scholarly journals Grapevine Trunk Diseases in British Columbia: Incidence and Characterization of the Fungal Pathogens Associated with Esca and Petri Diseases of Grapevine

Plant Disease ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
pp. 469-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Úrbez-Torres ◽  
P. Haag ◽  
P. Bowen ◽  
D. T. O'Gorman
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Visual Assessment ◽  
Phaeomoniella Chlamydospora ◽  
Petri Disease ◽  
Grapevine Trunk Diseases ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
Low Incidence ◽  
First Time

Esca and Petri disease are two economically important grapevine diseases worldwide. This study reports for the first time the occurrence of both diseases on grapevines in British Columbia (BC) and subsequently in Canada. Visual assessment of 55,699 vines in 118 vineyards revealed a low incidence of esca with only 104 (0.2%) vines showing foliar symptoms. Young vine decline (YVD) was observed in 1,910 (7.8%) of 24,487 monitored young vines and in 52 (8%) of 654 young vines used as re-plants in mature vineyards. In 8 of 51 monitored young vineyards, YVD-affected vines ranged between 15 and 55%. Morphological studies along with DNA analyses of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2, and part of the β-tubulin, actin, and translation elongation factor 1-α gene regions, allowed us to identify Cadophora luteoolivacea, Phaeomoniella chlamydospora, Phaeoacremonium iranianum, Togninia fraxinopennsylvanica, Togninia minima, and the novel species Phaeoacremonium canadense and Phaeoacremonium roseum from esca and Petri disease infected vines in BC. This study includes for the first time the EF1-α DNA marker in Phaeoacremonium spp. delineation. Pathogenicity studies showed all seven fungi to cause vascular symptoms similar to those observed in esca and Petri disease infected vines. Additionally, the “tiger-stripes” foliar symptom of esca was successfully reproduced when healthy potted vines were inoculated with BC isolates of Pa. chlamydospora, Pm. canadense, Pm. iranianum, T. fraxinopennsylvanica, and T. minima.

scholarly journals Olive Twig and Branch Dieback: Etiology, Incidence, and Distribution in California

Plant Disease ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 97 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Úrbez-Torres ◽  
F. Peduto ◽  
P. M. Vossen ◽  
W. H. Krueger ◽  
W. D. Gubler
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Schizophyllum Commune ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Its Region ◽  
The United States ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Phaeomoniella Chlamydospora ◽  
Olive Trees ◽  
Branch Dieback ◽  
First Time

Eighteen different fungal species were isolated from symptomatic wood of olive trees (Olea europaea) affected by twig and branch dieback in California and identified by means of morphological characters and multigene sequence analyses of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2), a partial sequence of the β-tubulin gene, and part of the translation elongation factor 1-α gene (EF1-α). These species included Diaporthe viticola, Diatrype oregonensis, Diatrype stigma, Diplodia mutila, Dothiorella iberica, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Phaeomoniella chlamydospora, Phomopsis sp. group 1, Phomopsis sp. group 2, and Schizophyllum commune, which are for the first time reported to occur in olive trees; Eutypa lata, Neofusicoccum luteum, Neofusicoccum vitifusiforme, and Phaeoacremonium aleophilum, which are for the first time reported to occur in olive trees in the United States; and Botryosphaeria dothidea, Diplodia seriata, Neofusicoccum mediterraneum, and Trametes versicolor, which have been previously reported in olive trees in California. Pathogenicity studies conducted in olive cultivars Manzanillo and Sevillano showed N. mediterraneum and Diplodia mutila to be the most virulent species and Diatrype stigma and D. oregonensis the least virulent when inoculated in olive branches. Intermediate virulence was shown for the rest of the taxa. This study demystifies the cause of olive twig and branch dieback and elucidates most of the fungal pathogens responsible for this disease in California.

scholarly journals Grapevine Trunk Diseases in British Columbia: Incidence and Characterization of the Fungal Pathogens Associated with Black Foot Disease of Grapevine

Plant Disease ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
pp. 456-468 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Úrbez-Torres ◽  
P. Haag ◽  
P. Bowen ◽  
D. T. O'Gorman
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer Region ◽  
Grapevine Trunk Diseases ◽  
Foot Disease ◽  
Black Foot ◽  
Black Foot Disease

