scholarly journals Invasion Pathways of Karnal Bunt of Wheat into the United States

Plant Disease ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 87 (8) ◽  
pp. 999-1003 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Marshall ◽  
Timothy T. Work ◽  
Joseph F. Cavey
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
El Paso ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
The United States ◽  
Karnal Bunt ◽  
Border Crossings ◽  
Tilletia Indica ◽  
Invasion Pathways ◽  
Established Disease ◽  
Made In

Karnal bunt of wheat (caused by Tilletia indica) was first detected in the United States in Arizona in 1996. The seed lots of infected, spring-habit, durum wheat associated with the initial detection were traced to planted fields in California, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas. However, in the summer of 1997, the disease appeared in unrelated, winter-habit, bread wheat located over 700 km from the nearest potentially contaminated wheat from 1996 (and destroyed prior to reinfection). Here, we examined potential invasion pathways of the fungus associated with the movement of wheat into the United States. We analyzed the USDA/APHIS Port Information Network (PIN) database from 1984 through 2000 to determine likely pathways of introduction based on where, when, and how the disease was intercepted coming into the United States. All interceptions were made on wheat transported from Mexico, with the majority (98.8%) being intercepted at land border crossings. Karnal bunt was not intercepted from any other country over the 17-year period analyzed. Most interceptions were on wheat found in automobiles, trucks, and railway cars. The majority of interceptions were made at Laredo, Brownsville, Eagle Pass, and El Paso, TX, and Nogales, AZ. Karnal bunt was intercepted in all 17 years; however, interceptions peaked in 1986 and 1987. Averaged over all years, more interceptions (19.2%) were made in the month of May than in any other month. Our results indicate that Karnal bunt has probably arrived in the United States on many occasions, at least since 1984. Because of the relatively unaggressive nature of the disease and its reliance on rather exacting weather conditions for infection, we surmised that it is possible this disease has a long period of latent survival between initial arrival and becoming a thriving, established disease.

scholarly journals Risk Assessment for Karnal Bunt Occurrence in the Pacific Northwest

Plant Disease ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 81 (6) ◽  
pp. 689-692 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard W. Smiley
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
The United States ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Karnal Bunt ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Tilletia Indica ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Pacific

Tilletia indica, the causal agent of Karnal bunt of wheat, was first detected and reported in the United States in 1996. Karnal bunt occurred in the southwestern United States as early as 1992. Wheat contaminated with teliospores of T. indica is likely to have been transported from the Southwest to other regions, including the Pacific Northwest, before presence of the pathogen was discovered. Teliospore and sporidial germination and infection are highly dependent on climatic conditions. The potential for T. indica to infect wheat in the Pacific Northwest has not been reported. The objective of this study was to use published information on environmental factors favorable for infection and historical climate data for the Pacific Northwest to analyze the environmental risk for Karnal bunt to occur if wheat fields in the Pacific Northwest become contaminated by T. indica. Conditions during the past four decades appeared favorable for infection in nonirrigated wheat during 1 of every 3 years at two (Corvallis, OR, and Spokane, WA) of 13 Idaho, Oregon, and Washington locations examined, and every year at all locations where wheat is irrigated. If introduced to the area, it appears possible for T. indica to become established in selected regions of the Pacific Northwest.

Mexican Migration and the Social Space of Postmodernism

1991 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-23
Author(s):  
Roger Rouse
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Mexico City ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Social Space ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mexican Migration ◽  
Single Word ◽  
The Social ◽  
Made In

