scholarly journals First Report of Anthracnose Disease of Black Pepper (Piper nigrum) Caused by an Unknown Species of Colletotrichum

Plant Disease ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Jayakumar ◽  
G. Kannamma Usha Rani ◽  
N. Amaresan ◽  
S. Rajalakshmi
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Data ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Black Pepper ◽  
Species Level ◽  
Piper Nigrum ◽  
Pepper Plant ◽  
Conidial Suspension ◽  
Anthracnose Disease ◽  
Classic Symptom ◽  
Pale Green

Black pepper is cultivated in Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India as a spice crop. During a survey performed in June of 2007 in South Andaman, two kinds of leaf anthracnose symptoms were observed. The classic symptom, angular to irregular or circular brownish lesions with a chlorotic halo and pinhead size acervuli on the leaves, was consistent with the disease previously reported on pepper caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (2). This symptom also caused splitting and the production of hollow berries. The new symptom was novel, with leaves initially exhibiting pale green or yellowish green lesions. As the disease progressed, lesion margins became brown to black with slightly raised areas containing numerous acervuli. Unlike the classic symptom, the new symptom was characterized as leaf lesions that rarely caused defoliation; berries showed no lesions. The foliar disease incidence was up to 15%, but direct economic loss of berries was not noticed. This new symptom was similar to symptoms caused by C. dracaenophilum, a species identified as a pathogen on lucky bamboo (Dracaena sanderiana) (1). A fungus was isolated in pure culture from the pale green lesions and cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA). At room temperature (28 ± 2°C), fungal growth on PDA was slow and mycelium appeared whitish at the margin with pale pink centers. A pinkish color was observed on the reverse side of the plate, reflecting profuse sporulation. The conidia were hyaline, broadly clavate to cylindrical, and measured 12.5 to 15 × 5 to 7.5 μm (average 14 × 7.5 μm). The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the fungal DNA was amplified, sequenced, and submitted to NCBI GenBank (Accession No. EU744584). The specimen was deposited in the MTCC of IMTECH, Chandigarh, India (Accession No. MTCC9344). Pathogenicity was tested in five replications on 15- to 20-day-old pepper plants and repeated twice. A 1-ml conidial suspension (108 spores/ml) of the fungus was brushed on two intact leaves of each pepper plant and incubated for 2 weeks in a glasshouse at 28°C and 70% relative humidity with natural daylight conditions. Plants brushed with sterile water served as control. Similar pale green symptoms were observed only on treated leaves and the same organism was reisolated from lesions. BLAST searches of the GenBank using the ITS sequence revealed that this fungus was a member of the genus Colletotrichum, but a species level identification could not be made with these data. The fungus was most similar in sequence to unnamed endophytic strains of Colletotrichum (96% sequence identity) and phytopathogenic isolates of C. dracaenophilum (93% sequence similarity). Although the symptomatology and sequence data were most closely matched with those documented for C. dracaenophilum (1), the morphological and cultural characteristics of the black pepper anthracnose fungus differed from C. dracaenophilum and other known species of Colletotrichum (3). Together these morphological and molecular data suggest that this form of anthracnose disease on black pepper may be caused by a novel, undescribed species of Colletotrichum. Further investigations will be required to characterize this organism to the species level. References: (1) S. G. Bobev et al. Plant Dis. 92:173, 2008. (2) P. Santha Kumari and A. Sanker. J. Mycol. Plant Pathol. 33:329, 2003. (3) B. C. Sutton. In: Colletotrichum. Biology, Pathology and Control. CAB International, Wallingford, 1992.

scholarly journals First Report of a Leaf Spot Disease of Bells-of-Ireland (Moluccella laevis) Caused by Cercospora apii in California

Plant Disease ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-203
Author(s):  
S. T. Koike ◽  
S. A. Tjosvold ◽  
J. Z. Groenewald ◽  
P. W. Crous
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Leaf Spot Disease ◽  
Conidial Suspension ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer Region ◽  
First Report ◽  
Spot Disease ◽  
Leaf Spots ◽  
Initial Symptoms

