Compatibility and stability of diploids in Coprinus lagopus

Artificially selected diploids of Coprinus lagopus when mated in compatible combinations, either together or with haploids, produce dikaryotic mycelia which are typical of normal haploid-haploid dikaryons. In a diploid-haploid dikaryon, the diploid nucleus is not as stable as when alone in a monokaryon but it can persist through repeated sub-culturing into a fruiting body and eventually through meiosis into the basidiospores. In a diploid–diploid dikaryon either one or the other nucleus becomes haploid so that fruiting bodies with two diploid nuclei are never formed. This fact constitutes a restriction on diploidy in nature and a useful method of reducing diploids to the haploid state.Matings that might be considered to be incompatible at the B mating gene show a significant difference which is related to the number of B alleles common to the mating colonies. Matings with one B allele in common, e.g. B3B6+B2B3 produce fully compatible and normal dikaryons. Matings with two B alleles in common, e.g. B3B6+B3B6 have, at first while the diploid nuclei still persist, the appearance of an incompatible common B haploid heterokaryon. This indicates that the B incompatibility system is based not on a complementary action between different B alleles but on an oppositional action between the same alleles neutralizing the B gene product which is necessary for dikaryon formation.

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The production and behaviour of diploids of Coprinus lagopus

Genetics Research ◽

10.1017/s0016672300004080 ◽

1965 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 190-208 ◽

Cited By ~ 50

Author(s):

Lorna A. Casselton

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Mating Type ◽

Fruiting Body ◽

Selective Medium ◽

Diploid Nucleus ◽

Common Allele ◽

Fruiting Bodies ◽

Haploid Nucleus ◽

Type Allele ◽

The Common

Diploid strains of Coprinus lagopus have been synthesized from common A heterokaryons either as oidial colonies or sectors. The criteria of growth rate and colony morphology on selective medium were used to distinguish between diploid and heterokaryon colonies. The average oidial size and hyphal width of diploid strains was significantly greater than that of the haploid parental strains.Diploid monokaryons were very stable and only rarely produced haploid segregants. However, aneuploid intermediates in haploidization have been identified and these segregated further to give haploid monokaryons with recombinant genomes.Dikaryons formed from diploid and haploid strains produced fruiting bodies. Meiosis and basidiospore production were irregular owing to the formation of triploid or partially triploid fusion nuclei in the basidia. In contrast to their stability in monokaryons, diploid nuclei tended to be unstable when combined in a dikaryon with a haploid nucleus, and often underwent partial haploidization before fruiting. Segregation of genes in the basidiospore progeny reflected whether haploidization had occurred before or after the formation of the fruiting body. If the haploid nucleus had a B mating-type allele common to the diploid nucleus, haploidization effected loss of the common allele.

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Possibility of modernization of Ganoderma lucidum strains substrate

International Journal of Horticultural Science ◽

10.31421/ijhs/11/2/578 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

Author(s):

P. Maszlavér ◽

D. Kovácsné ◽

K. Ferenc ◽

E. Fehérvári-Póczik

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Wheat Straw ◽

Fruiting Body ◽

Ganoderma Lucidum ◽

The Other ◽

Fruiting Bodies ◽

Ganoderic Acids ◽

Medicinal Compounds

Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi mushroom), the object of our experiments, is also known to contain medicinal compounds. This fungus has been used for many centuries as medicine in China. The fruiting body of the fungus contains carbohydrates, amino acids, little protein, fat, alkaloids, vitamins and minerals. Two groups of its substances are reported to be effective particularly. One of them is constituted by the polysaccharides, whose antitumor and immunostimulating effects are well demonstrated, and the other is constituted by the triterpenes. The latter include ganoderic acids, ganolucidic acids and lucideric acids. These acids have been reported to suppress liver hyperactivity (Lelley 1999). The experiment was carried out with 8 Reishi mushroom strains in 3 repetitions. Experiments were performed on 3 different substrates The spawn run period took approximately 2 weeks, the first fruiting bodies appeared on the 33rd day from inoculation, but the formation of the fruiting bodies took almost 70 days on the different substrates. Spawn run presented a diversified picture as influenced by the specific substrates. No spawn run was seen with any of the strains on the substrate composed of 100% wheat straw. Among the strains the fastest spawn run was produced by GA02 and GA06. The earliest start of spawn run was registered for substrate 1 after 1 week.

