scholarly journals Influence of Trifloxystrobin on Primary Inoculum and Progression of Scab Epidemics on Stone Fruit

Plant Disease ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 99 (4) ◽  
pp. 467-473 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Lalancette ◽  
K. A. McFarland ◽  
A. L. Burnett
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Annual Rate ◽  
Treatment Programs ◽  
Qoi Fungicides ◽  
Application Timing ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Scab Control ◽  
Fruit Disease

The ability of the QoI fungicide trifloxystrobin to reduce production of conidia by Fusicladium carpophilum on twig lesions was quantitatively assessed over a 3-year period from 2005 through 2007. Four annual treatment programs, consisting of two consecutive trifloxystrobin applications at pink + bloom, bloom + petal fall, and petal fall + shuck-split, plus a single application timing at petal fall, were examined in a ‘Redgold’ nectarine orchard harboring high levels of overwintering scab lesions. Sporulation potential, the ability of twig lesions to produce conidia under optimum environmental conditions, was subsequently assessed five to six times during each spring and early summer. In each year of the study, all four treatments significantly reduced the area under the sporulation curve or peak sporulation. The petal fall + shuck-split program provided the greatest antisporulant activity, reducing conidia production at peak sporulation by 82 to 92%. Furthermore, examination of results over the 3-year period showed that the programs significantly slowed the annual rate of increase in peak sporulation; however, none of the programs completely halted or caused a decline in the annual rate. Although no fungicide was applied after the treatment programs, results from fruit disease assessments showed that these programs, applied as much as 3 months earlier, significantly reduced disease incidence and, in particular, disease severity. A comparison of four QoI fungicides in 2008 indicated that trifloxystrobin and azoxystrobin provided the most control of fruit scab, while pyraclostrobin + boscalid and fluoxastrobin yielded minimal or no benefit. Results of this study demonstrate that certain QoI fungicides, in particular trifloxystrobin and azoxystrobin, can probably improve the efficacy of current protectant programs used for peach scab control by providing season-long control of F. carpophilum sporulation on twig lesions. Such program enhancement may be critical when orchards have high inoculum levels and/or environmental conditions are very favorable to disease development.

Recession Contributes To Slowest Annual Rate Of Increase In Health Spending In Five Decades

2011 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Martin ◽  
David Lassman ◽  
Lekha Whittle ◽  
Aaron Catlin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Health Spending ◽  
Annual Rate ◽  
Rate Of Increase

scholarly journals Evaluation of a Disease Warning System for Downy Mildew of Grapes

Plant Disease ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 84 (5) ◽  
pp. 549-554 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. V. Madden ◽  
M. A. Ellis ◽  
N. Lalancette ◽  
G. Hughes ◽  
L. L. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Linear Model ◽  
Downy Mildew ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Generalized Linear Model ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Plasmopara Viticola ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Subsequent Infection ◽  
Grape Downy Mildew

An electronic warning system for grape downy mildew— based on models for the infection of leaves of Vitis lambrusca, production of sporangia by Plasmopara viticola in lesions, and sporangial survival—was tested over 7 years in Ohio. Grapevines were sprayed with metalaxyl plus mancozeb (Ridomil MZ58) when the warning system indicated that environmental conditions were favorable for sporulation and subsequent infection. Over the 7 years, plots were sprayed from one to four times according to the warning system, and from four to 10 times according to the standard calendar-based schedule (depending on the date of the initiation of the experiment). The warning system resulted in yearly reductions of one to six sprays (with median of three sprays). Disease incidence (i.e., proportion of leaves with symptoms) in unsprayed plots at the end of the season ranged from 0 to 86%, with a median of 68%. Incidence generally was very similar for the warning-system and standard-schedule treatments (median of 7% of the leaves with symptoms), and both of these incidence values were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than that found for the unsprayed control, based on a generalized-linear-model analysis. Simplifications of the disease warning system, where sprays were applied based only on the infection or sporulation components of the system, were also effective in controlling the disease, although more fungicide applications sometimes were applied. Effective control of downy mildew, therefore, can be achieved with the use of the warning system with fewer sprays than a with a standard schedule.