Bells-of-Ireland (Moluccella laevis) (Lamiaceae) is an annual plant that is field planted in coastal California (Santa Cruz County) for commercial cutflower production. In 2001, a new leaf spot disease was found in these commercially grown cutflowers. The disease was most serious in the winter-grown crops in 2001 and 2002, with a few plantings having as much as 100% disease incidence. All other plantings that were surveyed during this time had at least 50% disease. Initial symptoms consisted of gray-green leaf spots. Spots were generally oval in shape, often delimited by the major leaf veins, and later turned tan. Lesions were apparent on both adaxial and abaxial sides of the leaves. A cercosporoid fungus having fasciculate conidiophores, which formed primarily on the abaxial leaf surface, was consistently associated with the spots. Based on morphology and its host, this fungus was initially considered to be Cercospora molucellae Bremer & Petr., which was previously reported on leaves of M. laevis in Turkey (1). However, sequence data obtained from the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1, ITS2) and the 5.8S gene (STE-U 5110, 5111; GenBank Accession Nos. AY156918 and AY156919) indicated there were no base pair differences between the bells-of-Ireland isolates from California, our own reference isolates of C. apii, as well as GenBank sequences deposited as C. apii. Based on these data, the fungus was subsequently identified as C. apii sensu lato. Pathogenicity was confirmed by spraying a conidial suspension (1.0 × 105 conidia/ml) on leaves of potted bells-of-Ireland plants, incubating the plants in a dew chamber for 24 h, and maintaining them in a greenhouse (23 to 25°C). After 2 weeks, all inoculated plants developed leaf spots that were identical to those observed in the field. C. apii was again associated with all leaf spots. Control plants, which were treated with water, did not develop any symptoms. The test was repeated and the results were similar. To our knowledge this is the first report of C. apii as a pathogen of bells-of-Ireland in California. Reference: (1) C. Chupp. A Monograph of the Fungus Genus Cercospora. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 1954.

scholarly journals PENYEBAB DAN SERANGGA VEKTOR PENYAKIT KERITING PADA TANAMAN LADA

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
RODIAH BALFAS ◽  
SUPRIADI SUPRIADI ◽  
T. L. MARDININGSIH ◽  
ENDANG SUGANDI
Keyword(s):  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Black Pepper ◽  
Piper Nigrum ◽  
Planococcus Citri ◽  
Pepper Plant ◽  
Insect Vectors ◽  
University Of Minnesota ◽  
Similar Disease ◽  
Toxoptera Aurantii ◽  
Pepper Plants

The cause of stunting disease of black pepper (Piper nigrum) in Indonesia has not yet been confirmed cither due o a virus or mycoplaam. However, similar disease found on black pepper plants in the Southeast Asia is caused by Piper yellow mottle virus (PYMV) which is transmitted by Planococcus citri. This expeiments was aimed o examine the cause of the stunting disease and its insect vectors. The expeiment were conducted from October 1998 to May 2001. Diseased vegetative materials of black pepper plants showing stunting disease were collected from Sukamulya, Sukabumi. The potential insect vectors were collected from black pepper plants in Bogor, IP Sukamulya (Sukabumi), Lampung and Bangka. The insects were fed on the diseased plants obtained from Lampung, Bogor and IP Sukamulya, then transferred o the healthy plants. The healthy plants were produced rom true seeds and cutings oiginated rom Bogor and IP Sukamulya. The tested plants were incubated at the green house and examined for disease development. Diseased leaf samples collected rom black pepper plant rom IP. Sukamulya and the transmitted plants were sent to the University of Minnesota, USA for Ihe virus (PYMV) by using ISEM (immunosorbent electron microscope). The result snowed that the leaves samples rom IP. Sukamulya were infected by PYMV. The morphology and size of the virus were similar to those caused stunting disease in the South East Asia. Potential insects vectors found on the diseased black <br /><br />pepper plants were two mealybugs, P. minor and Ferrisia virgata (Hemiptera; Coccoidca: PaaidbcoccidaeX aa well as an aphid Toxoptera aurantii (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea: Aphididae). The first tial on disease transmission by using P. minor, previously reared on the potato tubers, showed one out of ten tested plants produced disease sympom. The subsequent trial using P minor, bred on healthy black pepper seedlings, showed thee out often tested plants developed disease symptoms. None of the aphid transmitted plants developed Ihe disease. This study confirmed thai PYMV b the cause of stunting disease on black pepper in IP Sukamulya and Lampung and P. minor as the insect vecor of the disease.<br /><br />

scholarly journals Agensia hayati dan Arachis pintoi memacu pertumbuhan tanaman lada (Piper nigrum) dan mengurangi kejadian penyakit kuning Biocontrol agents and Arachis pintoi promote the growth of black pepper (Piper nigrum) and reduce the incidence of yellow disease