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Stipe Canker Caused by Trichothecium roseum on the Edible Shaggy Mane Coprinus comatus in China

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-03-13-0344-pdn ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 97 (11) ◽

pp. 1507-1507 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

W. H. Dong ◽

Y. B. Bian

Keyword(s):

Fruiting Body ◽

Fruits And Vegetables ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

The Other ◽

Postharvest Disease ◽

Its2 Region ◽

Wound Treatment ◽

Fruiting Bodies ◽

Coprinus Comatus ◽

Trichothecium Roseum

Coprinus comatus, the shaggy mane, is one of the most popular and widely cultivated edible mushrooms in China. Its young fruiting body has good nutritional and medicinal value as well as a special flavor. In July 2010, an unusual stipe rot symptom was observed in cultivation tunnels in Pingyin county of Shandong Province. The lower part of the stipe was infected and water soaked scab occurred. The scab then expanded, a few mycelia and pink spores emerged on the scab surface, and finally, the stipe decayed and the fruiting body became wilted. The pathogen was isolated from infected tissues of C. comatus and the colonies on CYM were whitish at first, then pink sorus emerged, later forming concentric rings of sporulation. Mycelia were floccose, colorless, slender, and septate. Conidiophores bore upright, nonbranched, and colorless sporogenous cells, and slightly rounded spores were borne on the top and aggregated in pink cephaloid. Conidia were obovoid or obpyriform. Almost all spores were two-celled and one septate, while one was nearly round and the other bore an apex (1). The size of spores ranged from 10 to 21 μm long and 5 to 7 μm wide, which was consistent with the characteristics of Trichothecium roseum (1). The species identification was confirmed by sequencing the ribosomal ITS sequences. The ribosomal ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region was amplified from the isolated strain using primers ITS1 and ITS4. A BLAST search in GenBank revealed the highest similarity (99%) to T. roseum (JQ434580). Pathogenicity was tested on different parts of 20 fruiting bodies of C. comatus with or without the wound treatment. One inoculum was prepared by flooding the agar surface with sterilized double distilled water for spore suspension (6.5 × 103 conidia/ml), and the other was by 0.2 × 0.2 cm mycelial plugs without spore production on CYM at 25°C for 5 days. After 1 to 2 days, only inoculated stipes showed water soaked and slight decay on the injured surface of all 20 fruiting bodies, while control fruiting bodies remained healthy. The symptoms were similar to those observed in the cultivation tunnels. No symptom was observed on the pileus, either with or without wound treatment. Pathogens reisolated from the inoculated stipes were confirmed to be T. roseum based on morphological characteristics. Because T. roseum is generally regarded as a postharvest disease of fruits and vegetables such as apple, pear, and muskmelon (2), apples and pears were inoculated with this fungus as well using the same methods. The parts inoculated were sunken, wettish, and decayed with brown stain at 25°C and 90% relative humidity after 5 days. Thus, it was confirmed that the T. roseum from the C. comatus stipe canker could infect the fruits of apple and pear. To our knowledge, this is the first report that T. roseum can cause disease on agaric. References: (1) G. Dal Bello. Australas. Plant Dis. Notes 3:103, 2008. (2) J.-H. Kwon et al. Plant Pathol. J. 26:296, 2010.

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Writing in Aphasia Rehabilitation: Cursive vs Manuscript

Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders ◽

10.1044/jshd.4104.523 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 41 (4) ◽

pp. 523-529 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Daniel R. Boone ◽

Harold M. Friedman

Keyword(s):

Correct Response ◽

The Other ◽

Read Aloud ◽

Writing Style ◽

Reading And Writing ◽

Manual Responses ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Written Form ◽

The Individual ◽

Read Number

Reading and writing performance was observed in 30 adult aphasic patients to determine whether there was a significant difference when stimuli and manual responses were varied in the written form: cursive versus manuscript. Patients were asked to read aloud 10 words written cursively and 10 words written in manuscript form. They were then asked to write on dictation 10 word responses using cursive writing and 10 words using manuscript writing. Number of words correctly read, number of words correctly written, and number of letters correctly written in the proper sequence were tallied for both cursive and manuscript writing tasks for each patient. Results indicated no significant difference in correct response between cursive and manuscript writing style for these aphasic patients as a group; however, it was noted that individual patients varied widely in their success using one writing form over the other. It appeared that since neither writing form showed better facilitation of performance, the writing style used should be determined according to the individual patient’s own preference and best performance.

