Recession Contributes To Slowest Annual Rate Of Increase In Health Spending In Five Decades

2011 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Martin ◽  
David Lassman ◽  
Lekha Whittle ◽  
Aaron Catlin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Health Spending ◽  
Annual Rate ◽  
Rate Of Increase

scholarly journals The incidence of skin melanoma in the Russian Federation and federal districts

2018 ◽  
pp. 161-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. P. Malishevskaya ◽  
A. V. Sokolova ◽  
L. V. Demidov
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Annual Rate ◽  
First Year ◽  
Visual Localization ◽  
Skin Melanoma ◽  
Average Annual Rate ◽  
Male Population ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
The Russian Federation

Over the past 40 years, the incidence of skin melanoma in the world has increased approximately 3-fold.To study the current epidemiological situation of skin melanoma in the Russian Federation, data on the absolute, coarse and standardized incidence rates of melanoma (S43) in the male and female populations were analyzed. The specific gravity of the melanoma patients detected actively was analyzed at different stages of the tumor process who died within the first year since the diagnosis was established between 2006–2016.The incidence of skin melanoma in the Russian population is characterized by a constant increase of indexes, the average annual rate of increase in the incidence of the Russian Federation’s population of melanoma is 2 times higher than that of the general oncological morbidity. A higher average annual rate and a general increase in the incidence of SM is recorded in the male population. Only every 4th patient in the RF is detected actively, despite the fact that melanoma is a tumor of visual localization. In general, only one third of patients with skin melanoma (32.8%) are diagnosed in the first stage of the tumor process in the Russian Federation. Over the period from 2006 to 2016 in Russia, the indicators of neglect on skin melanoma significantly decreased by 40.6%, however they remain at an unacceptably high level. The index of the first-year lethality from skin melanoma in Russia for the period from 2006 to 2016 decreased by 26.01%.To improve the index of active detection of patients with SM, especially in the early stages, it is necessary to create a system for interaction of primary contact physicians with the patient (dermatovenerologists, cosmetologists, therapists) with the oncological service, the formation of on-alertness among physicians of all specialties, and among the population.

scholarly journals Influence of Trifloxystrobin on Primary Inoculum and Progression of Scab Epidemics on Stone Fruit

Plant Disease ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 99 (4) ◽  
pp. 467-473 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Lalancette ◽  
K. A. McFarland ◽  
A. L. Burnett
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Annual Rate ◽  
Treatment Programs ◽  
Qoi Fungicides ◽  
Application Timing ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Scab Control ◽  
Fruit Disease

The ability of the QoI fungicide trifloxystrobin to reduce production of conidia by Fusicladium carpophilum on twig lesions was quantitatively assessed over a 3-year period from 2005 through 2007. Four annual treatment programs, consisting of two consecutive trifloxystrobin applications at pink + bloom, bloom + petal fall, and petal fall + shuck-split, plus a single application timing at petal fall, were examined in a ‘Redgold’ nectarine orchard harboring high levels of overwintering scab lesions. Sporulation potential, the ability of twig lesions to produce conidia under optimum environmental conditions, was subsequently assessed five to six times during each spring and early summer. In each year of the study, all four treatments significantly reduced the area under the sporulation curve or peak sporulation. The petal fall + shuck-split program provided the greatest antisporulant activity, reducing conidia production at peak sporulation by 82 to 92%. Furthermore, examination of results over the 3-year period showed that the programs significantly slowed the annual rate of increase in peak sporulation; however, none of the programs completely halted or caused a decline in the annual rate. Although no fungicide was applied after the treatment programs, results from fruit disease assessments showed that these programs, applied as much as 3 months earlier, significantly reduced disease incidence and, in particular, disease severity. A comparison of four QoI fungicides in 2008 indicated that trifloxystrobin and azoxystrobin provided the most control of fruit scab, while pyraclostrobin + boscalid and fluoxastrobin yielded minimal or no benefit. Results of this study demonstrate that certain QoI fungicides, in particular trifloxystrobin and azoxystrobin, can probably improve the efficacy of current protectant programs used for peach scab control by providing season-long control of F. carpophilum sporulation on twig lesions. Such program enhancement may be critical when orchards have high inoculum levels and/or environmental conditions are very favorable to disease development.