In a hidden sweatshop in downtown Los Angeles, Asian and Latino migrants produce automobile parts for a factory in Detroit. As the parts leave the production line, they are stamped “Made in Brazil.” In a small village in the heart of Mexico, a young woman at her father’s wake wears a black T-shirt sent to her by a brother in the United States. The shirt bears a legend that some of the mourners understand but she does not. It reads, “Let’s Have Fun Tonight!” And on the Tijuana-San Diego border, Guillermo Gómez-Peña, a writer originally from Mexico City, reflects on the time he has spent in what he calls “the gap between two worlds”: “Today, eight years after my departure, when they ask me for my nationality or ethnic identity, I cannot answer with a single word, for my ‘identity’ now possesses multiple repertoires: I am Mexican but I am also Chicano and Latin American. On the border they call me ‘chilango’ or ‘mexiquillo’; in the capital, ‘pocho’ or ‘norteno,’ and in Spain ‘sudaca.’… My companion Emily is Anglo-Italian but she speaks Spanish with an Argentinian accent. Together we wander through the ruined Babel that is our American postmodemity.”

Bayesian Forcasting Model – 2020 Presidential Elections in the United States of America

2021 ◽  
Vol 704 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-104
Author(s):  
Maria Raczyńska
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Presidential Elections ◽  
Bayesian Models ◽  
The United States ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Forecasting Model ◽  
Bayesian Forecasting ◽  
Technical Point ◽  
Made In

The article describes and explains a prior centric Bayesian forecasting model for the 2020 US elections.The model is based on the The Economist forecasting project, but strongly differs from it. From the technical point of view, it uses R and Stan programming and Stan software. The article’s focus is on theoretical decisions made in the process of constructing the model and outcomes. It describes why Bayesian models are used and how they are used to predict US presidential elections.

scholarly journals The Pseudoscorpions of Illinois

1949 ◽  
Vol 24 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 413-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Clayton Hoff
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Habitat Preferences ◽  
The United States ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
North Central ◽  
Taxonomic Importance ◽  
Central United States ◽  
Identification Of Species ◽  
Made In

Pseudoscorpions are minute animals only a few millimeters long, with the general appearance of diminutive scorpions except that they have no tails. They belong to the large phylum of joint-legged animals, the Arthropoda, and to the class Arachnida. which, in addition to the pseudoscorpions, embraces the spiders, mites, ticks, scorpions, and other related groups. Pseudoscorpions are seclusive in habit, occurring in soil cover and rotten logs, under bark, and in similar places out of doors: one species is found in houses. In their natural habitat, these little brown animals arc difficult to see. especially when they draw in their legs and "play possum." In this position they look like little specks of dirt. Probably because pseudoscorpions are inconspicuous, few collections of the group have been made in the past, and the fauna, at least of North America, and especially of the central and north-central United States, has remained scantily known. The object of this report is twofold, first to present illustrated keys and descriptions for the identification of species in this region, and, secondly, to summarize information regarding the distribution, biology, and habitat preferences of the species. As an aid in use of the keys, a section has been included on morphology, in which the structures now considered of major taxonomic importance are explained. Summarizing the distribution has been especially difficult because many identifications made prior to Chamberlin's work are probably incorrect and should be rechecked before they are cited. Because of this situation there is little accurate information to serve as a guide in foretelling what additional described species may be collected in Illinois. In order to make this report of wide application, the keys have been made to include all the genera known from the central and northeastern portions of the United States and adjacent portions of Canada.

scholarly journals Population structure of Drosophila suzukii and signals of multiple invasions into the continental United States

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle M Lewald ◽  
Antoine Abrieux ◽  
Derek A Wilson ◽  
Yoosook Lee ◽  
William R Conner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Population Structure ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Drosophila Suzukii ◽  
Significant Damage ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Multiple Invasions

Drosophila suzukii, or spotted-wing drosophila, is now an established pest in many parts of the world, causing significant damage to numerous fruit crop industries. Native to East Asia, D. suzukii infestations started in the United States a decade ago, occupying a wide range of climates. To better understand invasion ecology of this pest, knowledge of past migration events, population structure, and genetic diversity is needed. To improve on previous studies examining genetic structure of D. suzukii, we sequenced whole genomes of 237 individual flies collected across the continental U.S., as well as several representative sites in Europe, Brazil, and Asia, to identify hundreds of thousands of genetic markers for analysis. We analyzed these markers to detect population structure, to reconstruct migration events, and to estimate genetic diversity and differentiation within and among the continents. We observed strong population structure between West and East Coast populations in the U.S., but no evidence of any population structure North to South, suggesting there is no broad-scale adaptations occurring in response to the large differences in regional weather conditions. We also find evidence of repeated migration events from Asia into North America have provided increased levels of genetic diversity, which does not appear to be the case for Brazil or Europe. This large genomic dataset will spur future research into genomic adaptations underlying D. suzukii pest activity and development of novel control methods for this agricultural pest.

