scholarly journals First Report of the Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne minor on Turfgrass in Belgium

Plant Disease ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 91 (7) ◽  
pp. 908-908 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Viaene ◽  
D. B. Wiseborn ◽  
G. Karssen
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Golf Course ◽  
Golf Courses ◽  
Potato Tubers ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Meloidogyne Spp ◽  
Patch Disease

The root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne minor, was described during 2004 after it was found on potato roots in a field in the Netherlands and in golf courses in England, Wales, and Ireland (2). Since it is associated with yellow patch disease in turf grass and causes deformation of potato tubers (2), it is important to know whether this organism is already widespread in these and neighboring countries. In addition, it has a relatively wide host range (2,4). A small survey conducted in Belgium was comprised of 10 golf courses geographically spread over the country. In each location, 3 to 9 samples were taken (one per green) consisting of 30 to 40 cores (1.5 × 20 cm deep). Nematodes were extracted from a 200-g subsample (containing roots) from each sample using zonal centrifugation (1). All Meloidogyne spp. were mounted on semipermanent slides and identified morphologically. M. minor was discovered in 3 of 6 samples taken in April 2006 from a golf course in Hasselt (northeastern Belgium). Between 41 and 50 M. minor per 100 g of soil were found together with M. naasi (7 to 20 individuals per 100 g of soil). Occurrence of M. minor together with other Meloidogyne species has been reported in natural and cultivated sites (2,4). Moreover, spores of Pasteuria spp. were clearly visible on 42% of the observed second-stage juveniles of M. minor, but not on those of M. naasi. The infected juveniles had between 2 and 15 spores attached to their cuticles. Additional juveniles were extracted from the soil samples and used for molecular identification by real-time PCR (2), which confirmed the presence of M. minor. There were no symptoms on the grass, consisting of a mixture of Agrostis stolonifera (10%), Festuca rubra (30%), and Poa annua (60%). Grass was sown in Rhine sand and heath land compost used for the construction of the greens in Hasselt. It could be that these soil amendments were infested with M. minor or that M. minor was introduced by other means, e.g., shoes, maintenance machinery, or golf equipment. On the other hand, the detection of M. minor in this small survey indicates that the species may be prevalent in golf courses in the region. The nematode has been found in several golf courses and sport fields in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands, including a golf course at Breda (close to the Belgian border) (3). The survey will be expanded to include grasslands and dune areas, the presumed natural habitat of M. minor. References: (1) G. A. Hendrickx. Nematologica 41:308, 1995. (2) G. Karssen et al. Nematology 6:59, 2004. (3) W. Lammers et al. Meloidogyne minor. Pest Risk Assessment. Online publication, www.minlnv.nl/pd - Schadelijke organismen, 2006. (4) S. J. Turner and C. C. Fleming. Comm. Appl. Biol. Sci. Ghent University 70:885, 2005.

Description of Meloidogyne minor n. sp. (Nematoda: Meloidogynidae), a root-knot nematode associated with yellow patch disease in golf courses

Nematology ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerrit Karssen ◽  
Robert Jan Bolk ◽  
Adriaan Van Aelst ◽  
Ineke van den Beld ◽  
Linda Kox ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Golf Courses ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Head Region ◽  
Small Root ◽  
Yellow Patch ◽  
Patch Disease ◽  
Labial Disc

Abstract A relatively small root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne minor n. sp., is described and illustrated from tomato from the Netherlands. This new species is characterised by the following features: female with dorsally curved stylet, 14 μm long, with transversely ovoid knobs slightly sloping backwards from the shaft; perineal pattern rounded; male stylet 18 μm long, large transversely ovoid knobs slightly sloping backwards from the shaft; head region not set off, labial disc elevated, lateral lips prominent; and secondstage juvenile 377 μm long, with hemizonid posterior adjacent to excretory pore; tail 54 μm long; and a distinct hyaline tail terminus 16 μm long. Additionally, distinguishing information on isozymes, DNA, cytogenetics and host plants is presented. Meloidogyne minor n. sp. has so far been found on potato in the Netherlands and has been detected in the British Isles on several golf courses, associated with yellow patches, often together with M. naasi.