Black foot disease of grapevines, caused by several fungal species in the genera Campylocarpon, Cylindrocarpon, Cylindrocladiella, and Ilyonectria, causes significant economic losses to the grapevine industry worldwide. This study represents the first attempt to identify and characterize the fungal pathogens associated with black foot disease of grapevines in British Columbia (BC). Field surveys conducted throughout all grape-growing regions in BC that included assessment of foliar symptomatology and isolations from symptomatic vines showed Cylindrocarpon/Ilyonectria spp. occurred in 32 of 90 (35.5%) young vineyards surveyed (≤8 year old) and in 41 of 215 (19%) samples collected. In 20 of the 41 (48.8%) samples, Cylindrocarpon/Ilyonectria spp. were the sole fungi isolated from symptomatic tissue. In the rest of the samples, black foot fungi were found to primarily coexist with fungal taxa associated with Petri disease of grapevines. Colony and conidia phenotypical characterization, along with DNA analyses of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) of the rDNA, and part of the β-tubulin and translation elongation factor 1-α genes, revealed five different black foot fungi occurring in declining young vines in BC, namely Cylindrocarpon pauciseptatum, Ilyonectria liriodendri, Ilyonectria macrodidyma, Ilyonectria robusta, and Ilyonectria torresensis. Pathogenicity studies showed all five species to be highly virulent in the grapevine rootstock cultivar 3309C. Overall, I. liriodendri and I. macrodidyma were the most virulent species when inoculated in Vitis vinifera ‘Chardonnay’ and rootstock 3309C.

scholarly journals Relationship Between the Xylem Anatomy of Grapevine Rootstocks and Their Susceptibility to Phaeoacremonium minimum and Phaeomoniella chlamydospora

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charis K. Ramsing ◽  
David Gramaje ◽  
Sara Mocholí ◽  
Javier Agustí ◽  
Félix Cabello Sáenz de Santa María ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Xylem Anatomy ◽  
Dna Concentration ◽  
Phaeomoniella Chlamydospora ◽  
Grapevine Trunk Diseases ◽  
Potential Association ◽  
Trunk Diseases ◽  
Stem Surface Area ◽  
Detrimental Impact

Fungal grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) are some of the most pressing threats to grape production worldwide. While these diseases are associated with several fungal pathogens, Phaeomoniella chlamydospora and Phaeoacremonium minimum are important contributors to esca and Petri diseases. Recent research has linked grapevine xylem diameter with tolerance to Pa. chlamydospora in commercial rootstocks. In this study, we screen over 25 rootstocks for xylem characteristics and tolerance to both Pa. chlamydospora and Pm. minimum. Tolerance was measured by fungal incidence and DNA concentration (quantified via qPCR), while histological analyses were used to measure xylem characteristics, including xylem vessels diameter, density, and the proportion of the stem surface area covered by xylem vessels. Rootstocks were grouped into different classes based on xylem characteristics to assess the potential association between vasculature traits and pathogen tolerance. Our results revealed significant differences in all the analyzed xylem traits, and also in DNA concentration for both pathogens among the tested rootstocks. They corroborate the link between xylem vessels diameter and tolerance to Pa. chlamydospora. In Pm. minimum, the rootstocks with the widest xylem diameter proved the most susceptible. This relationship between vasculature development and pathogen tolerance has the potential to inform both cultivar choice and future rootstock breeding to reduce the detrimental impact of GTDs worldwide.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Natural Antifungal Compounds in Controlling Infection by Grapevine Trunk Disease Pathogens through Pruning Wounds

2015 ◽  
Vol 81 (18) ◽  
pp. 6474-6483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebeca Cobos ◽  
Rosa María Mateos ◽  
José Manuel Álvarez-Pérez ◽  
Miguel Angel Olego ◽  
Silvia Sevillano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Chitosan Oligosaccharide ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Phaeomoniella Chlamydospora ◽  
Grapevine Trunk Diseases ◽  
Trunk Diseases