2016 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad TAUFIK ◽  
Andi KHAERUNI ◽  
Abdul WAHAB ◽  
. AMIRUDDIN
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Complex Disease ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Black Pepper ◽  
Piper Nigrum ◽  
Arachis Pintoi ◽  
Trichoderma Sp ◽  
Fusarium Sp ◽  
Pepper Plants

AbstractYellow disease is a complex disease caused byFusarium sp., Phytophthora sp., and nematodes. Infectedplants were quickly killed and were difficult for replanting,causing significant losses for the growers. Various controlmethods were examined including the use of bioconrolagents and cover crop Arachis pintoi. The researchobjective was to determine the ability of biocontrol agentsand A. pintoi to improve pepper growth and reduce yellowdisease incidence on pepper plants in the field. Researchresults showed that the treatment of biocontrol andA. pintoi promoted vegetative growth of pepper plants, andincreased pepper height for up to more five times, andreduced yellow disease incidence to 30%AbstrakPenyakit kuning merupakan penyakit kompleks yangdisebabkan oleh Fusarium sp., Phytophthora sp. dannematoda parasit. Tanaman sakit mengalami kematianyang cepat dan kebun yang telah terinfeksi sulit untukditanami kembali, sehingga mengakibatkan kerugian yangnyata terhadap petani. Berbagai cara pengendalian telahdiuji termasuk penggunaan agens hayati Plant GrowthPromoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR), Trichoderma sp. dantanaman Arachis pintoi. Tujuan penelitian adalahmengetahui kemampuan agensia hayati dan Arachis pintoidalam meningkatkan pertumbuhan dan mengurangikejadian penyakit kuning pada tanaman lada di lapang.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan agenshayati dan A. pintoi meningkatkan tinggi dan jumlah dauntanaman lada lebih dari lima kali serta mempercepatmunculnya sulur dibandingkan dengan kontrol danfungisida. Aplikasi Trichoderma sp. yang dikombinasidengan A. pintoi menekan kejadian penyakit kuning hampir30%.

scholarly journals The Effect of Ammonium Nitrate Ratio and Support Types on the NPK Uptake and Growth of Black Pepper (Piper nigrum L.) in Field Conditions

Poljoprivreda ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 25-33
Author(s):  
Issukindarsyah Issukindarsyah ◽  
◽  
Endang Sulistyaningsih ◽  
DidikIndradewa Indradewa ◽  
Eka Tarwaca Susila Putra
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Black Pepper ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Piper Nigrum ◽  
Pepper Plant ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Npk Uptake

The study’s objective was to determine the effect of the NO3-: NH4+ratio and types of support on NPK uptake and pepper plant growth in field conditions. The study used a completely randomized block design with three replications. The first factor was the type of support, being the deadwood and living supports in the form of Gliricidia sp. and Ceiba pentandra. The second factor was the ratio of N fertilizer forms, which were 100% NO3-, 100% NH4+, 50% NO3-:50% NH4+, 75% NO3-:25% NH4+ and 25% NO3-:75% NH4+. The results have demonstrated that the uptake of N, P, and K, as well as the plant growth, were not affected by the interaction of the N fertilizer form ratio with the types of support. In field conditions, the black pepper prefers the N fertilizer in the form of 50% NO3-:50% NH4+. The pepper plants that were given N fertilizer in a combination of 50% NO3-:50% NH4+ have demonstrated an N, P, and K uptake, and morphology and plant dry weight were higher than the ratio of other forms of N fertilizers.