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Multi-Center Study of Thromboplastin Calibration Precision – Influence of Reagent Species, Composition, and International Sensitivity Index (ISI)

Thrombosis and Haemostasis ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1651544 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 69 (01) ◽

pp. 035-040 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

A M H P van den Besselaar ◽

R M Bertina

Keyword(s):

Oral Anticoagulants ◽

International Normalized Ratio ◽

The Other ◽

World Health ◽

Rabbit Brain ◽

Sensitivity Index ◽

Bovine Plasma ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Mean ◽

International Sensitivity Index

SummaryFour thromboplastin reagents were tested by 18 laboratories in Europe, North-America, and Australasia, according to a detailed protocol. One thromboplastin was the International Reference Preparation for ox brain thromboplastin combined with adsorbed bovine plasma (coded OBT/79), and the second was a certified reference material for rabbit brain thromboplastin, plain (coded CRM 149R). The other two thromboplastin reagents were another rabbit plain brain thromboplastin (RP) with a lower ISI than CRM 149R and a rabbit brain thromboplastin combined with adsorbed bovine plasma (RC). Calibration of the latter two reagents was performed according to methods recommended by the World Health Organization (W. H. O.).The purpose of this study was to answer the following questions: 1) Is the calibration of the RC reagent more precise against the bovine/combined (OBT/79) than against the rabbit/plain reagent (CRM 149R)? 2) Is the precision of calibration influenced by the magnitude of the International Sensitivity Index (ISI)?The lowest inter-laboratory variation of ISI was observed in the calibration of the rabbit/plain reagent (RP) against the other rabbit/plain reagent (CRM 149R) (CV 1.6%). The highest interlaboratory variation was obtained in the calibration of rabbit/plain (RP) against bovine/combined (OBT/79) (CV 5.1%). In the calibration of the rabbit/combined (RC) reagent, there was no difference in precision between OBT/79 (CV 4.3%) and CRM 149R (CV 4.2%). Furthermore, there was no significant difference in the precision of the ISI of RC obtained with CRM 149R (ISI = 1.343) and the rabbit/plain (RP) reagent with ISI = 1.14. In conclusion, the calibration of RC could be performed with similar precision with either OBT/79 or CRM 149R, or RP.The mean ISI values calculated with OBT/79 and CRM 149R were practically identical, indicating that there is no bias in the ISI of these reference preparations and that these reference preparations have been stable since their original calibration studies in 1979 and 1987, respectively.International Normalized Ratio (INR) equivalents were calculated for a lyophilized control plasma derived from patients treated with oral anticoagulants. There were small but significant differences in the mean INR equivalents between the bovine and rabbit thromboplastins. There were no differences in the interlaboratory variation of the INR equivalents, when the four thromboplastins were compared.

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IMMUNOLOGICAL REACTIVITY OF INSULIN IN HUMAN SERUM

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/acta.0.0530673 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 53 (4) ◽

pp. 673-680 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Torsten Deckert ◽

Kai R. Jorgensen

Keyword(s):

Normal Subjects ◽

The Other ◽

Human Pancreas ◽

Porcine Pancreas ◽

Crystalline Insulin ◽

Endogenous Insulin ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Human Sera ◽

Normal Human ◽

The One

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to investigate whether a difference could be demonstrated between crystalline insulin extracted from normal human pancreas, and crystalline insulin extracted from bovine and porcine pancreas. Using Hales & Randle's (1963) immunoassay no immunological differences could be demonstrated between human and pig insulin. On the other hand, a significant difference was found, between pig and ox insulin. An attempt was also made to determine whether an immunological difference could be demonstrated between crystalline pig insulin and crystalline human insulin from non diabetic subjects on the one hand and endogenous, circulating insulin from normal subjects, obese subjects and diabetic subjects on the other. No such difference was found. From these experiments it is concluded that endogenous insulin in normal, obese and diabetic human sera is immunologically identical with human, crystalline insulin from non diabetic subjects and crystalline pig insulin.