scholarly journals Nematicidal Activity of Lantana Camara L. for Control of Root-Knot Nematodes

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Ganesh Ghimire ◽  
Ranjana Gupta ◽  
Arvind K Keshari
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Lantana Camara ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Time Period ◽  
S 100 ◽  
Meloidogyne Spp ◽  
Aqueous Leaf Extract ◽  
Chemical Pesticides

Various concentrations of aqueous leaf extract of Lantana camara L. were assessed against second stage juveniles (J2) of Meloidogyne spp. (Goeldi, 1982) for its nematicidal potency in vitro conditions. Study showed 50% concentration of Lantana camara leaf extract at 48 hrs of incubation period and above showed effective in immobilizing second stage of larvae (J2) of Meloidogyne spp. The standard concentration ‘S’ (100%) of leaf extract was found to be highly nematostatic, 98.66% of nematode were found dead in 48 hrs. Similarly, 57.66% of nematode juveniles were found dead when applied 50% concentration in 48 hrs. Mean number of (J2) dead at 100% concentration for three time period was statistically significant highest at 48 hrs. So far, 50% concentration in 48 hrs and above was appropriate for controlling the root-knot nematode which seems as an alternative to chemical pesticides.

scholarly journals Morphological, Biometrical, Biochemical, and Molecular Characterization of the Coffee Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne megadora

Plant Disease ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 100 (8) ◽  
pp. 1725-1734 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla M. Maleita ◽  
Ana M. S. F. de Almeida ◽  
Nicola Vovlas ◽  
Isabel Abrantes
Keyword(s):  
Random Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽  
Its Region ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Species Differentiation ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Accurate Identification ◽  
Specific Sequence ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Meloidogyne Spp

Meloidogyne megadora infects coffee trees, an economically important crop worldwide. The accurate identification of M. megadora is essential for the development of preventive measures to avoid the dispersion of this pathogen and establishment of efficient and sustainable integrated pest management programs. One M. megadora isolate was studied by biometrical, biochemical, and molecular characteristics (random amplified polymorphic DNA [RAPD] and PCR of internal transcribed spacer [ITS] region). Biometrical characteristics of M. megadora females, males, and second-stage juveniles were similar to the original description. Biochemical studies revealed a unique enzyme pattern for M. megadora esterases (Me3) that allowed for species differentiation. Three RAPD primers (OPG-4, OPG-5, and OPG-6) produced specific bands to all Meloidogyne spp. studied: M. megadora, M. arenaria, M. incognita, and M. javanica. Molecular analysis of the ITS region resulted in an amplification product of 700 bp. The phylogenetic relationship between M. megadora and several Meloidogyne spp. sequences was analyzed, revealing that M. megadora clearly differs from the most common root-knot nematode species. Based on the studies conducted, isozyme analysis remains a useful and efficient methodology for M. megadora identification when females are available. Further studies will be needed to convert the M. megadora differential DNA fragment obtained by RAPD and develop a species-specific sequence-characterized amplified region PCR assay for its diagnosis based on second-stage juveniles.

A field study on the host status of different crops for Meloidogyne minor and its damage potential on potatoes

Nematology ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 277-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim C. Thoden ◽  
Gerald W. Korthals ◽  
Johnny Visser ◽  
Wianda van Gastel-Topper
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Potato Production ◽  
Tuber Quality ◽  
Potato Tubers ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Damage Potential ◽  
Host Status ◽  
Set Up

For several years, a new species of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne minor, has been reported from parts of The Netherlands, Belgium, UK and Ireland. So far, this species causes most problems on golf courses but has also been reported from a potato field in Zeijerveld (The Netherlands) where it caused strong growth reduction on potato plants, but no damage to potato tubers. As The Netherlands is a potato-producing country, field experiments were set up to evaluate the potential risks this species poses. We tested the host status of some common crops for M. minor under field conditions and, more importantly, also tested its potential to harm potato production in terms of quantity as well as quality. In a 2-year field experiment (2007-2009), the host status of potato (cv. Bartina), rye, annual ryegrass, sugar beet, and maize was tested in the first growing season. Afterwards, these plots were used to evaluate the damage potential of M. minor on two commonly cultivated potato cultivars (cvs Astérix and Markies). In general, only potato seemed to be a good host for this nematode species with a Pf∕Pi-ratio about 1.5. Reproduction was observed mostly on roots but also on tubers, which increases the spread of M. minor by seed potatoes. However, there was no reduction in potato production, neither in yield nor in tuber quality. No significant reproduction could be observed on the other plants (Pf∕Pi values close to zero). From these results one might conclude that this nematode will not become a major threat to European agriculture. However, care has to be taken as within additional glasshouse experiments potato tubers were susceptible for damage caused by M. minor. Thus, further studies on the general biology and ecology of M. minor are needed to make a better risk assessment on this new nematode pest.