scholarly journals Producing Black Pepper (Piper Nigrum L. cv. ‘Kuching’) Rootstock in a Deep-Water Culture Hydroponic System

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 88-97
Author(s):  
Jie Hung King ◽  
Babirye Khadijah ◽  
Kian Huat Ong
Keyword(s):  
Root Length ◽  
Adventitious Roots ◽  
Silicate Solution ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Black Pepper ◽  
Nutrient Composition ◽  
Piper Nigrum ◽  
Pepper Plant ◽  
Stem Cuttings ◽  
Hoagland Solution

Stem cutting is the common planting material for black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) farmers mainly because the method is cheap, easy to obtain, and produces satisfactory number of new plantlets, which are relatively genetically uniform to their parent. However, soil propagation of stem cuttings renders both the stem and developing roots susceptible to soil borne pathogens, ultimately compromising the quality of the plant. Good quality rootstock of the new plant promotes faster, safer, and better black pepper plant establishment. Hydroponic farming thus offers a good platform for producing quality rootstock of the new plants and has gained importance to many farmers due to its flexibility in manipulating plant growth conditions and timely pathogen management, thus safer, healthier, and faster growth. This study investigated the growing media suitable for rootstock growth of P. nigrum L. cv. ‘Kuching’ and compared the rooting ability between stem cuttings with adventitious roots at the time of planting and stem cuttings without any root at the time of planting. In a laboratory setting, a total of 210 stem cuttings were hydroponically planted in seven nutrient compositions, with each nutrient composition containing an equal number of stem cuttings with adventitious roots at the time of planting and stem cuttings without any root at the time of planting. Hoagland solution supplemented with 0.005 mM potassium silicate solution (T4) and Hoagland solution supplemented with 2 mM salicylic acid solution (T6) showed faster root initiation whereas T1 (Hoagland solution only) produced the highest increment in root length followed by T6. The least suitable nutrient composition was T5 [T4 + 6 mL of 1 M Ca (NO3)2.4H2O solution]. The total number of roots was highest in plants from stem cuttings which had some adventitious roots at the time of planting, whereas roots in plants from stem cuttings which did not have any root at the time of planting, increased in root length faster than plants withstem cuttings which had adventitious roots at the time of planting.

scholarly journals Physiological responses of photosynthesis in black pepper plants under different shade levels promoted by intercropping with rubber trees

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 513-526 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcos Góes Oliveira ◽  
Gleison Oliosi ◽  
Fábio Luiz Partelli ◽  
José Cochicho Ramalho
Keyword(s):  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Black Pepper ◽  
Photosynthetic Performance ◽  
Piper Nigrum ◽  
Pepper Plant ◽  
Gas Exchanges ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchanges ◽  
Southern Side ◽  
Lower Temperature ◽  
Pepper Plants

ABSTRACT Plants of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) may display changes in their photosynthetic activity as a result of environmental seasonal changes. Intercropping with tree species may represent an alternative to mitigate the impacts of climatic changes on crops. The objective of this work was to evaluate the physiological responses of photosynthesis in black pepper plants under different shade levels promoted by intercropping with rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex A. Juss.) Müll. Arg. The photosynthetic performance in black pepper along the day was evaluated under full sun and five shade levels. The resulted showed that variations positives in leaf gas exchanges were not exclusively dependent on the shade promoted by the distance in relation with the line of rubber trees in the field, but also fluctuate depending on the period of the day, the orientation (Northern or Southern), relating the line of trees and the season of the year. This study showed that shaded intercropped plants displayed some advantage in a few cases (black pepper plants located at 2 m, and 5 m between rubber trees, southern side) as regards the photosynthetic rate at midday and afternoon, and especially in summer, when compared to pepper plants cultivated in full sunlight condition, That would be likely related to the to the maintenance of somewhat lower temperature and higher relative humidity in the atmosphere close to the black pepper plant implying some advantage for such consortium system to mitigate the possible effects of future climate changes, like warming.

scholarly journals Agensia hayati dan Arachis pintoi memacu pertumbuhan tanaman lada (Piper nigrum) dan mengurangi kejadian penyakit kuning Biocontrol agents and Arachis pintoi promote the growth of black pepper (Piper nigrum) and reduce the incidence of yellow disease