ABSTRACTGrapevine trunk fungal pathogens, such asDiplodia seriataandPhaeomoniella chlamydospora, can infect plants through pruning wounds. They cause grapevine trunk diseases and are involved in grapevine decline. Accordingly, the protection of pruning wounds is crucial for the management of grapevine trunk diseases. The efficacy of different natural antifungals in inhibiting the growth of several fungi causing grapevine trunk diseases was evaluatedin vitro. The fungi showing greaterin vitroefficacy were tested on autoclaved grape wood assays againstD. seriataandP. chlamydospora. Based on results from these assays, chitosan oligosaccharide, vanillin, and garlic extract were selected for further evaluation on pruning wounds inoculated withD. seriataandP. chlamydosporain field trials. A significant decrease in plant mortality was observed after 2 years of growth in the plants treated with the different natural antifungals compared to the mortality rate observed in infected plants that were not treated with antifungals. Also, the infection rate for the inoculated pathogens was significantly reduced in plants treated with the selected natural antifungals. Therefore, natural antifungals represent a promising alternative for disease control and could provide significant economic benefits for the grape-growing industry.

scholarly journals Temporal Dispersal Patterns of Phaeomoniella chlamydospora, Causal Agent of Petri Disease and Esca, in Vineyards

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 (6) ◽  
pp. 1216-1225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisa González-Domínguez ◽  
Carmen Berlanas ◽  
David Gramaje ◽  
Josep Armengol ◽  
Vittorio Rossi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
False Negative ◽  
Causal Agent ◽  
Dispersal Pattern ◽  
Dispersal Patterns ◽  
Phaeomoniella Chlamydospora ◽  
Petri Disease ◽  
Airborne Inoculum ◽  
Grapevine Trunk Diseases ◽  
Dna Copy Numbers ◽  
Set Up

Although the fungus Phaeomoniella chlamydospora is the most commonly detected causal agent of Petri disease and esca, two important fungal grapevine trunk diseases, little is known about the dispersal patterns of P. chlamydospora inoculum. In this work, we studied the dispersal of P. chlamydospora airborne inoculum from 2016 to 2018 in two viticultural areas of eastern (Ontinyent) and northern (Logroño) Spain. The vineyards were monitored weekly from November to April using microscope slide traps, and P. chlamydospora was detected and quantified by a specific real-time quantitative (qPCR) method set up in this work. The method was found to be sensitive, and a good correlation was observed between numbers of P. chlamydospora conidia (counted by microscope) and DNA copy numbers (quantified by qPCR). We consistently detected DNA of P. chlamydospora at both locations and in all seasons but in different quantities. In most cases, DNA was first detected in the last half of November, and most of the DNA was detected from December to early April. When rain was used as a predictor of P. chlamydospora DNA detection in traps, false-negative detections were observed, but these involved only 4% of the total. The dispersal pattern of P. chlamydospora DNA over time was best described (R2 = 0.765 and concordance correlation coefficient = 0.870) by a Gompertz equation, with time expressed as hydrothermal time (a physiological time accounting for the effects of temperature and rain). This equation could be used to predict periods with a high risk of dispersal of P. chlamydospora.

scholarly journals Survey of Phaeomoniella chlamydospora in vineyard weeds

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 218-222
Author(s):  
Pedro Siefer Raggio Vergaças ◽  
Ana Beatriz Monteiro Ferreira ◽  
Daniel Andrade de Siqueira Franco ◽  
Luís Garrigós Leite ◽  
Wagner Narciso Campos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Species ◽  
Vascular Tissue ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Convolvulus Arvensis ◽  
Specific Primers ◽  
Factor Gene ◽  
Phaeomoniella Chlamydospora ◽  
Petri Disease