scholarly journals The Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne fallax on Strawberry in the Netherlands

Plant Disease ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 89 (5) ◽  
pp. 526-526 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. T. C. van der Sommen ◽  
L. J. M. F. den Nijs ◽  
G. Karssen
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Infested Soil ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Quantitative Extraction ◽  
Host Status ◽  
Strawberry Cultivars

The root-knot nematode Meloidogyne fallax Karssen is closely related to M. chitwoodi Golden, O'Bannon, Santo & Finley. Both species have a wide host range and have been designated as quarantine nematodes by several countries. Strawberry (Fragaria ananassa L.) is considered a poor host for M. chitwoodi (2,3), but the host status for M. fallax in unknown. During 2003, a host suitability study was performed with four common strawberry cultivars (Ciflorette, Elsanta, Kimberly, and Mara des bois) on a field naturally infested with M. fallax near Wintelre, the Netherlands. The identity of the nematode was confirmed, prior to and after the test, by using morphological characteristics, isozymes, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The field was not infested with M. hapla Chitwood. The host test included 15 replicates per cultivar and started in April with a mean initial M. fallax density of approximately 4,500 second-stage juveniles per 100 ml of soil. The plants used in the field trial were multiplied by cuttings and grown on artificial substrate free from any Meloidogyne species. Upon plant harvesting in October, the number of root galls were counted and cvs. Mara des bois and Ciflorette did not show any typical root-knot symptoms, while cvs. Elsanta and Kimberly expressed only a few small galls. Additionally, high numbers of nematodes were found in the roots using the centrifugal floating method (1). The mean numbers of isolated nematodes for all cultivars (females, 116; males, 80; second-stage juveniles, 6,636; third- and fourth-stage juveniles, 49; and eggs, 920 per 10 g of roots) suggests that the tested strawberry cultivars are good hosts for M. fallax despite the lack of clear root galling or visible plant grow reduction as has been observed in the past for M. javanica on strawberry (4). To our knowledge, this is the first report of strawberry as a host for M. fallax, and it suggests that M. fallax could be spread by strawberry transplant grown in M. fallax infested soil. The Dutch Plant Protection Service is currently discussing appropriate action, such as an additional root-knot nematode test in addition to visual root inspection, before strawberry plants are shipped and cultivated. References: (1) W. A. Coolen and J. D'Herde. A method for the quantitative extraction of nematodes from plant tissue. Ghent State Agriculture Research Centre, 1972. (2) A. M. Golden et al. J. Nematol. 12:319, 1980. (3) J. H. O'Bannon et al. Plant Dis. 66:1045, 1982. (4) D. P. Taylor and C. Netscher. Cah. O.R.S.T.O.M, Ser. Biol. 10:247, 1975.

scholarly journals Variations in the level of resistance to root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) infestation among ten cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) genotypes

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 68-78
Author(s):  
F. Kankam ◽  
E. N.K. Sowley ◽  
J. Adomako ◽  
A. Boateng
Keyword(s):  
Vigna Unguiculata ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Root Knot Nematodes ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Environmentally Safe ◽  
Meloidogyne Spp ◽  
The University ◽  
Moderately Resistant

