and M. mucedo, with M. piriformis being the dominant and most virulent species. Previously, M. racemosus was reported on citrus. This is the first report of Mucor rot in citrus caused by M. piriformis, M. circinelloides, M. hiemalis, and M. mucedo.

scholarly journals Compatibility and stability of diploids in Coprinus lagopus

1966 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorna A. Casselton ◽  
D. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Gene Product ◽  
Fruiting Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Diploid Nucleus ◽  
Fruiting Bodies ◽  
Complementary Action ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Incompatibility System

Artificially selected diploids of Coprinus lagopus when mated in compatible combinations, either together or with haploids, produce dikaryotic mycelia which are typical of normal haploid-haploid dikaryons. In a diploid-haploid dikaryon, the diploid nucleus is not as stable as when alone in a monokaryon but it can persist through repeated sub-culturing into a fruiting body and eventually through meiosis into the basidiospores. In a diploid–diploid dikaryon either one or the other nucleus becomes haploid so that fruiting bodies with two diploid nuclei are never formed. This fact constitutes a restriction on diploidy in nature and a useful method of reducing diploids to the haploid state.Matings that might be considered to be incompatible at the B mating gene show a significant difference which is related to the number of B alleles common to the mating colonies. Matings with one B allele in common, e.g. B3B6+B2B3 produce fully compatible and normal dikaryons. Matings with two B alleles in common, e.g. B3B6+B3B6 have, at first while the diploid nuclei still persist, the appearance of an incompatible common B haploid heterokaryon. This indicates that the B incompatibility system is based not on a complementary action between different B alleles but on an oppositional action between the same alleles neutralizing the B gene product which is necessary for dikaryon formation.

scholarly journals Possibility of modernization of Ganoderma lucidum strains substrate

2005 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Maszlavér ◽  
D. Kovácsné ◽  
K. Ferenc ◽  
E. Fehérvári-Póczik
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Fruiting Body ◽  
Ganoderma Lucidum ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fruiting Bodies ◽  
Ganoderic Acids ◽  
Medicinal Compounds

Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi mushroom), the object of our experiments, is also known to contain medicinal compounds. This fungus has been used for many centuries as medicine in China. The fruiting body of the fungus contains carbohydrates, amino acids, little protein, fat, alkaloids, vitamins and minerals. Two groups of its substances are reported to be effective particularly. One of them is constituted by the polysaccharides, whose antitumor and immunostimulating effects are well demonstrated, and the other is constituted by the triterpenes. The latter include ganoderic acids, ganolucidic acids and lucideric acids. These acids have been reported to suppress liver hyperactivity (Lelley 1999). The experiment was carried out with 8 Reishi mushroom strains in 3 repetitions. Experiments were performed on 3 different substrates The spawn run period took approximately 2 weeks, the first fruiting bodies appeared on the 33rd day from inoculation, but the formation of the fruiting bodies took almost 70 days on the different substrates. Spawn run presented a diversified picture as influenced by the specific substrates. No spawn run was seen with any of the strains on the substrate composed of 100% wheat straw. Among the strains the fastest spawn run was produced by GA02 and GA06. The earliest start of spawn run was registered for substrate 1 after 1 week.

RHYNCHOLITES AND THE PROBLEM OF NARROW AND BROAD CONCEPTION OF TAXONS

2018 ◽  
pp. 12-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. R. Khuzina ◽  
V. N. Komarov
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Mass Scale ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
New Taxon ◽  
Artificial System ◽  
Broad Understanding

The paper considers a point of view, based on the conception of the broad understanding of taxons. According to this point of view, rhyncholites of the subgenus Dentatobeccus and Microbeccus are accepted to be synonymous with the genus Rhynchoteuthis, and subgenus Romanovichella is considered to be synonymous with the genus Palaeoteuthis. The criteria, exercising influence on the different approaches to the classification of rhyncholites, have been analyzed (such as age and individual variability, sexual dimorphism, pathological and teratological features, degree of disintegration of material), underestimation of which can lead to inaccuracy. Divestment of the subgenuses Dentatobeccus, Microbeccus and Romanovichella, possessing very bright morphological characteristics, to have an independent status and denomination to their synonyms, has been noted to be unjustified. An artificial system (any suggested variant) with all its minuses is a single probable system for rhyncholites. The main criteria, minimizing its negative sides and proving the separation of the new taxon, is an available mass-scale material. The narrow understanding of the genus, used in sensible limits, has been underlined to simplify the problem of the passing the view about the genus to the other investigators and recognition of rhyncholites for the practical tasks.

scholarly journals Naturalization and spread of the alien species Ozognathus cornutus (LeConte, 1859) (Coleoptera: Ptinidae: Ernobiinae) in Italy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuliano Cerasa ◽  
Gabriella Lo Verde
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
First Record ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ecological Role ◽  
Dried Fruits ◽  
Wood Shavings ◽  
Potential Pest ◽  
Small Wood ◽  
Natural Barrier

