Grapevine vein clearing virus is prevalent and genetically variable in grape aphid (Aphis illinoisensis Shimer) populations

Plant Disease ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Uhls ◽  
Sylvia Petersen ◽  
Cory Von Keith ◽  
Susanne Howard ◽  
Xiaokai Bao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Plant Virus ◽  
The State ◽  
Genetic Composition ◽  
Severe Stunting ◽  
Vein Clearing ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Quantitative Analyses ◽  
Midwest Region ◽  
Vitis Spp

Grapevine vein clearing virus (GVCV) causes severe stunting and death of cultivated grapevines and is prevalent in native Vitis spp. and Ampelopsis cordata in the Midwest region of the USA. GVCV can be transmitted from wild A. cordata to Vitis spp. by grape aphid (Aphis illinoisensis) under greenhouse conditions, but its prevalence, genetic composition and genome number in native grape aphids are unknown. In this study, we collected grape aphids from native Vitaceae across the state of Missouri in 2018 and 2019, and conducted diagnostic, genetic and quantitative analyses. GVCV was detected in 91 (87%) of the 105 randomly sampled communities on 71 Vitaceae plants. It was present in 211 (40%) of 525 single grape aphids. Diverse GVCV variants from aphids were present on both GVCV-negative and -positive plants. Identical GVCV variants were found in grape aphids sampled from wild and cultivated Vitaceae, indicating that viruliferous aphids likely migrate and disperse GVCV variants among wild and cultivated Vitaceae. In addition, we found that the number of GVCV genomes varies largely in the stylet and body of individual aphids. Our study provides a snapshot of GVCV epidemics and genetic structure in its mobile vector and sessile hosts. This presents a good model for studying epidemiology, ecology and evolution of a plant virus.

scholarly journals North American Grape ‘Norton’ is Resistant to Grapevine Vein Clearing Virus

Plant Disease ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 104 (8) ◽  
pp. 2051-2053
Author(s):  
Wenping Qiu ◽  
Sylvia M. Petersen ◽  
Susanne Howard
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
North American ◽  
Small Rnas ◽  
Vein Clearing ◽  
Genetic Mechanisms ◽  
Midwest Region ◽  
Vitis Aestivalis ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Vitis Spp ◽  
Grape Cultivars

Grapevines (Vitis spp.) host viruses belonging to 17 families. Virus-associated diseases are a constant challenge to grape production. Genetic resources for breeding virus-resistant grape cultivars are scarce. ‘Norton’ is a hybrid grape of North American Vitis aestivalis and is resistant to powdery mildew and downy mildew. In this study, we assessed resistance of ‘Norton’ to grapevine vein clearing virus (GVCV), which is prevalent in native, wild Vitaceae and in vineyards in the Midwest region of the U.S. We did not detect GVCV in ‘Norton’ as either the scion or the rootstock up to 3 years after it was grafted with a GVCV-infected ‘Chardonel’ grapevine. Upon sequencing of small RNAs, we were able to assemble the GVCV genome from virus small RNAs in GVCV-infected ‘Chardonel’ scion or rootstock, but not from grafted ‘Norton’ scion and rootstock. This study unveils a new trait of ‘Norton’ that can be used in breeding GVCV-resistant grape cultivars, and to investigate genetic mechanisms of ‘Norton’ resistance to GVCV.

Corporate culture as a driver of the corporate security of foreign military-industrial enterprises

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. 2363-2380
Author(s):  
S.B. Zainullin ◽  
O.A. Zainullina
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Culture ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
The State ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Corporate Security ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Military

Subject. The military-industrial complex is one of the core industries in any economy. It ensures both the economic and global security of the State. However, the economic security of MIC enterprises strongly depends on the State and other stakeholders. Objectives. We examine key factors of corporate culture in terms of theoretical and practical aspects. The article identifies the best implementation of corporate culture that has a positive effect on the corporate security in the MIC of the USA, the United Kingdom, the European Union, Japan ans China. Methods. The study employs dialectical method of research, combines the historical and logic unity, structural analysis, traditional techniques of economic analysis and synthesis. Results. We performed the comparative analysis of corporate culture models and examined how they are used by the MIC corporations with respect to international distinctions. Conclusions and Relevance. The State is the main stakeholder of the MIC corporations, since it acts as the core customer represented by the military department. It regulates and controls operations. The State is often a major shareholder of such corporations. Employees are also important stakeholders. Hence, trying to satisfy stakeholders' needs by developing the corporate culture, corporations mitigate their key risks and enhance their corporate security.

Condition of the Armenian Apostolic Church at the Time of Coming to Authority N. S. Khrushchev

2020 ◽  
pp. 245-265
Author(s):  
Арсен Артурович Григорян
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
National Archive ◽  
The State ◽  
State Archive ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Apostolic Church