2016 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad TAUFIK ◽  
Andi KHAERUNI ◽  
Abdul WAHAB ◽  
. AMIRUDDIN
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Complex Disease ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Black Pepper ◽  
Piper Nigrum ◽  
Arachis Pintoi ◽  
Trichoderma Sp ◽  
Fusarium Sp ◽  
Pepper Plants

AbstractYellow disease is a complex disease caused byFusarium sp., Phytophthora sp., and nematodes. Infectedplants were quickly killed and were difficult for replanting,causing significant losses for the growers. Various controlmethods were examined including the use of bioconrolagents and cover crop Arachis pintoi. The researchobjective was to determine the ability of biocontrol agentsand A. pintoi to improve pepper growth and reduce yellowdisease incidence on pepper plants in the field. Researchresults showed that the treatment of biocontrol andA. pintoi promoted vegetative growth of pepper plants, andincreased pepper height for up to more five times, andreduced yellow disease incidence to 30%AbstrakPenyakit kuning merupakan penyakit kompleks yangdisebabkan oleh Fusarium sp., Phytophthora sp. dannematoda parasit. Tanaman sakit mengalami kematianyang cepat dan kebun yang telah terinfeksi sulit untukditanami kembali, sehingga mengakibatkan kerugian yangnyata terhadap petani. Berbagai cara pengendalian telahdiuji termasuk penggunaan agens hayati Plant GrowthPromoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR), Trichoderma sp. dantanaman Arachis pintoi. Tujuan penelitian adalahmengetahui kemampuan agensia hayati dan Arachis pintoidalam meningkatkan pertumbuhan dan mengurangikejadian penyakit kuning pada tanaman lada di lapang.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan agenshayati dan A. pintoi meningkatkan tinggi dan jumlah dauntanaman lada lebih dari lima kali serta mempercepatmunculnya sulur dibandingkan dengan kontrol danfungisida. Aplikasi Trichoderma sp. yang dikombinasidengan A. pintoi menekan kejadian penyakit kuning hampir30%.

scholarly journals EPIDEMI PENYAKIT BUSUK PANGKAL BATANG LADA PADA KONDISI LINGKUNGAN YANG BERVARIASI

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 95
Author(s):  
La Ode Santiaji Bande ◽  
Bambang Hadisutrisno ◽  
Susamto Somowiyarjo ◽  
Bambang Hendro Sunarminto
Keyword(s):  
Infection Rate ◽  
Logistic Model ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Phytophthora Capsici ◽  
Gompertz Model ◽  
Black Pepper ◽  
Pepper Plant ◽  
Disease Development ◽  
Foot Rot ◽  
Rot Disease

Foot rot disease epidemic on black pepper in variety of environmental conditions. The foot rot disease on black pepper caused by Phytophthora capsici Leonian, is often destructive to farmers of black pepper. This research aims to study the infection rate and the pattern of development of the black pepper foot rot disease in various condition of the environment. The research was conducted in the areas of black pepper cultivation in the Ultisol and Entisol soils. In each location plots were set with few (<25%) and abundant (>75%) weeds. Variable observed was disease incidence. The data were used to analyze model of development of the black pepper foot rot disease and infection rate. Results of the research showed that the model of development of the black pepper foot rot disease was not affected by soil type, but the type of soil affected the infection rate. At the pepper plantation with abundance of weeds, the disease development followes Gompertz model. At the plantation with few weeds, however the disease developed in a logistic model. The rate of disease infection on the black pepper plant with abundant weeds lower compared with those with few weeds.

scholarly journals The Effect of Chitosan Application against Plant Growth and Intensity of Stunting Disease on Black Pepper (Piper nigrum L.) Seedlings

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 224
Author(s):  
Emerensiana Uge ◽  
Sri Sulandari ◽  
Sedyo Hartono ◽  
Susamto Somowiyarjo
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Cucumber Mosaic Virus ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Chitosan Solution ◽  
Black Pepper ◽  
Piper Nigrum ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Pepper Plants