scholarly journals Online Gardening Search Activities and Purchases

2008 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 210-216
Author(s):  
Bridget K. Behe ◽  
Brittany Harte ◽  
Chengyan Yue
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Internet Technology ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Demographic Differences ◽  
Online Purchases ◽  
Online Purchase ◽  
Region Of Residence ◽  
Baseline Information ◽  
Made In

Abstract Consumers have readily adopted personal computers and Internet technology with many seeking information and/or make purchases online. However, the extent to which horticultural consumers seek information and make purchases online is not well documented. A survey of 1588 consumers, representative of the United States on average, was conducted in 2004 to provide baseline information about online gardening search and purchase activities. Nearly 28% searched for gardening information at least once; of those, more than 50% of the participants searched for information at least weekly. There were differences in gardening-related searches by age and marital status, but not by region of residence, income, or gender. Nearly 50% of the study respondents made an online purchase in the year prior to the survey but only 7.4% made a gardening related purchase online. Over 50% had made a gardening-related purchase in-person. The same respondents who made in-person purchases were the individuals who made the online gardening purchases, so the Internet provided a supplemental shopping venue. There were demographic differences between those who made online gardening purchases and solely in-person gardening purchases. More males, younger and slightly less affluent participants were more likely to make online purchases than solely in-person purchases for gardening products, supplies, and services while more females who were slightly older and more affluent were more likely to make in-person gardening-related purchases.

Karl Marx's Vision of America: A Biographical and Bibliographical Sketch

1980 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 465-503
Author(s):  
Robert Weiner
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Working Class ◽  
Karl Marx ◽  
The United States ◽  
Abraham Lincoln ◽  
New Era ◽  
War Of Independence ◽  
Made In

Karl Marx and the United States is a subject which immediately elicits interest, but also surprise. Interest, because of its contemporary importance; surprise, because Marx and America have appeared so remote from one another. Marx has definitely influenced America, but that will not be the theme of this essay —instead, we will concern ourselves with the role of America in the thought of Marx. The magnitude of this role is illustrated by a statement made in Marx's letter to Abraham Lincoln, written in 1864 on behalf of the International Workingmen's Association:The workingmen of Europe feel sure that as the American war of independence initiated a new era of the ascendency of the middle-class, so the American Anti-slavery war will do for the working-class.

A NOTE ON THE OCCURRENCE OF COLEOPHORA FRISCHELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: COLEOPHORIDAE) IN NORTH AMERICA

1967 ◽  
Vol 99 (11) ◽  
pp. 1229-1229 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. G. Pilley ◽  
R. A. Trieselmann
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North America ◽  
Personal Communication ◽  
First Record ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sweet Clover ◽  
Economic Significance ◽  
Melilotus Alba ◽  
St Lawrence River ◽  
Made In

The first record of the occurrence in North America of the white-tipped clover case-moth, Coleophora frischella L., was made in June 1966 when a single adult was taken by Heinemann on Picton Island, N.Y., in the St. Lawrence River (Freeman, personal communication). Independently, Trieselmann collected the larvae from white sweet-clover, Melilotus alba Desr., on 28 July through to 8 August 1966 at many points around Pembroke, Ont. Detailed examinations made at two of the collection points indicated that between 15 and 20% of sweetclover seeds were damaged. Because of its potential economic significance, the authors wish to make the presence of this species known to agricultural entomologists in Canada and the United States.

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