Цель данной статьи - описать условия, в которых Армянская Апостольская Церковь вступила в эпоху правления Н. С. Хрущёва, начавшуюся в 1953 г. По содержанию статью можно поделить на две части: в первой даются сведения о количестве приходов на территории Советского Союза и за его пределами, а также о составе армянского духовенства в СССР; во второй излагаются проблемы, существовавшие внутри Армянской Церкви, и рассматриваются их причины. Методы исследования - описание и анализ. Ценность исследования заключается в использовании ранее неопубликованных документов Государственного архива Российской Федерации и Национального архива Армении. По итогам изучения фактического материала выделяются основные проблемы Армянской Апостольской Церкви на 1953 г.: финансовый дефицит, конфликт армянских католикосатов и стремление враждующих СССР и США использовать церковь в своих политических целях. The purpose of this article is to describe the conditions in which the Armenian Apostolic Church entered the epoch of the reign of N. S. Khrushchev, which began in 1953. The article can be divided into two parts: first one gives information about the number of parishes in the territory of the Soviet Union and beyond, and about the structure of the Armenian clergy in the USSR; the second one sets out the problems that existed in the Armenian Church and discusses their causes. Research methods - description and analysis. The value of the study lies in the use of previously unpublished documents of the State Archive of the Russian Federation and the National Archive of Armenia. Based on the results of studying the materials, the main problems of the Armenian Apostolic Church in 1953 are: financial deficit, the conflict of Armenian Catholicosates and the eagerness of USSR and the USA, that feuded with each other, to use the Сhurch for their political purposes.

scholarly journals Frequency of 12 mutations in 114 children with phenylketonuria in the Midwest region of the USA

1994 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 356-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Kaul ◽  
R. Matalon ◽  
R. Allen ◽  
R. O. Fisch ◽  
K. Michals ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Usa ◽  
Midwest Region

The impact of labor freedom on geographic cost of living differentials

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 385-395
Author(s):  
Richard Cebula ◽  
James E. Payne ◽  
Donnie Horner ◽  
Robert Boylan
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
State Level ◽  
The State ◽  
Annual Data ◽  
Significant Finding ◽  
Cost Of Living ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of labor market freedom on state-level cost of living differentials in the USA using cross-sectional data for 2016 after allowing for the impacts of economic and quality of life factors. Design/methodology/approach The study uses two-stage least squares estimation controlling for factors contributing to cost of living differences across states. Findings The results reveal that an increase in labor market freedom reduces the overall cost of living. Research limitations/implications The study can be extended using panel data and alternative measures of labor market freedom. Practical implications In general, the finding that less intrusive government and greater labor freedom are associated with a reduced cost of living should not be surprising. This is because less government intrusion and greater labor freedom both inherently allow markets to be more efficient in the rationalization of and interplay with forces of supply and demand. Social implications The findings of this and future related studies could prove very useful to policy makers and entrepreneurs, as well as small business owners and public corporations of all sizes – particularly those considering either location in, relocation to, or expansion into other markets within the USA. Furthermore, the potential benefits of the National Right-to-Work Law currently under consideration in Congress could add cost of living reductions to the debate. Originality/value The authors extend the literature on cost of living differentials by investigating whether higher amounts of state-level labor market freedom act to reduce the states’ cost of living using the most recent annual data available (2016). That labor freedom has a systemic efficiency impact on the state-level cost of living is a significant finding. In our opinion, it is likely that labor market freedom is increasing the efficiency of labor market transactions in the production and distribution of goods and services, and acts to reduce the cost of living in states. In addition, unlike previous related studies, the authors investigate the impact of not only overall labor market freedom on the state-level cost of living, but also how the three sub-indices of labor market freedom, as identified and measured by Stansel et al. (2014, 2015), impact the cost of living state by state.

"Identity Negotiation and Alien Residency"

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen Phillips Lewis
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Identity Negotiation ◽  
The State ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
African Origin ◽  
Caribbean Immigrants ◽  
Essential Nature ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Elizabeth Nunez

In her memoir, Not for Everyday Use (2014), and her novel Anna in Between (2009) and its sequel, Boundaries (2011), Elizabeth Nunez explores the nature of the migrant experience for first generation Afro-Caribbean immigrants to the USA. With specific reference to the use of language, characterization, history, imagery, and the interweaving of history, she analyzes the complexities of that reality as they attempt to adjust to a host locale (USA) that has had, from its inception, a very contentious relationship with blackness that fragments potential solidarity of blackness. Extrapolating from the lives her protagonists as filtered through the prism of her own migrant journey, Nunez sees them as existing in a permanent state of liminality from which there is no escape. Despite the finality of the act of migration, Caribbean-Americanlives are forever in a state of flux over which they can exert only limited control. Migration promises freedom and yet denies its full efflorescence; it offers the excitement of choice but only provides the exercise of it remains within the confines of fixed circumferences; it encourages belonging, yet castigates the complacency that belonging engenders. This paper will show that Nunez clearly represents the Afro-Caribbean immigrant life in America as uneasy existence in unsafe space, yet sends a firm message that the disillusionment of that reality is more palatable than the idea of return. The state of in-betweenity, therefore, while not static in essential nature, is as permanent and unavoidable as is the act of migration itself. In order to feel more at ease the migrant must quickly learn the balancing act of becoming yet never being; the migrant must come to appreciate the complex dance between commonality and contestation even within a diaspora of shared African origin.

scholarly journals IAU (Maser) Symposium 287 Summary

2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (S287) ◽  
pp. 506-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl M. Menten
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
Cosmic Masers ◽  
The Usa

Almost exactly twenty years ago, the first of a series of conferences dedicated to cosmic masers took place in Arlington, Virginia in the USA (March 9–11, 1992). Two more followed, each on a different continent, in Mangaratiba, near Rio de Janeiro, Brasil (March 5–10, 2001) and in Alice Springs, Australia (March 12–16, 2007). As at all others, a large part of the international maser community convened from January 29 to February 3, 2012 in splendid Stellenbosch, South Africa, to discuss the state of the art of the field.

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