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Pengaruh Luka Iris Pada Tikus Dengan Paparan Hidrogen Peroxida 3% terhadap Epitelisasi dan Pembentukan Eksudat pada Permukaan Epitel Kulit.

Hang Tuah Medical journal ◽

10.30649/htmj.v17i2.438 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 172

Author(s):

HARMAN AGUSAPUTRA ◽

MARIA SUGENG ◽

AYLY SOEKAMTO ◽

ATIK WULANDARI

Keyword(s):

Hydrogen Peroxide ◽

Wound Healing ◽

The Other ◽

Delayed Wound Healing ◽

Peroxide Group ◽

Hemostatic Effect ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Negative Effect ◽

Wound Healing Effect ◽

Epithelial Growth

AbstractBackground: Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as antiseptic has been used frequently to clean woundsin in hospitals and clinics. Hydrogen peroxide has the effectof strong oxidative that can kill pathogens. It can clean up debris and necrotic tissuesin wounds. Hydrogen peroxidealso has hemostatic effect that can help to stop bleeding. Besides antiseptic effects, hydrogen peroxide i s suspected of having negative effect in wound healing. Hydrogen peroxide presumably could cause delayed wound healing by exudate formation and delayed epithelial growth.Method: This study was conducted in the laboratory using 48 white mice that were divided into 2 groups. All the mice were purposely wounded. Afterwards in one group the wounds were clean up using hydrogen peroxide, while in the other group without hydrogen peroxide as control. The wounds of both groups were observed on day 1, day 3 and day 7. On day 1 and day 3, both groups did not show significant difference.Result : on day 7 showed that the wound healing in hydrogen peroxide group were delayed. Fifty percent of them had the formation of exudate and 62.5% of them showed delayed epithelial growth.Conclusion : This study could show hydrogen peroxide as wound antiseptic has delayed wound healing effect.Keyword: hydrogen peroxide, wound healing

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Cultivation and Harvesting of Selenium-Enriched Ganoderma lingzhi and Spent Medium Using Kudzu Vine as Substrate

Current Topics in Nutraceutical Research ◽

10.37290/ctnr2641-452x.18:152-157 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 152-157

Author(s):

Zeng Xianlu ◽

Han Fei ◽

Zhong Yanmei

Keyword(s):

Growth Medium ◽

Wheat Bran ◽

Fruiting Body ◽

Sodium Selenite ◽

Human Consumption ◽

Growth Substrate ◽

Organic Selenium ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Ganoderma Lingzhi ◽

Run Speed

In order to harvest selenium-enriched fruiting body and spores of Ganoderma lingzhi and spent medium, G. lingzhi was cultivated in kudzu vine as substrate and the bio-transformation of selenite was evaluated. The growth medium consisted of Kudzu vine supplemented with 20% wheat bran or sawdust or none. The growth medium was supplemented with 0, 10, 20, 30, and 50 mg/kg of sodium selenite. We found a significant difference in spawn run speed, fruiting body and spore yields when Kudzu vine was supplemented with wheat bran or sawdust. However, when whole-kudzu vine was used alone as substrate, it resulted in a significantly lower spawn run speed, fruiting body, and spore yields compared with kudzu vine + sawdust substrate and kudzu vine + wheat bran substrate. The selenium content in fruiting body and spores increased with increasing sodium selenite supplementation and approximately equaled half of the selenium in the substrate. No selenite was detected in both the fruiting body and spores. However, in the spent medium when sodium selenite was supplemented at 10, 20, 30, 50 mg/kg, the residual selenite concentration decreased to 0.45, 0.72, 1.29, and 1.95 mg/kg, respectively, suggesting a higher selenite transformation (92.27–93.57%). In conclusion, if Ganoderma fruiting body and spores were to be harvested for human consumption, approximately 50 mg/kg selenite should be added to the growth substrate. On the other hand, if the spent medium was to be used as an organic selenium source, the optimal sodium selenite supplementation level would be 10 mg/kg.