Chapter II. The World Economy

1985 ◽  
Vol 113 ◽  
pp. 20-30
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Production ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Severe Weather ◽  
Annual Rate ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World

It now seems clear that there was no more than marginal growth in the overall output of the OECD countries in the first quarter. Exceptionally severe weather in Europe and in some areas of the US partly explains the sharpness of the deceleration, its effects being most clearly seen in a 5 per cent fall in construction. But though growth in the second quarter was almost certainly faster, it seems equally probable that there was no very marked rebound. For the first half of the year as a whole the annual rate of increase in industrial production, for example, was probably of the order of 1 1/2 per cent. This compares with as much as 3 per cent predicted by OECD in mid-April.

scholarly journals Population growth of Australian East coast humpback whales, observed from Cape Byron, 1998 to 2004

2020 ◽  
pp. 261-268
Author(s):  
David A. Paton ◽  
Rric Kniest
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Confidence Intervals ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Megaptera Novaeangliae ◽  
Annual Rate ◽  
Humpback Whales ◽  
Survey Period ◽  
Group V ◽  
Breeding Stock ◽  
Rate Of Increase

Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) that migrate past the east coast of Australia comprise part of Group V (E(i) breeding stock). From1995 to 2004 an annual 16 day survey was conducted from Cape Byron (28°37’S, 153°38’E), the most easterly point on the Australian mainland,monitoring the peak of the humpback whale northern migration. The annual rate of increase between 1998 and 2004 of humpback whales observedoff Cape Byron is 11.0% (95% CI 2.3–20.5%). This rate of increase is consistent with that recorded from other studies of the humpback whalepopulation off the east coast of Australia. The large confidence intervals associated with this estimate are due to considerable inter-annual variationin counts. The most likely explanation for this being the short survey period, which may not have always coincided with the peak of migration, andin some years a large proportion of whales passed Cape Byron at a greater distance out to sea, making sightability more difficult.

scholarly journals Trends in caesarean section rates in a rural block of southern India

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 3305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Divya Elizabeth Muliyil ◽  
Manjunath K. ◽  
Jasmin Helan ◽  
Shantidani Minz ◽  
Kuryan George ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Caesarean Section ◽  
Perinatal Mortality ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Caesarean Section Rate ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Annual Rate ◽  
Average Annual Rate ◽  
Live Births ◽  
Rate Of Increase

Background: Over the last decade many programmes have been implemented to improve the health of pregnant women and neonates. This study aims to look at the changes in modes of delivery and perinatal mortality rates in a rural block of Tamil Nadu between 2006 and 2015.Methods: Data on all the births that have occurred in this rural block of Tamil Nadu that has been prospectively collected between 2006 and 2015 was analysed. A longitudinal analysis was done to calculate the primary and overall caesarean section rate and the average annual rate of increase. The perinatal mortality rate was also calculated.Results: The primary LSCS rate has increased from 9.08% in 2005 to 16.1% in 2015. The overall caesarean section rate has increased from 11.7% to 19.2% in the same time with an average annual rate of increase of 5.1%. During this period the perinatal mortality has decreased from 33 per 1000 live births to 17 per 1000 live births.Conclusions: Though the overall caesarean section rate is higher than the 15% prescribed by WHO the rates are lower than the rest of the country and rural Tamil Nadu.

scholarly journals New estimates of direct N<sub>2</sub>O emissions from Chinese croplands from 1980 to 2007 using localized emission factors

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 3011-3024 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Gao ◽  
X. T. Ju ◽  
Q. Zhang ◽  
P. Christie ◽  
F. S. Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
Paddy Fields ◽  
Annual Rate ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Cube Root ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
The North ◽  
Rate Of Increase