ABSTRACT Petri disease is serious, complex and difficult to control in vines worldwide. The main causal agent of this disease is the fungus Phaeomoniella chlamydospora. This fungus also occurs in the vineyard weed Convolvulus arvensis. In Brazil, this fungus was found only in grapevines. Thus, the aim of the present study was to carry out a phytosociological survey of weeds in an area with different vine rootstocks, as well as in a field of seedlings production, in an experimental area with vines and in different areas with commercial vineyards, besides verifying which weed species could be hosting the fungus P. chlamydospora. For the phytosociological survey of weeds, a square was randomly cast ten times at the site, followed by counting, identification and sampling of all species. To verify host species of the fungus, vascular tissue of plants was isolated in culture media and DNA extraction from the same plant tissue was carried out followed by PCR with specific primers of the fungus for the elongation factor gene (Pchlamy-EF-F 5’-CTCATTATCACATTTTGCTGC-3’ and Pchlamy-EF-R 5’-GAGAACAGTCAGTGATGAGC-3’). Considering all surveyed fields, 46 weed species were detected in 17 families, especially Asteraceae and Poaceae, which had the largest number of species. Using conventional or molecular methods, the fungus P. chlamydospora was not detected infecting weeds, which highlights that Petri disease occurs only in grapevines.

scholarly journals Seasonal Susceptibility of Grapevine Pruning Wounds and Cane Colonization in Catalonia, Spain Following Artificial Infection with Diplodia seriata and Phaeomoniella chlamydospora

Plant Disease ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 100 (8) ◽  
pp. 1651-1659 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgina Elena ◽  
Jordi Luque
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Artificial Infection ◽  
Diplodia Seriata ◽  
Phaeomoniella Chlamydospora ◽  
Grapevine Trunk Diseases ◽  
Pruning Wound ◽  
Incubation Periods ◽  
Trunk Diseases ◽  
Made In

Diplodia seriata and Phaeomoniella chlamydospora are two fungal pathogens associated with grapevine trunk diseases worldwide. This study aimed to evaluate the period during which grapevine pruning wounds remain susceptible to fungal infection and to describe the colonization of canes artificially inoculated with these pathogens. In the first experiment, pruning wounds made in either fall or winter were separately inoculated with each pathogen at different times after pruning. Wound susceptibility to both pathogens decreased as the period between pruning and inoculation increased, from high percentages recorded in the first inoculation round (D. seriata, 97.5% and P. chlamydospora, 75%) down to approximately 10% 12 weeks after pruning. Pruning wounds remained more susceptible to D. seriata after a late pruning in winter whereas no overall seasonal changes in wound susceptibility were detected for P. chlamydospora. In the second experiment, canes were pruned by leaving two different lengths between the top node and the pruning wound before inoculations. Pathogens were recovered at different incubation periods and from different sites along the canes to estimate fungal cane colonization. A longer pruned internode made cane colonization by P. chlamydospora difficult, as indicated by fungal recoveries lower than 10% at the lowest recovery site, whereas D. seriata was less inhibited.

scholarly journals The Role of Low Molecular Weight Fungal Metabolites in Grapevine Trunk Disease Pathogenesis: Eutypa Dieback and Esca

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Perez-Gonzalez ◽  
Dana Sebestyen ◽  
Elsa Petit ◽  
Jody Jellison ◽  
Laura Mugnai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Enzymatic Catalysis ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Causal Mechanism ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Phaeomoniella Chlamydospora ◽  
Grapevine Trunk Diseases ◽  
Eutypa Dieback ◽  
Trunk Diseases

Eutypa dieback and Esca are serious grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) caused by fungal consortia causing large economic losses in vineyards. Depending on the disease the species involved include Eutypa lata, Phaeoacremonium minimum, and Phaeomoniella chlamydospora. There is a need to understand the complex pathogenesis mechanisms used by these fungi to develop treatments for the diseases they cause. Low molecular weight metabolites (LMW) are known to be involved in non-enzymatic oxygen radical generation in fungal degradation of wood by some Basidiomycota species, and as part of our work to explore the basis for fungal consortia pathogenesis, LMW metabolite involvement by the causal GTD fungi was explored. The GTD fungal pathogens examined, E. lata, P. minimum and P. chlamydospora, were found to produce low molecular weight iron binding metabolites that preferentially reduced iron or redox cycled to produce hydrogen peroxide. Uniquely, different LMW metabolites isolated from the GTD fungi promoted distinct chemistries that are important in a type of non-enzymatic catalysis known as chelator-mediated Fenton (CMF) reactions. CMF chemistry promoted by LMW metabolites from these fungi allowed for the generation of highly reactive hydroxyl radicals under conditions promoted by the fungi. We hypothesize that this new reported mechanism may help to explain the necrosis of woody grapevine tissue as a causal mechanism important in pathogenesis in these two grapevine trunk diseases.