scholarly journals Analyses of temporal dynamics of brown rot development on fruit in organic apple production

2003 ◽  
Vol 9 (3-4) ◽  
Author(s):  
I. J. Holb
Keyword(s):  
Power Function ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Mathematical Function ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Apple Production ◽  
Fruit Disease ◽  
Fruit Harvest

In a two-year study, yield loss and temporal dynamics of brown rot development caused by Monilinia fructigena (Aderh. & Ruhl.) Honey were quantified and analysed in two organic apple orchards (Debrecen—Pallag and Debrecen—Józsa). The first infected fruits were observed at the beginning of August in both years and both locations, except for one occasion when the first infected fruit was found at the end of July. Temporal disease development was continuous up to harvest time in both years and locations. In the two years, pre-harvest yield loss on the trees amounted between 8.9% and 9.3% at Debrecen-Pallag and between 9.7% and 10.8% at Debrecen—Jozsa by fruit harvest. Incidence of infected fruits on the orchard floor ranged from 32.4% to 43.2% and from 53.3% to 61.9%, at Debrecen—Pallag and Debrecen—Józsa, respectively, by fruit harvest. Analyses of temporal disease progress showed that the best-fitted mathematical function was the power function in both orchards and years. Both parameters of the power function clearly demonstrated that incidence of brown rot on fruit increased faster on the orchard floor than on the tree. Moreover, the disease increase was faster at Debrecen—Józsa in most cases than at Debrecen—Pallag. Our results indicated that the strategy of disease management, the ripeness of the fruit and the presence of a wounding agent played an important role in the yield loss and in the temporal development of fruit disease incidence caused by M. fructigena in organic apple orchards. Biological and practical implications of the results are discussed.

scholarly journals The incidence of skin melanoma in the Russian Federation and federal districts

2018 ◽  
pp. 161-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. P. Malishevskaya ◽  
A. V. Sokolova ◽  
L. V. Demidov
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Annual Rate ◽  
First Year ◽  
Visual Localization ◽  
Skin Melanoma ◽  
Average Annual Rate ◽  
Male Population ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
The Russian Federation

Over the past 40 years, the incidence of skin melanoma in the world has increased approximately 3-fold.To study the current epidemiological situation of skin melanoma in the Russian Federation, data on the absolute, coarse and standardized incidence rates of melanoma (S43) in the male and female populations were analyzed. The specific gravity of the melanoma patients detected actively was analyzed at different stages of the tumor process who died within the first year since the diagnosis was established between 2006–2016.The incidence of skin melanoma in the Russian population is characterized by a constant increase of indexes, the average annual rate of increase in the incidence of the Russian Federation’s population of melanoma is 2 times higher than that of the general oncological morbidity. A higher average annual rate and a general increase in the incidence of SM is recorded in the male population. Only every 4th patient in the RF is detected actively, despite the fact that melanoma is a tumor of visual localization. In general, only one third of patients with skin melanoma (32.8%) are diagnosed in the first stage of the tumor process in the Russian Federation. Over the period from 2006 to 2016 in Russia, the indicators of neglect on skin melanoma significantly decreased by 40.6%, however they remain at an unacceptably high level. The index of the first-year lethality from skin melanoma in Russia for the period from 2006 to 2016 decreased by 26.01%.To improve the index of active detection of patients with SM, especially in the early stages, it is necessary to create a system for interaction of primary contact physicians with the patient (dermatovenerologists, cosmetologists, therapists) with the oncological service, the formation of on-alertness among physicians of all specialties, and among the population.