Abstract. Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a long-lived greenhouse gas with a large radiation intensity and it is emitted mainly from agricultural land. Accurate estimates of total direct N2O emissions from croplands on a country scale are important for global budgets of anthropogenic sources of N2O emissions and for the development of effective mitigation strategies. The objectives of this study were to re-estimate direct N2O emissions using localized emission factors and a database of measurements from Chinese croplands. We obtained N2O emission factors for paddy fields (0.41 ± 0.04%) and uplands (1.05 ± 0.02%) from a normalization process through cube root transformation of the original data. After comparing the results of normalization from the original values, Logarithmic and cube root transformations were used because the frequency of the original data was not normally distributed. Direct N2O emissions from Chinese croplands from 1980 to 2007 were estimated using IPCC (2006) guidelines combined with separate localized emission factors for paddy fields and upland areas. Direct N2O emissions from paddy fields showed little change, increasing by 10.5% with an annual rate of increase of 0.4% from 32.3 Gg N2O-N in 1980 to 35.7 Gg N2O-N in 2007. In contrast, emissions from uplands changed dramatically, increasing by 308% with an annual rate of 11% from 68.0 Gg N2O-N in 1980 to 278 Gg N2O-N in 2007. Total direct N2O emissions from Chinese croplands increased by 213% with an annual rate of 7.6% from 100 Gg N2O-N in 1980 to 313 Gg N2O-N in 2007, and were determined mainly by upland emissions (accounting for 67.8–88.6% of total emissions from 1980 to 2007). Synthetic N fertilizers played a major role in N2O emissions from agricultural land, and the magnitude of the contributions to total direct N2O emissions made by different amendments was synthetic N fertilizer > manure > straw, representing about 78, 15, and 6% of total direct N2O emissions, respectively, between 2000 and 2007. The spatial pattern of total N2O emissions in 2007 in China shows that high direct N2O emissions occurred mainly in the north and in the Sichuan Basin in the southwest. The provinces with the highest emissions were Henan (35.4 Gg) and Shandong (31.6 Gg) and Tibet had the lowest (0.65 Gg). High direct N2O emissions per unit of arable land occurred mainly on the North China Plain and the southeast coast. The mean value nationally was 2.52 kg N ha−1, with 18 provinces above this value and with emissions of >4.0 kg N ha−1 in Beijing, Tianjin and in Jiangsu, Shandong, Fujian and Henan provinces.

scholarly journals Current Progress and Future Directions in the Double Burden of Malnutrition among Women in South and Southeast Asian Countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuhin Biswas ◽  
Nick Townsend ◽  
R J Soares Magalhaes ◽  
Md Saimul Islam ◽  
Md Mehedi Hasan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asian ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Annual Rate ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
The South ◽  
Average Annual Rate ◽  
Double Burden ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Double Burden Of Malnutrition ◽  
Southeast Asian Countries

ABSTRACT Background In order to combat the double burden of malnutrition the UN General Assembly has established under its Sustainable Development Goal-2 (SDG2) a set of nutritional targets that member countries need to achieve by 2030, with the goal of eradicating all forms of malnutrition worldwide. Objectives In order to understand progress towards this goal, we reviewed recent trends and forecast future trends to examine the likelihood of South and Southeast Asian countries achieving the SDG2 target by 2030. We also considered how inequalities based on wealth, education, and urban/rural dwelling influence the current and future prevalence of underweight, overweight, and obesity. Methods We used population-representative cross-sectional data from the Demographic and Health Survey, conducted between 1996 and 2016, for 8 South and Southeast Asian countries. We used a Bayesian linear regression model to estimate trends and to forecast the prevalence of underweight, overweight, and obesity by 2030. Results The overall pooled prevalence of underweight, overweight, and obesity in the South and Southeast Asian region was 22.9%, 21.3%, and 8.6%, respectively. Regional average annual rate of reduction and average annual rate of increase for the period 1996 to 2016 were 1.3% and 8.4% for underweight and overweight/obesity respectively. We estimate that if current trends continue as projected, the proportion of underweight and overweight/obesity will be 6.6% (95% CI: 3.9%, 11.1%) and 76.6% (95% CI: 64.3%, 85.7%) in 2030, respectively. Specific projections based on the wealth index suggested that by 2030 the prevalence of underweight would be highest among the poorest sector of society, and overweight and obesity highest among the richest sector. Conclusions We found that despite progress in reducing underweight, nearly two-thirds of the South and Southeast Asian population will be overweight or obese by 2030. Our findings suggest that countries in this region will not achieve the 2030 SDG2 target.