scholarly journals Production of Phytotoxic Metabolites by Botryosphaeriaceae in Naturally Infected and Artificially Inoculated Grapevines

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 802
Author(s):  
Pierluigi Reveglia ◽  
Regina Billones-Baaijens ◽  
Jennifer Millera Millera Niem ◽  
Marco Masi ◽  
Alessio Cimmino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Protocatechuic Acid ◽  
Physiological Factors ◽  
Diplodia Seriata ◽  
Grapevine Trunk Diseases ◽  
Botryosphaeria Dieback ◽  
Trunk Diseases ◽  
One Year ◽  
Pathogen Dna

Grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) are considered a serious problem to viticulture worldwide. Several GTD fungal pathogens produce phytotoxic metabolites (PMs) that were hypothesized to migrate to the foliage where they cause distinct symptoms. The role of PMs in the expression of Botryosphaeria dieback (BD) symptoms in naturally infected and artificially inoculated wood using molecular and analytical chemistry techniques was investigated. Wood samples from field vines naturally infected with BD and one-year-old vines inoculated with Diplodia seriata, Spencermartinsia viticola and Dothiorella vidmadera were analysed by cultural isolations, quantitative PCR (qPCR) and targeted LC-MS/MS to detect three PMs: (R)-mellein, protocatechuic acid and spencertoxin. (R)-mellein was detected in symptomatic naturally infected wood and vines artificially inoculated with D. seriata but was absent in all non-symptomatic wood. The amount of (R)-mellein detected was correlated with the amount of pathogen DNA detected by qPCR. Protocatechuic acid and spencertoxin were absent in all inoculated wood samples. (R)-mellein may be produced by the pathogen during infection to break down the wood, however it was not translocated into other parts of the vine. The foliar symptoms previously reported in vineyards may be due to a combination of PMs produced and climatic and physiological factors that require further investigation.

scholarly journals Comparison of Three Fungicide Spray Advisories for Lettuce Downy Mildew

Plant Disease ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 85 (8) ◽  
pp. 895-900 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. M. Wu ◽  
K. V. Subbarao ◽  
A. H. C. van Bruggen ◽  
S. T. Koike
Keyword(s):  
Downy Mildew ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Leaf Wetness ◽  
Lettuce Downy Mildew ◽  
Advisory System ◽  
System 2 ◽  
Forecasting System ◽  
Low Incidence ◽  
System 1 ◽  
First Time

Lettuce growers in coastal California have relied mainly on protective fungicide sprays to control downy mildew. Thus, timing of sprays before infection is critical for optimal results. A leaf-wetness-driven, infection-based advisory system, previously developed, did not always perform satisfactorily. In this study, the advisory system was modified by incorporating a pathogen survival component (system 1) or both survival and sporulation components (system 2). These systems were then evaluated in commercial lettuce fields in coastal California during 1996-1998. Three or four treatments were carried out in each field: (i) no spray; (ii) sprays as scheduled by the growers; (iii) sprays following modified system 1; and (iv) sprays following the original advisory system (1996) or modified system 2 (1998). Downy mildew incidence was evaluated every 2 to 9 days. In fields with drip irrigation, the number of fungicide applications was reduced by one or two regardless of the advisory system used compared to the grower's calendar-based schedule, although one unnecessary spray was recommended in 1996 at Soledad and 1997 at Salinas. Under all three systems, disease levels were low (incidence <25% and about 1 lesion per plant) for fields with drip irrigation, but not for fields with sprinklers (incidence up to 100% and 5 to 10 lesions per plant). For the first time, we established that survival and sporulation components are not needed for a lettuce downy mildew forecasting system. Instead, a threshold with a shorter period of morning leaf wetness and high temperatures were found to have potential for improving forecasting efficiency.

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