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Comparative Evaluation of Immediate Bond Strength to Bleached Enamel Following Application of Various Antioxidant Solutions

Dental Journal of Advance Studies ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1672088 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 05 (02) ◽

pp. 084-089

Author(s):

Alisha Dhingra ◽

Ashu Gupta ◽

Anshu Minocha ◽

Nayantara Sen

Keyword(s):

Bond Strength ◽

Shear Bond Strength ◽

Grape Seed Extract ◽

Grape Seed ◽

Seed Extract ◽

The Other ◽

Sodium Ascorbate ◽

Group V ◽

Group I ◽

Significant Difference

Abstract Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the reversal of shear bond strength of composite to bleached enamel immediately after bleaching followed by application of various antioxidant solutions. Material and Methods: Seventy central incisors were divided into seven groups. Groups I and II served as unbleached and bleached controls respectively. Groups III, IV, V, VI and VII served as the experimental groups and were subjected to 37.5% hydrogen peroxide bleaching followed by 10 min application of 10% sodium ascorbate, 25% alpha-tocopherol, 6.5% grape seed extract, 5% lycopene and 5% green tea extract respectively. Following composite bonding, shear bond strength was determined and the results were analyzed using ANOVA followed by Post Hoc Multiple Comparisons test. Results: The bond strength values for Group I (positive control) were maximum and significantly different than all the other groups except Grape seed extract group (Group V). When compared to Group II (bleached control), all the groups showed significantly higher bond strength. Significant difference in the bond strength values were seen between Group III (10% sodium ascorbate) and Group V. Also values for Group V were significantly different from Group VI (5% lycopene). All the other values showed insignificantly different results. Conclusion: All the antioxidant solutions improved the shear bond strength values after bleaching but only Grape seed extract application reversed the values to the non bleached levels. Lycopene was least effective. Other antioxidants showed comparable results.

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Energy Balance Indicators during the Transition Period and Early Lactation of Purebred Holstein and Simmental Cows and Their Crosses

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11020309 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 309

Author(s):

Deise Aline Knob ◽

André Thaler Neto ◽

Helen Schweizer ◽

Anna C. Weigand ◽

Roberto Kappes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Balance ◽

Milk Yield ◽

Milk Composition ◽

Negative Energy ◽

The Other ◽

Negative Energy Balance ◽

Metabolic Energy ◽

Genetic Groups ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Fat Thickness

Crossbreeding in dairy cattle has been used to improve functional traits, milk composition, and efficiency of Holstein herds. The objective of the study was to compare indicators of the metabolic energy balance, nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), glucose, body condition score (BCS) back fat thickness (BFT), as well as milk yield and milk composition of Holstein and Simmental cows, and their crosses from the prepartum period until the 100th day of lactation at the Livestock Center of the Ludwig Maximilians University (Munich, Germany). In total, 164 cows formed five genetic groups according to their theoretic proportion of Holstein and Simmental genes as follows: Holstein (100% Holstein; n = 9), R1-Hol (51–99% Holstein; n = 30), first generation (F1) crossbreds (50% Holstein, 50% Simmental; n = 17), R1-Sim (1–49% Holstein; n = 81) and Simmental (100% Simmental; n = 27). The study took place between April 2018 and August 2019. BCS, BFT blood parameters, such as BHBA, glucose, and NEFA were recorded weekly. A mixed model analysis with fixed effects breed, week (relative to calving), the interaction of breed and week, parity, calving year, calving season, milking season, and the repeated measure effect of cow was used. BCS increased with the Simmental proportion. All genetic groups lost BCS and BFT after calving. Simmental cows showed lower NEFA values. BHBA and glucose did not differ among genetic groups, but they differed depending on the week relative to calving. Simmental and R1-Sim cows showed a smaller effect than the other genetic groups regarding changes in body weight, BCS, or back fat thickness after a period of a negative energy balance after calving. There was no significant difference for milk yield among genetic groups, although Simmental cows showed a lower milk yield after the third week after calving. Generally, Simmental and R1-Simmental cows seemed to deal better with a negative energy balance after calving than purebred Holstein and the other crossbred lines. Based on a positive heterosis effect of 10.06% for energy corrected milk (ECM), the F1, however, was the most efficient crossbred line.

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