AbstractOzognathus cornutus (LeConte, 1859) (Coleoptera: Ptinidae: Ernobiinae), species native to North America, is a saproxylophagous species and is known to feed on decaying tissues within conspicuous galls and on vegetal decaying organic material such as dried fruits or small wood shavings and insect excrements in galleries made by other woodboring species. A few years after the first record in 2011, its naturalization in Italy is here reported. The insect was found as successor in galls of Psectrosema tamaricis (Diptera Cecidomyiidae), Plagiotrochus gallaeramulorum, Andricus multiplicatus and Synophrus politus (Hymenoptera Cynipidae). The galls seem to have played an important ecological role in speeding up the naturalization process. The lowest proportion of galls used by O. cornutus was recorded for P. tamaricis (23%), the only host belonging to Cecidomyiidae, while the percentages recorded for the other host species, all Cynipidae forming galls on oaks, were higher: 43.6%, 61.1% and 76.9% in A multiplicatus, S. politus and P. gallaeramulorum, respectively. Although O. cornutus is able to exploit other substrates like dried fruits and vegetables, for which it could represent a potential pest, it prefers to live as a successor in woody and conspicuous galls, which thus can represent a sort of natural barrier limiting the possible damages to other substrates.

scholarly journals act Operon Control of Developmental Gene Expression in Myxococcus xanthus

2002 ◽  
Vol 184 (4) ◽  
pp. 1172-1179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas M. A. Gronewold ◽  
Dale Kaiser
Keyword(s):  
Fruiting Body ◽  
Myxococcus Xanthus ◽  
The Other ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Developmental Gene ◽  
Developmental Gene Expression ◽  
Mutant Strains ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Signal Production

ABSTRACT Cell-bound C-signal guides the building of a fruiting body and triggers the differentiation of myxospores. Earlier work has shown that transcription of the csgA gene, which encodes the C-signal, is directed by four genes of the act operon. To see how expression of the genes encoding components of the aggregation and sporulation processes depends on C-signaling, mutants with loss-of-function mutations in each of the act genes were investigated. These mutations were found to have no effect on genes that are normally expressed up to 3 h into development and are C-signal independent. Neither the time of first expression nor the rate of expression increase was changed in actA, actB, actC, or actD mutant strains. Also, there was no effect on A-signal production, which normally starts before 3 h. By contrast, the null act mutants have striking defects in C-signal production. These mutations changed the expression of four gene reporters that are related to aggregation and sporulation and are expressed at 6 h or later in development. The actA and actB null mutations substantially decreased the expression of all these reporters. The other act null mutations caused either premature expression to wild-type levels (actC) or delayed expression (actD), which ultimately rose to wild-type levels. The pattern of effects on these reporters shows how the C-signal differentially regulates the steps that together build a fruiting body and differentiate spores within it.

Molecular identification and phylogenetics of local pearl millet cultivars using internal-transcribed spacers of nuclear ribosomal DNA

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Zainab M. Almutairi
Keyword(s):  
Pearl Millet ◽  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Secondary Structures ◽  
Its2 Sequence ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacers ◽  
The Other ◽  
Nuclear Ribosomal Dna ◽  
Its2 Region ◽  
Local Cultivars ◽  
Pearl Millet Cultivars

Abstract Local cultivars of pearl millet in Saudi Arabia are known to tolerate extreme heat and drought stress. In the current study, the sequences of internal-transcribed spacers (ITSs) of six pearl millet cultivars were sequenced and analysed to investigate the genetic diversity among the local cultivars. The nucleotide polymorphism, secondary structures and phylogenetics were analysed for ITS sequences of the six local cultivars. The obtained sequences were 772–774 base pairs (bp) in length, including complete sequences of the ITS1–5.8S–ITS2 region and partial sequences of 18S and 26S rRNA. The nucleotide diversity among cultivars was higher in ITS2 sequences than ITS1 sequences. The ITS2 had four variable nucleotide sites in three native cultivars, whereas the ITS1 contained one base insertion. The secondary structures of the ITS1 and 5.8S region were highly conserved among the six cultivars and contained some motifs that are conserved across Viridiplantae. However, the ITS2 secondary structure for the two native cultivars, Sayah and Jazan, was distinct from the other cultivars, which confirms the applicability of the ITS2 sequence in distinguishing between genetically close taxa. Additionally, the phylogenetic analysis of the six investigated cultivars and 31 pearl millet accessions from the NCBI database showed close relationships between the local accessions and NCBI accessions from India and France. However, the local cultivar Sayah appeared to be distinct from the other cultivars in the phylogenetic trees. This study provides insights into the polymorphism within local pearl millet cultivars which is important for the identification and conservation of these cultivars.

Electrical properties of the slime mould grex

Development ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-322
Author(s):  
D. R. Garrod ◽  
J. F. Palmer ◽  
L. Wolpert
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Properties ◽  
Dictyostelium Discoideum ◽  
Fruiting Body ◽  
Fruiting Bodies ◽  
Electrophysiological Investigation ◽  
Slime Mould ◽  
Cellular Pattern ◽  
Electric Potentials

An electrophysiological investigation of the migrating grex of the slime mould, Dictyostelium discoideum, has been carried out with two aims in view. It was hoped to obtain information which would be relevant to, first, the formation and regulation of cellular pattern in the grex, and secondly, the problem of grex movement. During migration the grex develops a simple, linear cellular pattern. The cells at the front become the so-called ‘prestalk’ cells which will form the stalk of the fruiting body while those at the back become ‘prespore’ cells and form spores at culmination (Raper, 1940; Bonner, 1944; Bonner & Slifkin, 1949). Moreover, this cellular pattern is capable of polarized regulation. Raper (1940) has shown that portions isolated from the front or back of the grex are capable of forming normally proportioned fruiting bodies. A number of workers have suggested that bio-electric potentials may be involved in regulation of linear cellular pattern.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document