Chapter I. The Home Economy

1977 ◽  
Vol 81 ◽  
pp. 6-20
Keyword(s):  
Upper Bound ◽  
Annual Rate ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Incomes Policy ◽  
The Future ◽  
Formal Policy ◽  
Wage Inflation

Since our last forecast, in May, the uncertainty which we then stressed about the future of incomes policy has been resolved, though uncertainty about the actual future course of wage inflation itself has, with the abandoning of any attempt at a formal policy, if anything increased. In the May Review we attempted to deal with this uncertainty by exploring the broad implications of ‘low’ and ‘high’ earnings assumptions for the period from mid-1977 onwards, in addition to presenting a more fully worked-out forecast based on the assumption of a 15 per cent annual rate of increase. Although the uncertainty has in no way lessened—at any rate at the upper bound—we do not think it worthwhile to rehearse on this occasion the consequences of an unfettered pay explosion from now on. But although we present below a single forecast based on our assessment of the most likely outcome, this should not be taken to mean that we are now any more confident about the likely future pace of wage inflation. Our assumption is discussed in detail in the next section.

scholarly journals Genetics May Predict Effectiveness of Tolvaptan in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (9) ◽  
pp. 745-751
Author(s):  
Akinari Sekine ◽  
Junichi Hoshino ◽  
Takuya Fujimaru ◽  
Tatsuya Suwabe ◽  
Hiroki Mizuno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Polycystic Kidney Disease ◽  
Autosomal Dominant ◽  
Annual Rate ◽  
Therapeutic Drug ◽  
Kidney Volume ◽  
Polycystic Kidney ◽  
Total Kidney Volume ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney

Background: Tolvaptan is the only therapeutic drug for autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). The influence of mutations in polycystic kidney disease 1 and 2 genes (PKD1 and PKD2) on the treatment effects of tolvaptan is not well documented in the literature. Methods: We retrospectively evaluated the relationship between genotype and the efficacy of tolvaptan in 18 patients with ADPKD who had been treated at Toranomon Hospital and undergone genetic testing between April 2016 and February 2020. Results: The annual change in estimated glomerular filtration rate (ΔeGFR/y) from before to after tolvaptan was from a median of −5.5 to −2.5 mL/min/1.73 m2 in the PKD1 truncating group, −3.3 to −2.4 mL/min/1.73 m2 in the PKD1 non-truncating group, −3.1 to −1.6 mL/min/1.73 m2 in the PKD2 group, and −1.9 to −2.6 mL/min/1.73 m2 in the group with no PKD1/2 mutation. The median degrees of improvement of ΔeGFR/y were 2.5 (45%), 0.4 (10%), 0.6 (28%), and −0.7 (−37%) mL/min/1.73 m2, respectively. Compared with the group of patients with any PKD1/2 mutation, the group with no PKD1/2 mutation showed significantly less improvement in ΔeGFR/y with tolvaptan (0.6 vs. −0.7 mL/min/1.73 m2, respectively; p = 0.01) and significantly less improvement in the annual rate of increase in total kidney volume (TKV) with tolvaptan (−6.7 vs. −1.1%, respectively; p = 0.02). Conclusion: Patients with ADPKD and no PKD1/2 mutation showed less improvement in ΔeGFR/y and the annual rate of increase in TKV with tolvaptan. Detecting PKD1/2 mutations may be useful for predicting the effectiveness of tolvaptan.

scholarly journals Spatial Monitoring of Urban Expansion Using Satellite Remote Sensing Images: A Case Study of Amman City, Jordan

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hussam Al-Bilbisi
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Urban Growth ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Expansion ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Annual Rate ◽  
Average Annual Rate ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Landsat Satellite

Amman, the capital city of Jordan, faces urbanization challenges and lacks reliable data for urban planning. This study is aimed at assessing, monitoring, and mapping urban land cover using multitemporal Landsat satellite images. Four different land use/cover maps were produced; periods of over ten years between 1987 and 2017 (i.e., in 1987, 1997, 2007, and 2017) were used to evaluate and analyze urban expansion visually and quantitatively. Supervised classification technique followed by the post classification comparison change detection approach was used to analyze images. Over the past three decades, the urban area has increased rapidly in Amman. It increased by 90.78 km2, from 149.08 km2 in 1987 to 237.86 km2 in 2017, with an average annual rate of increase of 2.03%. Urban area increases were significantly higher in the first 10 years of the study period (i.e., from 1987 to 1997), during which the average annual rate of increase reached 3.33%, while it was 2.04% for the last two decades of the study period (i.e., from 1997 to 2017). Urban growth in Amman generally occurred along transport routes away from the core of Amman, and as a result, this growth led to the expansion of urban areas into other types of land use/cover classes, particularly vegetation areas. The spatial analysis of urban expansion and trends of urban growth in Amman could provide the required input data for the urban modeling of the city.

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