The ecology of sympatric scincid lizards (Ctenotus) in arid South Australia

1998 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 617 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Read
Keyword(s):  
Home Range ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Reproductive Effort ◽  
Arid Zone ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Home Ranges ◽  
Local Species ◽  
Olympic Dam

Ctenotus skinks are the most diverse and abundant diurnal reptile genus at Olympic Dam, in the South Australian arid zone. The home range, demography, reproduction and diet of five syntopic Ctenotus species was studied over a 6-year period in chenopod shrubland. Longevity frequently exceeded three years in C. regius, four years in C. schomburgkii and five years in C. leonhardii, with a 7-year-old specimen of C. leonhardii being recorded. Females of most species tended to be larger and lived longer than males. Two eggs were typically laid by each species in early summer. Annual reproductive effort, particularly in C. leonhardii, varied considerably depending upon the prevailing environmental conditions. All local species apparently occupied home ranges, with maximum recapture radii in different species of 40–60 m. Ctenotus appear to be unspecialised insectivores, although plant material and lizards are sometimes eaten by the larger species.

Climatic effects on Salmonella survival in plant and soil irrigated with artificially inoculated wastewater: preliminary results

2001 ◽  
Vol 43 (12) ◽  
pp. 103-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. P. Palacios ◽  
P. Lupiola ◽  
M. T. Tejedor ◽  
E. Del-Nero ◽  
A. Pardo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Risk ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Natural Soil ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
Secondary Effluent ◽  
Waterborne Diseases ◽  
Agricultural Field

The use of wastewater to replace other water resources for irrigation is highly dependent on whether the health risk and environmental impacts entailed are acceptable or not. Total count and species of microorganisms found in wastewater vary widely because of climatic conditions, season, population sanitary habits and disease incidence. Salmonella, one of the genera associated with waterborne diseases, lives in the intestine. Thus, it is widely accepted that they have a limited survival period under environmental conditions. Wastewater management practices and the ability of Salmonella to survival under field conditions would determine the health risk associated with its presence in wastewater. Although chlorination is widely used, there are situations in which Salmonella is able to survive the sudden stress imposed by this technique. The aim of this experiment was to contribute to the study of the climatic and soil effects on pathogen survival under agricultural field conditions in order to assess which were the best wastewater management practices from both health and economic points of view. Five pots filled with soil seeded with Medicago sativa and an automatic weather station were used. A secondary effluent was artificially inoculated with Salmonella. In addition, open plates (filled with sterilised soil) and ultraviolet radiation isolated plates (filled with non-sterilised soil) were used. As soil heat emission contributes to the environmental conditions around the bacteria, standardised meteorological temperature data had to be carefully used in the bacterial survival studies under agricultural conditions. Radiation was the main cause of Salmonella mortality as its effect was more important than natural soil bacteria competence. Higher reduction of Salmonella counts could have been associated with longer spring days. Soil was able to effectively remove Salmonella. Subsurface drip irrigation methods could provide an effective tool to prevent health risk associated with wastewater irrigation.

Chapter II. The World Economy

1985 ◽  
Vol 113 ◽  
pp. 20-30
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Production ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Severe Weather ◽  
Annual Rate ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World

It now seems clear that there was no more than marginal growth in the overall output of the OECD countries in the first quarter. Exceptionally severe weather in Europe and in some areas of the US partly explains the sharpness of the deceleration, its effects being most clearly seen in a 5 per cent fall in construction. But though growth in the second quarter was almost certainly faster, it seems equally probable that there was no very marked rebound. For the first half of the year as a whole the annual rate of increase in industrial production, for example, was probably of the order of 1 1/2 per cent. This compares with as much as 3 per cent predicted by OECD in mid-April.

scholarly journals Population growth of Australian East coast humpback whales, observed from Cape Byron, 1998 to 2004

2020 ◽  
pp. 261-268
Author(s):  
David A. Paton ◽  
Rric Kniest
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Confidence Intervals ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Megaptera Novaeangliae ◽  
Annual Rate ◽  
Humpback Whales ◽  
Survey Period ◽  
Group V ◽  
Breeding Stock ◽  
Rate Of Increase

Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) that migrate past the east coast of Australia comprise part of Group V (E(i) breeding stock). From1995 to 2004 an annual 16 day survey was conducted from Cape Byron (28°37’S, 153°38’E), the most easterly point on the Australian mainland,monitoring the peak of the humpback whale northern migration. The annual rate of increase between 1998 and 2004 of humpback whales observedoff Cape Byron is 11.0% (95% CI 2.3–20.5%). This rate of increase is consistent with that recorded from other studies of the humpback whalepopulation off the east coast of Australia. The large confidence intervals associated with this estimate are due to considerable inter-annual variationin counts. The most likely explanation for this being the short survey period, which may not have always coincided with the peak of migration, andin some years a large proportion of whales passed Cape Byron at a greater distance out to sea, making sightability more difficult.

scholarly journals Trends in caesarean section rates in a rural block of southern India

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 3305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Divya Elizabeth Muliyil ◽  
Manjunath K. ◽  
Jasmin Helan ◽  
Shantidani Minz ◽  
Kuryan George ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Caesarean Section ◽  
Perinatal Mortality ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Caesarean Section Rate ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Annual Rate ◽  
Average Annual Rate ◽  
Live Births ◽  
Rate Of Increase

Background: Over the last decade many programmes have been implemented to improve the health of pregnant women and neonates. This study aims to look at the changes in modes of delivery and perinatal mortality rates in a rural block of Tamil Nadu between 2006 and 2015.Methods: Data on all the births that have occurred in this rural block of Tamil Nadu that has been prospectively collected between 2006 and 2015 was analysed. A longitudinal analysis was done to calculate the primary and overall caesarean section rate and the average annual rate of increase. The perinatal mortality rate was also calculated.Results: The primary LSCS rate has increased from 9.08% in 2005 to 16.1% in 2015. The overall caesarean section rate has increased from 11.7% to 19.2% in the same time with an average annual rate of increase of 5.1%. During this period the perinatal mortality has decreased from 33 per 1000 live births to 17 per 1000 live births.Conclusions: Though the overall caesarean section rate is higher than the 15% prescribed by WHO the rates are lower than the rest of the country and rural Tamil Nadu.

scholarly journals Verticillium wilt evaluation of olive breeding selections under semi-controlled conditions

Plant Disease ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alicia Serrano ◽  
María Dolores Rodríguez Jurado ◽  
Belén Román ◽  
José Bejarano-Alcázar ◽  
Raúl de la Rosa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Verticillium Wilt ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Genetic Resistance ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Intensity Index ◽  
Olive Breeding ◽  
Breeding Selections

Genetic resistance is the most recommended measure to control verticillium wilt in olive (VWO), a vascular disease caused by the soil-borne fungus Verticillium dahliae, which has promoted in recent years the development of olive breeding programs aiming at obtaining new resistant and highly yielding cultivars. Screening has been commonly performed under controlled condition in grow chamber after artificial inoculation at the early stage of breeding programs, but additional evaluation is necessary to confirm previous results as well as testing for additional agronomic traits. In this work, 20 breeding selections initially classified as resistant to the disease have been re-evaluated in artificially infested soils under natural environmental conditions. The maximum disease incidence (52.6%) was reached at 26 months after planting and the disease intensity index reached the maximum value of 38.5% at 29 months after plant. Nine breeding selections consistently confirm previous results of resistance to V. dahliae infection but contradictory results, compared to previous evaluation under controlled condition in grow chamber, were obtained for the rest of selections tested, which underlines the need of long-term experimentation under natural environmental conditions. Additional positive agronomic traits such as early bearing was also observed for some of the resistant selections, while variability for plant vigor was found. Some of them seems highly promising for releasing as new cultivars once characterization for other important agronomic traits is completed in future works.

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