Black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) is  an important estate crops in Indonesia. Some pathogens that have been known to infect black pepper plants include fungi, nematodes and viruses. The stunting disease on black pepper plants was caused by Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). Molecular detection using RT-PCR method showed that the samples were positively infected by CMV which were amplified by specific primers CMV 111 with bands of 111 bp in size. This virus can be carried by vegetative propagation material of plants. Many control strategies against this virus have been investigated, especially inducing plant resistance with chitosan. Chitosan is a natural biopolymer that play an important role in reducing disease incidence and severity and stimulate plant growth. The aim of this study was to figure out the inhibiting  ability of chitosan solution against infection of stunting virus on black pepper seedlings through spraying applications. Chitosan treatments were prepared in concentrations of 0.5%, 0.75%, and 1%. The result showed that application of chitosan at all concentrations affected the decrease of disease incidence and intensity and improved plant growth with insignificant different amongst all treatments but significantly different with control. The highest decrease in incidence was found at 0.75% of chitosan concentration (26.37), while the highest decrease of intensity was expressed at 1% of chitosan (37.62). Application of chitosan also significantly affected to all parameters of plant growth either plant height or leaf diameter. Application of 1% of chitosan increased the percentage of plant growth rather than other treatments, with the increase of plant height 58.12 % and leaf diameter 54.74 %. IntisariLada (Piper nigrum L.) merupakan salah satu tanaman perkebunan penting di Indonesia. Beberapa patogen telah diketahui menginfeksi tanaman lada di antaranya jamur, nematoda, dan virus. Penyakit kerdil pada tanaman lada disebabkan oleh Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). Deteksi molekuler menggunakan metode RT-PCR menunjukkan bahwa sampel positif terinfeksi CMV yang diamplifikasi menggunakan primer spesifik CMV 111 dengan ukuran pita band target 111 bp. Virus ini dapat terbawa bahan perbanyakan tanaman secara vegetatif. Banyak strategi pengendalian virus yang telah diuji, diantaranya induksi ketahanan tanaman dengan kitosan. Kitosan adalah biopolimer alami yang berperan dalam menurunkan insidensi dan intensitas penyakit dan menstimulasi pertumbuhan tanaman. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kemampuan penghambatan dari larutan kitosan terhadap infeksi dari virus kerdil pada bibit lada dengan aplikasi penyemprotan. Konsentrasi kitosan yang digunakan adalah 0,5%; 0,75%; dan 1%. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa apliksi kitosan pada semua konsentrasi berpengaruh dalam menurunkan insidensi dan intensitas penyakit dan meningkatkan pertumbuhan tanaman dengan tidak berbeda nyata di antara perlakuan tetapi berbeda nyata dengan kontrol. Penurunan nilai insidensi tertinggi yakni pada aplikasi kitosan 0,75% (26,37), sedangkan penurunan nilai intensitas tertinggi yakni pada aplikasi kitosan 1% (37,62). Aplikasi kitosan juga berpengaruh signifikan terhadap semua parameter pertumbuhan tanaman baik tinggi tanaman maupun diameter daun. Pada aplikasi kitosan 1% meningkatkan persentase tinggi tanaman lebih baik dibandingkan dengan perlakuan lainnya,yakni tinggi tanaman sebesar 58,12 % dan diameter daun sebesar 54,74 %.

scholarly journals PENULARAN PENYAKIT KERDIL PADA TANAMAN LADA OLEH TIGA JENIS SERANGGA VEKTOR

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 136
Author(s):  
RODIAH BALFAS ◽  
SAMSUDIN SAMSUDIN ◽  
SUKAMTO SUKAMTO ◽  
IRWAN LAKANI
Keyword(s):  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Aphis Gossypii ◽  
Black Pepper ◽  
Mottle Virus ◽  
Piper Nigrum ◽  
Pepper Plant ◽  
Stunted Growth ◽  
Yellow Mottle ◽  
Transmission Test