The cultivation of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) cultivars that are tolerant to root-knot nematode attack is among the environmentally safe approach to managing the root-knot nematode menace in cultivated crops. In this study, the tolerance of 10 cowpea genotypes to root-knot nematodes infestation was evaluated in a pot experiment conducted in a Screenhouse, at the University for Development Studies, Nyankpala Campus. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design with three replications. The number of second stage juveniles (J2) per 250 cm3 of soil sample were counted while the severity of root-knot nematode damage (root galls) was assessed. The reproduction index (RI) was used to classify the varieties as resistant or susceptible. There was a significant difference (P < 0.05) in the number of second stage juveniles of root-knot nematode (RKN), galling index and RI among the genotypes tested. The study revealed that cowpea genotypes SARI 1-4-90, Padi tuya, Songotra, IT99K-1122, Sanzi and Apagbaala were moderately resistant whereas cowpea genotypes IT86D-610, Zaayura, SARI 5-5-5 and IT07K-299-6 were slightly resistant. Thus, the six moderately resistant cowpea genotypes were suggested to be used as a source of resistance to RKN in future breeding works.

Application of Pluronic gel to the study of root-knot nematode behaviour

Nematology ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 453-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Congli Wang ◽  
Steven Lower ◽  
Valerie M. Williamson
Keyword(s):  
Common Bean ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Meloidogyne Javanica ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Host Attraction ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Volatile Attractant ◽  
Lower Oxygen ◽  
Meloidogyne Spp

Abstract Pluronic F-127 is a stable, non-toxic, copolymer that forms a gel at room temperature and a liquid at 15°C when the concentration is 20-30%. Root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) second-stage juveniles can move freely through the gel and display attraction toward roots of tomato, Medicago truncatula, common bean and Arabidopsis. The excellent clarity of the gel allows examination of behavioural changes in the nematode as it reaches and infects its host. Attraction assays showed that Meloidogyne javanica and M. incognita move to roots much more rapidly than does M. hapla. Nematodes form aggregates when in contact with root tips suggesting that the presence of a signal from the nematode or from the root is involved in the attraction. Nematodes suspended in Pluronic gel without roots aggregate into balls after 1 to 2 days. A coverslip placed on the gel accelerates and serves as a focus for the aggregation, suggesting that lower oxygen, or perhaps a volatile attractant, is involved in this behaviour. These observations demonstrate that Pluronic gel is a useful medium for dissecting attraction of root-knot nematodes to their hosts and for studying additional aspects of their behaviour.

Loading rates of nutrients discharging from a golf course and a neighboring forested basin

1999 ◽  
Vol 39 (12) ◽  
pp. 99-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takao Kunimatsu ◽  
Miki Sudo ◽  
Takeshi Kawachi
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Loading ◽  
Chamaecyparis Obtusa ◽  
Phosphorus Loading ◽  
Golf Course ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Golf Courses ◽  
Japanese Cypress ◽  
Arithmetic Average ◽  
Loading Rates ◽  
Runoff Rate

In the last ten years, the number of golf courses has been increasing in some countries as the game gains popularity. This indicates, a need to estimate the nutrient loading from golf courses in order to prevent the eutrophication of water bodies. Nutrient concentrations and flow rates of a brook were measured once a week from 1989 to 1990 at two sites: Site A of a brook flowing out from D-golf course (53 ha) and Site B of the same brook discharging into the golf course from an upper forested basin (23 ha) covered mainly with planted Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa SIEB. et ZUCC). The bedrock of the area was granite. The annual values of precipitation and mean temperature were 1947 mm and 13.5°C in 1989, respectively. The arithmetic average values of discharge from the forested basin and the golf course were 0.392 and 1.26 mg/l total nitrogen (TN), 0.0072 and 0.145 mg/l total phosphorus (TP), 0.82 and 3.53 mg/l potassium ion (K+, 5.92 and 8.24 mg/l sodium ion (Na+), 2.1 and 9.9 mg/l suspending solid (0.001–2.0 mm, SS), 0.087 and 0.147 mS/cm electric conductivity (EC), and 0.031 and 0.037 m3/km2•s specific discharge, respectively. The loading rates of the forested basin and the golf course were 5.42 and 13.5 TN, 0.133 and 3.04 TP, 8.84 and 33.9 K+, 55.0 and 73.0 Na+, and 54.3 and 118 SS in kg/ha•y. The leaching and runoff rate of nitrogen in the chemical fertilizers applied on the golf course was calculated as 32%. These results indicated the importance of controlling the phosphorus loading for the management of golf courses.

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