<p>ABSTRAK<br />Penyakit kerdil merupakan salah satu penyakit penting pada<br />tanaman lada (Piper nigrum L.), yang disebabkan oleh dua jenis virus,<br />yaitu Piper Yellow Mottle Virus (PYMV) yang ditularkan oleh kutu putih<br />(Planococcus minor dan Ferrisia virgata); dan Cucumo Mosaic Virus<br />(CMV) yang pernah dilaporkan ditularkan oleh Aphis gossypii. Penelitian<br />tentang penyakit ini telah dilakukan di laboratorium dan rumah kaca untuk<br />mengetahui kemampuan serangga vektor P. minor, F. virgata dan A.<br />gossypii dalam menularkan penyakit. Serangga tersebut diberi makan<br />selama 24 jam pada tanaman lada yang terserang penyakit kerdil,<br />kemudian serangga dipindahkan ke bibit lada sehat selama 24 (A. gossypii)<br />dan 48 jam (P. minor dan F. virgata). Pada setiap jenis serangga diuji 1, 3,<br />7 dan 10 ekor per tanaman. Dengan cara yang sama dilakukan pula<br />pengujian lanjutan penularan dengan A. gossypii (sebanyak 10 ekor<br />serangga per tanaman) dengan menggunakan tiga sumber tanaman sakit<br />yang berbeda (tanaman sakit asal Bangka, asal Sukabumi dan Bogor).<br />Selain itu dilakukan penularan secara mekanik dengan menggunakan<br />ketiga sumber inokulum. Tanaman yang telah diperlakukan diinkubasikan<br />di rumah kaca. Deteksi virus dilakukan dengan ELISA dengan<br />menggunakan antiserum dari Agdia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa<br />P. minor dan F. virgata dapat menularkan penyakit kerdil ke tanaman lada<br />hingga 100%, sedangkan penularan dengan A. gossypii tidak menunjukkan<br />gejala, tetapi pada pengujian lanjutan dengan A. gossypii memperlihatkan<br />beberapa tanaman bergejala. Dari penelitian ini terungkap kutu putih<br />merupakan serangga vektor PYMV yang sangat efisien, sedangkan A.<br />gossypii dapat berperan sebagai vektor CMV dengan kemampuan<br />penularan masih terbatas.<br />Kata kunci : Piper nigrum L., penyakit kerdil, Ferrisia virgata,<br />Planococcus minor, Aphis gossypii, CMV dan PYMV,<br />penularan</p><p><br />ABSTRACT<br />Transmission of stunted growth disease on black pepper<br />by three insect vectors<br />Stunted growth disease is one of the most important diseases on<br />black pepper caused by Piper Yellow Mottle Virus (PYMV) transmitted by<br />Mealybugs (Planococcus minor and Ferrisia virgata) and Cucumo Mosaic<br />Virus (CMV) transmitted by Aphis gossypii. These experiments were<br />conducted at laboratory and green house to examine the capability of the<br />insects in transmitting the disease. The insects were fed on black pepper<br />plant for 24 hours, then transferred to healthy black pepper seedlings for<br />24 hours (A. gossypii) and 48 hours (P. minor and F. virgata). Each plant<br />was treated with 1, 3, 7 and 10 insects. Other disease transmission test with<br />A. gossypii was carried out using the similar method, but each plant was<br />treated with 10 insects and used three source plants (disease plant from<br />Bangka,  Sukamulya/Sukabumi  and  Bogor).  Disease  mechanical<br />transmission was also carried out to black pepper plant using the three<br />sources of disease plant treated plants were incubated in the glass house.<br />ELISA was used for disease confirmation with antiserum from Agdia.<br />The results showed that high transmission rate (up to 100%) were obtained<br />in transmission with P. minor and F. virgata . No disease symptoms were<br />shown in black pepper seedlings treated with A. gossypii. In the other<br />transmission test, however, some plants showed symptoms. The similar<br />symptoms were also seen on black pepper plants which were mechanically<br />inoculated. The ELISA showed that the plants were positive for CMV.<br />These experiments suggested that P. minor and F. virgata are very<br />efficient vectors for PYMV, Whereas A. gossypii was confirmed as vector<br />of CMV of black pepper with limited ability in transmitting the disease.<br />Key words : Black pepper, stunted growth disease, Ferrisia virgata,<br />Planococcus minor, Aphis gossypii, CMV, PYMV,<br />transmissio</p>

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